魏氏梭菌类毒素疫苗研制及其免疫家兔抗体消长规律

本研究分别从山东省的莱芜、泰安、潍坊的三个养兔场发生疑似梭菌性下痢的病兔体分离到三株魏氏梭菌，鉴定为A型。利用该分离菌株和A型魏氏梭菌标准株（CVCC37）所产外毒素经甲醛灭活并加入氢氧化铝胶佐剂吸附浓缩后制备了A型魏氏梭菌类毒素疫苗。对该疫苗分别进行了安全性检验、有效免疫剂量试验和接种家兔1～23周血清中抗毒素（Ab）消长规律研究。结果表明，魏氏梭菌外毒素用03％甲醛32h能够彻底灭活，并最大可能地保持其抗原性；制备的魏氏梭菌类毒素疫苗无毒副作用，安全可靠；用野毒株和标准株制备的类毒素疫苗对家兔的有效免疫剂量为2mL／只，免疫保护效果可靠；采用野毒株和标准株制备的类毒素疫苗接种家兔后第二周血清抗毒素效价迅速升高，到第四周达最高峰。分别为6．6一和7．125log2，较高抗体滴度维持约17周后缓慢下降，至23周时血清平均抗毒素滴度仍维持在4．0-和3．4log2以上，所以，该类毒素疫苗的免疫保护期可以设定为6个月。     

G型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗的制备及其免疫保护效果的评价

为研制G型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗,本研究将G型产气荚膜梭菌菌株(7a9-2、D3-2)增菌培养后接种产毒培养基高效产毒,除菌后获得外毒素,经粗提后进行SDS-PAGE检测。结果显示：制备的G型产气荚膜梭菌外毒素含有α、NetB两种毒素蛋白。将两株G型菌株所产外毒素经2倍倍比稀释后经腹腔注射小鼠,检测外毒素的致病性,结果显示7a9-2菌株所产外毒素毒力较强,可作为疫苗候选株。因此选择7a9-2菌株制备外毒素,并经甲醛灭活后制备G型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗,经检验合格后免疫三黄鸡。免疫后5周内,每周随机选取10只鸡采血分离血清,采用ELISA方法检测鸡血清中的抗体效价。结果显示,免疫组鸡血清稀释100倍后,一免组鸡的抗体效价最高可达6.83log2,二免组鸡抗体效价最高可达8.34log2,免疫后鸡体内可产生较高水平的抗G型产气荚膜梭菌的抗体。免疫后实验鸡通过口服鸡球虫卵囊和G型产气荚膜梭菌菌液进行攻毒试验,结果显示,攻毒后免疫组鸡肠道病变程度和发病率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在整个实验过程中观察各组鸡的生长情况,计算鸡平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F...     

D型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗的研制及保护效果的评价

为研制更有效的预防家畜D型产气荚膜梭菌肠毒血症的疫苗,本研究采用D型产气荚膜梭菌标准菌株增菌培养,经自制产毒培养基高效产毒,制备成D型产气荚膜梭菌氢氧化铝类毒素疫苗和白油类毒素疫苗。通过不同剂量疫苗免疫绵羊的攻毒保护试验和免疫绵羊的抗体水平监测,评估疫苗的免疫保护效果。结果表明:D型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗安全性良好,氢氧化铝苗和白油苗对绵羊有效免疫剂量均为4 m L(外毒素对小鼠半数致死量为2-6.4/m L),绵羊接种一个有效免疫剂量后,氢氧化铝疫苗免疫保护周期为6周以上;白油疫苗免疫保护周期为21周以上。本研究结果表明两种疫苗均具有良好的应用前景。     

兔魏氏梭菌病蜂胶灭活疫苗的研制

采用兔魏氏梭菌苏84-A株制备抗原,以蜂胶为佐剂,研制兔魏氏梭菌病蜂胶灭活疫苗。3批疫苗产品经检验符合疫苗制造的各项要求。家兔以2 mL/只剂量接种,接种后无不良反应,第5天即可产生免疫保护,持续保护至少6个月。疫苗在2~8℃保存18个月,免疫效力不变。     

牛魏氏梭菌浓缩氢氧化铝灭活苗的制备及其免疫兔的抗体动态变化研究

将牛源魏氏梭菌磐石、双阳、德惠菌株作为生产菌苗株,制备浓缩甲醛氢氧化铝灭活苗,该苗安全性好,免疫后３０天以２个致死量强毒攻击,可获１００％保护,免疫后２００天以同样剂量攻击仍可获９０％保护。经氢氧化铝与蜂胶佐剂对比试验,氢氧化铝佐剂比蜂胶佐剂免疫效果好。抗体动态试验表明,免疫后３０～５０天,菌体抗体和毒素抗体均达最高峰。用兔血清进行中和试验表明,免疫后３０天兔血清能中和８（ＭＬＤ）毒素,小鼠全部存活。     

