以可持续发展为导向的城市滨河绿地景观营造基本原则

正城市的规划布局离不开河流,绝大多数城市建设围绕河流展开布局或开源引流,将城市外部水体引入城中形成城市河流,从而改善城市生活环境。城市河流见证了城市的发展历史,是城市居民生活不可或缺的重要组成部分。城市滨河绿地是指位于城市内部河流两侧,通过模拟自然植被和人工植被相结合,起到改善城市生态环境、保持水土、为人们提供休闲游憩等多种功能的城市绿化用地。城市滨河绿地由城市河流与城市绿地两部分组成。滨河     

昆明市盘龙江滨河绿地植物群落评价

以昆明市盘龙江滨河绿地中的70个植物群落作为研究对象,通过实地测量、调查及数据统计分析的方法,对滨河绿地的植物景观配置进行评价,总结出昆明市滨河绿地中常见树种的种类及其植物群落树种的情况。根据植物群落综合评价结果,寻求群落景观效果与结构的相关一致性,验证所调查的主要植物群落树种选择、配置合理性和与周围环境的协调,用以指导滨河绿地植物群落景观的设计与营造。     

基于斑块理论的寒地城市滨河绿地景观构成的探讨——以哈尔滨马家沟河为例

本文以哈尔滨市马家沟河为线索,借助斑块理论,研究寒地城市滨河绿地景观的构成机制。文章通过对其沿岸斑块状绿地的分布、尺度及衔接性等问题的探讨,揭示寒地城市滨河斑块状绿地的发展及其现存的问题。     

汾河带状城市景观绿化系统设计定位

城市内部河流绿地和周边用地紧密结合共同为城市发挥更着广泛作用。本文介绍了河流作为城市生态基础设施的作用以及滨河带状绿地景观设计方法,为城市滨河绿化景观设计提供了借鉴。     

滨河带状绿地景观规划设计的研究

随着城市的发展,一些穿城而过的河流附属带状绿地得到了城市管理者的重视,文章结合滨河绿地改造项目的设计,从绿地性质、与城市的关系、尊重场地、文化的引入等方面提出该类型绿地的景观设计方法。     

浅淡日本的城市园林绿化

浅淡日本的城市园林绿化一、政府及社会重视日本的城市园林绿地主要由国立公园、县立公园、海滨绿地、滨河绿地、宗教绿地和分布在居住区间的小游园等组成。近年来，日本政府十分重视各类园林绿地的发展。全国有各种造景协会７个，已制定了５个五年计划。从技术上、资金上...     

哈尔滨市何家沟滨水绿地景观规划

以哈尔滨市何家沟的绿地景观规划为例,提出城市滨河绿地规划设计的原则和思路,着重阐述了何家 沟两岸绿地景观的规划结构和景观特色。     

南京打造都市绿色生态圈

江苏省南京市按照建设“充满经济活力、富有化特色、人居环境优良的现代化中心城市”的要求，用绿色工程治理城市环境，实施了“绿色南京”生态体系规划，重点加强了绿色通道、滨河绿廊、块状绿地和点状绿地的建设，逐步解决老城及新区绿地不足，全市绿地分布不均的矛盾，做到平面绿化、立体绿化相结合，生态功能、游憩功能、景观功能全面发展，逐步形成具有南京特色的主城绿地系统，努力创造滨江城市独具特色的城市绿化风貌。     

城市滨河道路绿地的生态利用--上海张家浜中段河道景观设计

以上海市张家浜中段河道景观设计为例 ,探讨了在城市滨河道路景观中 ,如何充分运用生态知识和园林技艺 ,发挥滨河道路绿地的生态作用 ,提高城市环境质量     

平泉县瀑河橡胶坝滨河绿地景观设计

以平泉县瀑河橡胶坝滨河绿地景观设计为实例,主要阐述了滨河绿地设计的原则,即保持景观的整体性与连续性、景观结合文化,突出地方特色、以绿为主,生态优先和防洪、生态、景观等多功能兼顾原则。重点介绍了景观设计的主要内容,包括景观风格定位、空间处理与竖向设计、植物设计、主要景点的组成、内涵及效果等。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.