气候对旱地紫色土微生物功能多样性的长期影响

研究了暖温带和中亚热带气候对紫色土的理化性质、微生物活性及其多样性的长期影响.将安徽休宁的紫色土分别放置在暖温带的封丘和中亚热带的鹰潭,18年的旱作定位试验结果表明,中亚热带紫色土的pH、全N含量、NO3--N含量和有效P含量显著低于暖温带紫色土;中亚热带气候条件下紫色土微生物整体活性高于暖温带;中亚热带气候条件下紫色土微生物对羧酸和糖类利用较多,而在暖温带气候条件下紫色土微生物对氨基酸和胺类的利用能力较高.说明中亚热带气候条件促进了紫色土微生物对含C化合物的利用,而暖温带气候条件促进了紫色土微生物对含N化合物的利用.     

气候条件和作物对黑土和潮土固氮微生物群落多样性的影响

固氮微生物是土壤氮素的主要贡献者之一。利用在黑龙江海伦(寒温带)、河南封丘(暖温带)和江西鹰潭(中亚热带)设置的2种农田土壤(黑土、潮土)的置换试验,研究了不同气候、土壤和种植条件对固氮微生物多样性的影响。通过直接从土壤中提取DNA,对固氮酶基因nifH PCR扩增并进行DGGE电泳的分析方法研究了2种类型土壤在3种不同水热条件下固氮微生物群落多样性的变化特征。研究结果表明,在置换到不同气候条件下3年后,土壤类型是决定固氮微生物结构及多样性的主要影响因子,其次是短期气候条件变化的影响,最后是种植玉米的影响。土壤固氮微生物多样性、优势度与土壤C/N及碱解氮含量呈显著正相关(p<0.01),与pH呈显著负相关;多元回归分析及典范对应分析均表明土壤碱解氮含量是影响固氮微生物多样性的决定因素。水热条件与土壤固氮微生物多样性没有线性相关关系,暖温带条件下黑土固氮微生物多样性最高,而潮土最低。种植玉米提高了土壤固氮微生物多样性。     

水热条件和施肥对黑土中微生物群落代谢特征的影响

选择位于我国东部3个不同气候带(温带、暖温带、中亚热带)的农业生态试验站(海伦站、封丘站、鹰潭站),设置水热变化梯度下的土壤置换试验,利用Biolog方法,研究了水热因子和施肥对单作玉米的黑土中微生物群落的影响。结果表明,在3种气候条件下,施用NPK肥均提高了黑土中细菌群落的碳源代谢活性(Average well color development,AWCD值表示)。在玉米抽雄期,施肥处理(NPK)黑土中AWCD值大小顺序为:鹰潭站(中亚热带)>海伦站(温带)>封丘站(暖温带),不施肥(CK)处理为:鹰潭站(中亚热带)>封丘站(暖温带)>海伦站(温带)。说明不施肥时黑土中微生物代谢活性随月均温度的提高而增加,而施肥和降水影响了温度对黑土中微生物代谢活性的作用。主成分分析表明,黑土中微生物群落代谢特征在海伦站(温带)和封丘站(暖温带)之间变化较小,而在鹰潭站(中亚热带)黑土中微生物群落的代谢指纹发生明显改变。气候条件变化导致的黑土中微生物代谢碳源的分异主要表现在:α-丁酮酸、腐胺、D,L-α-甘油、L-苏氨酸(r>0.9);而施肥导致的黑土中微生物代谢碳源的分异主要表现为:β-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和丙酮酸甲脂。总体上,不同气候带水热条件的变化和施肥均影响了黑土中微生物群落的代谢活性和代谢特征的变化。     