羊黑疫单价疫苗的研制及免疫家兔血清抗体测定

从青海省海北州海晏县同宝村绵羊急性死亡病例中分离到一株B型诺维梭菌,利用该分离菌株(TB05)和B型诺维制苗菌株(C61-4)所产毒素经甲醛灭活,分离株加入氢氧化铝胶、磷酸铝胶及明矾佐剂,制苗株(C61-4)加入磷酸铝胶佐剂制备成羊黑疫单价疫苗,对该疫苗分别进行了安全性检验、家兔免疫试验及血清抗体效价测定试验。结果表明,B型诺维梭菌菌液用5%甲醛72 h即可灭活;家兔皮下注射5 m L该疫苗,观察期内无不良反应,安全性良好。家兔免疫试验表明,分离株氢氧化铝苗、磷酸铝苗及明矾苗0.1 m L免疫组免疫21d后,保护力分别为200、200、100 MLD(家兔最小致死量)、0.5 m L组免疫组保护力均为200 MLD,(C61-4)菌株磷酸铝苗0.1 m L免疫组免疫21d后,保护力低于100 MLD、0.5 m L组免疫组保护力为100 MLD。免疫家兔血清抗体测定结果表明,分离株氢氧化铝苗、磷酸铝苗及明矾苗0.1 m L免疫组免疫21 d后,0.1 m L血清中和力分别为300、200、100 MLD(小鼠最小致死量)、0.5 m L组免疫组0.1 m L血清中和力分别为400、300、300 MLD;(C61-4)磷酸铝苗0.1 m L和0.5 m L免疫组免疫21 d后,0.1 m L血清中和力均为100 MLD。上述试验结果表明,用该地方分离株制备的磷酸铝单价疫苗免疫效果优于C61-4株羊黑疫磷酸铝苗。     

牛魏氏梭菌浓缩氢氧化铝灭活苗的制备及其免疫兔的抗体动态 …

将牛源魏氏梭菌磐石,双阳,德惠菌株作为生产菌苗株,制备浓缩甲醛氢氧化铝灭活苗,该苗安全性好,免疫后３０天以２个致死量强毒攻击,可获１００％保护,免疫后２００天以同样剂量攻击可获９０％保护。经氢氧化铝与蜂胶佐剂比对试验,氢氧化铝佐剂经蜂胶佐剂免疫效果好,抗体动态试验表明,免疫后３０～５０天,菌体抗体和毒素抗体均达最高峰,用兔血清进行中和试验表明,免疫后３０天兔血清能中和８（ＭＬＤ）毒素,小鼠全部存活     

家兔大肠杆菌-魏氏梭菌二联苗研制及与两种单苗免疫比较试验

应用改进液体培养法研制家兔大肠杆菌——魏氏梭菌二联苗，大肠杆菌抗原含量一般可达220亿～250亿／mL，并对二联苗和对应的两种单苗进行了免疫比较试验。结果二联苗免疫兔对大肠杆菌和魏氏梭菌免疫效力分别达91．7％(22／24)和95．2％(20／21)，而对应的大肠杆菌单苗和魏氏梭菌单苗的保护率分别为91．3％(21／23)和87％(20／23)；免疫后持续4个月，二联苗对大肠杆菌和魏氏梭菌的保护率分别为83．3％(10／12)和81．8％(9／11)；对应的两种单苗保护率分别为75％(9／12)和80％(8／10)；临床应用效果良好。结果表明，研制的二联苗保护率高，两种组分联合制苗无干扰现象，降低了防疫成本。     

禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒各种禽源分离株的免疫原性

分别制备了源于鸡、鹅、鸽、鹌鹑、孔雀、画眉鸟、珍珠鸡的禽型副粘病毒(APMV-1)7个强毒分离毒株和商品弱毒疫苗株克隆30(C30)的灭活油乳剂苗,并用这8种灭活油乳剂苗和C30株的活疫苗分别在鸡、鹌鹑、鹅和鸽进行了免疫及交叉攻毒保护试验。免疫后(PI)分别测定试验禽血清的新城疫病毒(NDV)血凝抑制(HI)抗体的滴度,并于PI 5周用强毒株进行攻毒。结果表明,鸽的HI抗体几何平均滴度(MAT)为9.00~10.0 log2,鸡的为7.13~7.63 log2,鹌鹑的为5.00~5.13 log2,鹅对灭活油乳剂苗的为5.63~6.38 log2、而对C30株活疫苗的仅为3.38log2;除了C30株活疫苗免疫鹅提供的保护率比较低(20%)外,8种油乳剂苗都能对同源或者异源强毒株的攻毒提供比较高的保护率(66.75%~100%)。研究结果表明,经典疫苗株C30与近年来从各种不同禽类分离的致病性APMV-1野毒株之间、不同禽源分离株之间的抗原性,以及各种不同禽源分离株的之间的免疫原性差异均不大。     

兔瘟 巴氏杆菌 魏氏梭菌三联灭活苗的研制与应用

用人工感染兔瘟病兔的肝、脾、肾及从惠急性巴氏杆菌病和魏氏梭菌性肠炎病兔分离的细菌制成氢氧化铝甲醛灭活苗（兔三联苗）。试验兔于免疫后７、５０、１００和１８０天均能抵抗致死量兔瘟强毒的攻击；在免疫后２０天时全部能抵抗１０个最小致死量的兔巴氏杆菌培养物的攻击，经７５天保护率也为１００％；免疫后４５天用魏氏梭菌培养物攻击，其保护率为１００％；免疫后１２０天分别用兔巴氏杆菌与魏氏梭菌培养物攻击，其保护率均为     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein