Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber virus

Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber virus (PSTV) has special significance for potato breeding programs. Transmission of PSTV has been reported to occur via true seed. Test families in the Frito-Lay breeding program were obtained from self- and cross-pollinations to determine the incidence of infected seedlings from healthy and diseased parents. Diseased seedlings from PSTV-infected Katahdin selfed were scored by visual and tomato index procedures as 100% and 87% infected, respectively. A similar result was obtained among seedlings from the cross of PSTV-infected Sebago x PSTV-infected Katahdin. Symptoms of PSTV infection were not detected by either method among seedlings from healthy Katahdin, selfed. The Frito-Lay, Inc., potato breeding program employs a number of phyto-sanitary procedures to exclude or reduce the possibility of PSTV contamination and spread.     

Detection of potato spindle tuber viroid by nucleic acid spot hybridization: Evaluation with tuber sprouts and true potato seed

A diagnostic test for the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) that is based on hybridization of highly radioactive, recombinant DNA complementary to PSTV with PSTV bound to a nitrocellulose membrane and autoradiographic detection of the resulting DNA-RNA hybrids has been evaluated with tubers from 20 potato clones maintained at the International Potato Center (CIP) and with true seed obtained from healthy or PSTV-infected potato plants. The nucleic acid spot hybridization test detected PSTV not only in tuber sprouts from 10 clones that had previously tested positive in polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) analysis, but also in tuber sprouts from 9 clones that had previously tested negative in PAGE analysis. Further tests confirmed the presence of PSTV in these clones. The spot hybridization test detected PSTV in mixtures of seed extracts equivalent to as few as one seed from a PSTV-infected plant and 80 seeds from healthy plants. The spot hybridization test was shown to be more sensitive and reliable than PAGE analysis; it is suitable for the testing of large numbers of samples with a minimum expenditure of labor and materials.     

马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒不同株系及不同接种方法对产量的影响

马铃薯纺锤块径类病毒(Potato spindle tuber viroid)是危害黑龙江省马铃薯生产的一种重要病害。为了查明不同类病毒变株对主栽品种克新1号和4号所引起的产量损失和症状反应,应用往复聚丙烯胺凝胶电泳法(Peturn-Polyacmdegel electophoresis)鉴定类病毒。试验结果表明,接种当年,接种类病毒的处理平均减产37%,按商品产量计算减产达47%。当年表现症状的植株平均为59.6%,块茎产生症状的植株平均为57.4%。用于接种的3个马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒变株的致病力,以当地的类病毒弱系为最强,其次为北美的类病毒强系,北美的类病毒弱系的致病力较弱。类病毒对产量的影响与马铃薯品种和类病毒变株的组合有极为密切的关系。克新1号接种当地的类病毒弱系时薯块严重畸变,商品产量只为不接种对照的21%。用往复电泳法检测各个试验处理被类病毒侵柴的情况,芽接种处理,于出苗后1周即可检测到类病毒,叶接种处理,于接种后2周即能检测到类病毒。出苗后7周,植株中类病毒浓度达到高峰,随即急剧下降,到出苗后10周,大部分接种植株已检测不到类病毒。块茎直径达1厘米时,即能检测到类病毒,随着块茎膨大,类病毒浓度也相应增高,到收获前,块茎中的类病毒含量只略低于植株含类病毒高峰期的浓度。用于本试验的克新1号、4号无类病毒和主要马铃薯病毒的核心材料,在1988年已交付给省内外的良种场繁殖使用。于当年秋季抽样检测克山第二良种场连续种植二年的种薯,当年种植试管苗生产的种薯,以及试管苗等,均未检测到类病毒。     

PSTV与PVY的互作及其对马铃薯产量影响

本文分别在温室和田间条件下利用人工接种的方法研究了马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒（ＰＳＴＶ）和ＰＶＹ在克新４号及Ｋｅｎｎｅｂｅｃ两品种上的相互作用．试验结果表明：在温室条件下ＰＳＴＶ和ＰＶＹ的复合接种均能在二品种上不同程度地产生条型坏死症状，而在田间未出现明显症状．ＰＳＴＶ与ＰＶＹ混合接种或ＰＳＴＶ接种一周后再接ＰＶＹ会促进ＰＶＹ增殖，植株内ＰＶＹ的浓度显著高于单独接种ＰＶＹ，但ＰＶＹ侵染后再接ＰＳＴＶ对ＰＶＹ的浓度无显著影响．ＰＳＴＶ和ＰＶＹ的工作对ＰＳＴＶ的浓度无显著影响．ＰＳＴＶ与ＰＶＹ复合侵染的三个接种类型都明显地降低平均单株产量和商品薯率，产量损失最大的处理为ＰＳＴＶ与ＰＶＹ混合接种，可导致克新４号减产４５．４％。     

Loss of potato spindle tuber viroid from tuber tissues after repeated freezing

Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) infected foliage and tuber tissues when subjected to repeated freezing and thawing under controlled conditions (?18 to ? 20 C and 5 C), lost PSTV more rapidly in tuber tissues than in foliage. Tubers of 17 potato cultivars showed similar tendencies, but with some differences. In 7 of the 17 cultivars, PSTV was significantly reduced after one freeze-thaw treatment, and in 6 of the 17 cultivars, infectious PSTV was still recoverable after exposure to 4 cycles of freeze-thaw. Exposure of PSTV-infected tubers to outdoor temperature fluctuations (13.1 C to ?15.1 C) resulted in complete loss of PSTV from the tubers.     

Inheritance of the Katahdin “Knobby tuber”

The data obtained gave a good fit to a model of duplicate recessive epistasis for the misshapen tuber form described. The pattern of inheritance was unaffected by the presence of PSTV in the parents and the distribution of offspring between knobby and smooth was independent of their possession of the PSTV. The knobby characteristic was not transmitted through a graft union to progenies produced on healthy scions. Some of the phenotypes observed are markedly similar to distinctive tuber shapes of some forms presently cultivated in S. America and also found in Peruvian pottery.     

New disease symptoms observed on field-grown potato plants with potato spindle tuber viroid and potato virus Y infections

Summary Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) and potato virus Y (PVY) were isolated from plants of cultivar Kennebec with severe necrotic symptoms in the field. In the greenhouse, severe necrotic symptoms were reproduced only when potato plants were infected either simultaneously with PSTV+PVY, or with PSTV prior to PVY infection. Thirteen additional potato cultivars were tested in the greenhouse for this synergistic reaction and eight developed necrotic responses similar to cv. Kennebec. PVY concentration was significantly higher in doubly infected plants, compared with those infected with PVY alone.     

小麦光温敏核雄性不育系BS366和BS1086杂种一代结实率研究

为了解小麦光温敏核雄性不育系BS366和BS1086的育性恢复状况,评估恢复系人工定向改良对其恢复能力的效果,在不育生态区对以55份定向改良的恢复系和33份非改良恢复系(常规小麦)为父本配制的杂种一代的结实率进行了分析。结果表明,BS366和BS1086杂种一代结实率变化范围为15.42%～140.34%和20.28%～119.07%(国际法),平均结实率分别为73.02%和72.21%,二者差异不显著,说明2份母本的育性恢复能力差异不显著。BS366和BS1086杂种一代结实率主要分布于40%～110%和60%～100%间,BS1086杂种一代结实率分布更为集中。BS366和BS1086与改良父本的杂种一代平均结实率分别为84.45%和78.97%,与非改良父本的杂种一代平均结实率分别为53.97%和60.95%,改良父本的平均恢复力高于非改良父本,表明定向改良有利于提高恢复系的恢复力。BS366和BS1086与相同父本的杂种一代结实率差异在-41.66%～61.93%之间,表明相同父本对不同母本的育性恢复力存在差异。BS366和BS1086与相同改良父本的杂种一代中有61.82%的...     

Correlation Between Parents and F1 and Combining Ability of Parents on Seed Dormancy in indica Rice （Oryza sativa）

Dormancy indices of hulled and dehulled seeds were investigated by using 19 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, 9 restorer lines and their 109 F1 hybrids of indica hybrid rice. The seeds of each F1 and the parents were harvested on 35 days after flowering. Combining ability was analyzed in 25 combinations made by 5 CMS lines and 5 restorer lines (North Carolina II mating design). The seed dormancy index of F1 was positively and highly significantly correlated with those of their parents and mid-parent value. Out of the 109 combinations, 82 combinations showed mid-parent heterosis, and 43 heterobeltiosis. Seed dormancy indices of F1s and their parents declined dramatically in dehulled seeds compared with hulled seeds, indicating that the hull played an important role in seed dormancy. However, the trends were similar in hulled seeds and dehulled seeds in terms of relationships between the seed dormancy indicices in F1 and their parents. The influence of hull on seed dormancy mainly depended on F1 genotype, not on the hull from maternal parent. The variances of general combining ability (GCA) in female and male parents occupied 59.2% and 31.1% of total variance, respectively. The variance of specific combining ability (SCA) in combinations occupied 9.7% of total variance, indicating that gene additive effects were principal. Among the 5 CMS lines, II112A had the highest GCA effect for seed dormancy, followed by D62A. Among the 5 restorer lines, IR112 had the highest GCA effect for seed dormancy, followed by 2786. These lines are elite parental materials for breeding F1 hybrid rice with stronger seed dormancy.     

Effect of non-lethal low phytic acid mutations on grain yield and seed viability in rice

Low phytic acid (LPA) crops have recently been considered as a potential way to combat nutritional and environmental issues related to seed phytic acid phosphorus (PA-P). Although, a number of LPA mutant lines have been developed in various crops, they are often featured with lower grain yield and seed viability compared with wild type (WT) parents. We recently developed several LPA mutant lines in rice with PA-P reductions varying from 33.8% to 63.6%. In this study, the performance of grain yield and seed viability of these mutants were investigated. Four of the five mutant lines had 12.5–25.6% reductions in grain yield compared to the corresponding WT parental lines. The reduction in grain weight, varying from 5.4% to 10.7%, was found to be the main causative factor of yield reduction. Similarly, LPA mutants had inferior seed viability to their corresponding WT parent varieties; all mutant lines had a significantly lower simplified vigour index (seed germination rate × seedling dry weight) than their parents, with reductions of 7.8–26.3%, although some mutant lines had similar germination rates as their WT parents. The two mutant lines, which had similar germination rates as their WT parent, however, had significantly lower field emergence rates. More pronounced differences of simplified vigour index were observed after artificial aging treatments between four LPA lines from their WT parents, implying that LPA rice seeds were more susceptible to storage than WT. The yield and yield-related traits of F₂ plants and F₃ lines from three crosses were evaluated; the results showed that while LPA was associated with significantly lower grain yield and grain weight than WT sibs, there were also LPA plants and lines that out-performed WT controls. These results implied that the negative effect of LPA mutations on grain yield might be reduced or minimized through cross and selection breeding. The implications of these findings were discussed with regard to LPA rice breeding and potential commercial production.     

Evaluation of six insect pests for transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid

Six insect pests of potato, green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer); potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris); Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say); tarnished plant bug,Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois); red-legged grasshopper,Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer); and southern army worm,Prodenia eridania (Cramer), were tested for their ability to transmit potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV). PSTV infection was determined by a gel electrophoretic assay made 6 weeks after transfer of insects from infected to non-infected plants of the cultivar, ‘Katahdin.’ Plants grown from tubers of the original non-infected hosts were also assayed. PSTV was detected in only 2 of 183 test plants; these 2 plants had been infested with the tarnished plant bug. These results suggest that the insect species studied are relatively insignificant as vectors of PSTV.     

杂交籼稻亲本种子休眠性与F1的相关及配合力研究

 利用19个核质互作型不育系和9个恢复系,配制了109个杂交组合。花后35 d收获种子,分别检测每个杂交组合F1及其亲本种子在不剥壳和剥壳情况下的休眠指数。采用5×5 NCⅡ遗传设计配制了25个组合,利用其种子的休眠指数分析了配合力。结果表明,在不剥壳情况下,F1种子的休眠指数与双亲种子的休眠指数以及中亲值呈极显著正相关。109个组合中,82个组合超过中亲值,43个组合超过高亲值,具有明显的中亲优势。去除稃壳的双亲及F1种子的休眠指数均大幅度下降,表明稃壳对种子休眠性具有重要作用,但剥壳后双亲种子和F1种子休眠性之间的关系,仍然存在与不剥壳时相似的趋势。稃壳对种子休眠性的影响主要取决于F1的基因型,而不受控于母体稃壳本身。不育系、恢复系休眠性的一般配合力方差和组合的特殊配合力方差占总遗传方差的比例分别为59.2%、31.1%和9.7%,三者均达到极显著水平,说明基因的加性作用占主导地位。不育系Ⅱ112A 种子休眠性的一般配合力最高,D62A次之;恢复系以IR112一般配合力最高,2786次之。它们是选配强休眠杂交组合的优良亲本材料。     

Comparative detection of mild strains of potato spindle tuber viroid from the dormant potato tubers by Return-polyacrylamiee gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization

Summary Using a modified procedure of Return-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (R-PAGE) mild strains of potato spindle tuber viroid (M-PSTV) were detected reliably from dormant tubers. The sensitivity of R-PAGE detection of M-PSTV was equivalent to that of nucleic acid hybridization. Both methods detected M-PSTV when infected tissue was mixed with healthy tissue in a ratio of 1 to 100. When extracted nucleic acid was diluted with buffer, R-PAGE detected PSTV at a dilution of 1:256 and nucleic hybridization only up to 1:64 PSTV was readily detected from 18 potato cultivars. In addition, mild, ‘intermediate’ and severe strains were separated by R-PAGE, on the basis of their mobility on the electrophorogram.     

Experimental host range of the potato spindle tuber ‘virus’

Two hundred thirty-two plant selections (species and varieties) were tested for susceptibility to the potato spindle tuber ‘virus’ (PSTV). One hundred thirty-eight selections were found to be susceptible to PSTV but no ‘virus’ was recovered from the remaining 94. Susceptible plants were found in the families Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Dipsaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, and Valerianaceae. Most of the susceptible selections were symptomless carriers of PSTV. Visible symptoms were produced by both mild and severe strains of PSTV inLycopersicon esculentum cv. Allerfruheste-frëiland,Scopolia anomala, S. corniolica, S. lurida, S. sinensis,S. stramonifolia, S. tangutica, Solanum aviculare, andS. avicular var.albiforme; and only by the severe strain inGynura aurantica, Petunia hybrida var. Burpee Blue, andSolanum depilatum. Temperature of 21.1-22.8 C (70-73 F) with a light intensity of about 400 ft-c favored local lesion development inScopolia sinensis. S. sinensis appeared to be more susceptible than otherScopolia species.     

蓝标型显性核不育小麦的特性及其F1杂种优势分析

为了使小麦显性太谷核不育基因Ms2在杂种小麦上得以利用,以创制的显性蓝粒附加系97-866为基础,转育成功8份不同基因背景的新不育系,并对这8个不育系的粒色和育性分离状况以及杂种优势进行了分析.结果表明,在这8个新不育系的后代中,蓝粒不育株占20.6%～23.8%,平均为22.3%;白粒非矮秆可育株占77.6%,其它类型仅占0.1%,表明蓝粒基因、Ms2和Rht10基因均位于附加染色体上,而且连锁紧密.但对性状不同轮回亲本,矮败蓝粒于的传递率有差异,部分轮回亲本间差异达到5%显著水平,同一轮回亲本在不同年份间对蓝粒不育株传递率的影响差异不显著.F1代杂种优势表现为既有超亲优势又有超标优势,筛选出3个杂交种的籽粒产量超过对照15%以上.     

大豆农艺性状及抗病毒性的双列杂交分析

本文应用4个有差异的抗病毒品种按不完全双列杂交配制6个组合,对10个性状的遗传进行了分析,结果表明均符合加性——显性模型。遺传阵列方差(Vr)和协方差(Wr)的估算表明,D82—198带有较多控制抗病等级、单株荚数、单株粒重和完全粒重的显性基因;merit含有控制完全粒率、褐斑粒率和百粒重的显性基因较多。并估算了诸性状的广义遗传力、狭义遗传力和平均显性程度等遗传参数,感病等级和褐斑粒率的广义遗传力分别为97.7％和83.1％。     

利用IEF技术鉴定两系杂交稻组合培杂茂三的种子纯度

利用蛋白质等电聚焦技术(IEF)对两系杂交稻组合培杂茂三及其亲本种子蛋白进行了分析,杂种F1与亲本间显示1对互补带,应用该互补谱带,对培杂茂三种子样品进行鉴定,与田间小区种植鉴定的结果基本一致,说明利用IEF技术鉴定培杂茂三的种子纯度是可靠的.对不同提取液的筛选结果表明,用体积分数为45%的巯基乙醇提取参试组合蛋白质的效果较好.     

杂交稻早夏制亲本生育特性研究及相关技术

１９９０～１９９２年对密阳４６、珍汕９７Ａ等６个主要制种亲本的生育特性和开花习性进行了观察、研 究，掌握了亲本在早夏制的变化规律及相关技术。     

高EGCG茶树品系杂交技术研究

以高EGCG茶树新品系为杂交亲本,利用“剪花瓣显花丝、剪花丝去雄蕊”的人工杂交授粉法,获得了1619个茶树新种质。研究结果表明,采用的杂交授粉技术,操作简便,座果率较高,平均为28.28%±16.26%,最高达46.34%,能够顺利实现茶树杂交育种目标,克服了杂交座果率低的难题;杂交亲本组合对座果率影响最大,其次是杂交苗炭疽病感染率和成苗率,而对种子饱满率和果实种子数影响相对较小。     

小麦谷蛋白聚合体含量和粒度相对分布及其与品质性状的关系

为了给小麦早代品质筛选提供科学有效的生化指标,以黄淮麦区57个小麦品种为材料,对其籽粒品质性状、谷蛋白总聚合体(TGP)含量、大聚合体(GMP)含量及谷蛋白聚合体粒度相对分布(GMP/TGP)等进行了分析.结果表明:(1)供试品种的籽粒硬度、全麦粉蛋白质含量变化幅度较小,SDS-沉淀值变化幅度较大,按这三个品质指标可将57个品种聚为三大美;(2)供试品种的TGP和GMP含量变异较大,其变化幅度分别为3.63%～8.38%和0.95%～3.63%,变异系数分别为19.68%和26.94%,且多数强筋粉小麦品种的TGP和GMP含量都大于弱筋粉小麦品种;(3)对品质性状与生化性状的相关和回归分析结果表明,全麦粉GMP含量(X3)、蛋白质含量(X1)是影响其SDS-沉淀值(Y1)的关键生化性状,其回归方程为:Y1=6.396X1 6.430X3-47.276;全麦粉TGP含量(X2)是影响小麦籽粒硬度(Y2)的主要生化性状,其回归方程为:Y2=2.050X2 42.947.这些研究结果可为黄准麦区小麦品质育种的亲本选配及后代材料品质筛选提供一些重要信息.