竹豆间种对柑橘园土壤化学性质及微生物碳源代谢特征的影响

选择红壤丘陵区典型柑橘园,设置清耕、自然生草和竹豆间种3 种种植模式,研究不同种植模式下柑橘园土壤化学性质、微生物生物量、微生物碳源代谢特征变化,并探明主导碳源代谢特征变化的土壤环境因素。结果表明,相对于清耕和自然生草种植模式,竹豆间种模式下柑橘园土壤pH 提高了24.03% 和21.65%,有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾分别提高了19.40% 和25.14%、14.02% 和18.61%、2.69 和3.12 倍、63.40% 和1.14 倍。柑橘园土壤微生物生物量碳受种植模式影响不显著,但是竹豆间种显著提高了土壤微生物碳源利用能力(Average well colordevelopment,AWCD)和均匀度指数。竹豆间种模式下土壤微生物对于酰胺、氨基酸、酚类和多聚物等多个大类碳源的代谢强度显著高于其他处理,清耕模式下土壤微生物对于糖类尤其是赤藓糖醇、葡萄糖-1- 磷酸、D- 纤维二糖的代谢强度显著高于其他处理。逐步回归分析结果表明,微生物的碳源利用能力和土壤有机碳密切相关,而pH是影响微生物功能多样性及多个特异性碳源代谢强度的首要因素。冗余分析结果表明,柑橘园土壤微生物碳源利用模式受土壤环境因素影响的大小顺序为:pH> 有效磷> 碱解氮> 有机碳> 速效钾。因此,竹豆间种能够缓解柑橘园土壤酸化,提高土壤养分含量,改善微生物群落结构和功能多样性,有利于柑橘园土壤生态健康和可持续利用。     

压砂地土壤微生物群落功能多样性分析

为了掌握荒地压砂对土壤微生物群落功能多样性及理化性质的影响,对荒地及不同年限压砂地土壤进行了Biolog微生物群落功能多样性和理化性质分析。Biolog分析结果表明,1年压砂地微生物群落生理活性最高,荒地微生物群落生理活性最低,其它各年限压砂地微生物群落生理活性随压砂年限增加而缓慢下降。微生物群落功能多样性指数分析表明压砂对微生物群落功能结构影响并不显著。通过微生物群落利用碳源类型分析明确了荒地和各年限压砂地土壤微生物群落利用的主要碳源类型。土壤理化性质分析表明,压砂第1年各项理化性质指标均有明显的下降;此后随压砂年限增加,有机质含量呈上升趋势,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量缓慢下降,全盐、全氮、全磷、全钾含量及土壤pH值变化不大。     

田间条件下小麦和玉米秸秆腐解过程中微生物群落的变化——BIOLOG分析

对秸秆分解微生物演变机理的研究是调控秸秆还田、提高农田地力的理论基础。本试验基于土壤置换试验平台,利用BIOLOG方法研究在寒温带、中温带和中亚热带气候下,埋于黑土、潮土和红壤中的小麦和玉米秸秆在腐解过程中微生物对碳源利用的变化规律。试验中利用网袋法区分直接分解秸秆微生物。试验结果发现秸秆腐解微生物的碳源代谢活性(Average Well Color Development AWCD值表示)在腐解0.5 a和1 a后表现出一定的随气候变化规律,即随温度和降雨量的增加而降低。其中0.5 a为海伦(0.765±0.060)>封丘(0.737±0.165)>鹰潭(0.326±0.076),1 a为海伦(0.630±0.092)>封丘(0.319±0.096)>鹰潭(0.291±0.029),但这种趋势在腐解2 a后减弱。气候条件是影响秸秆腐解微生物碳源代谢活性的主要因素,其次是腐解时间和土壤类型。主成分分析表明在腐解0.5 a后海伦、封丘地区的微生物群落代谢特征与鹰潭差异较大,而1 a后封丘和鹰潭的微生物群落代谢特征与海伦的差异较大,腐解2 a后不同气候条件下的秸秆腐解微生物对碳源的利用趋于一致,均对含氮化合物利用较多。     

不同来源沼液对土壤微生物群落碳代谢的影响

为探索不同来源沼液对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,本研究通过室内培养试验,基于BIOLOG微平板培养方法,对比了鸡粪源、猪粪源和牛粪源沼液在等氮条件下加入土壤后的微生物碳代谢特征。结果表明:同无任何添加的对照相比,不同来源的沼液对土壤有机质含量无显著影响,但对无机氮、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH和电导率均有不同程度的提升效果。土壤微生物生物量碳在牛粪沼液处理中最高,而猪粪沼液中微生物量碳则同对照相比显著降低(P0.05)。鸡粪沼液引发了微生物最高的碳源利用强度,而猪粪沼液则表现出抑制的趋势。微生物对碳水化合物的利用在鸡粪沼液处理中达到最高,显著高于猪粪沼液(P0.05)。对于氨基酸碳源的利用,各沼液处理均表现出抑制的趋势,但仅在猪粪沼液处理中达显著水平(P0.05)。鸡粪沼液相比其他处理显著促进了微生物对羧酸的利用(P0.05)。相比其他处理,鸡粪沼液显著提高了土壤微生物的Shannon丰富度和Simpson优势度指数; McIntosh均一度指数的最高值也出现在鸡粪沼液处理,但其仅显著高于猪粪沼液处理(P0.05)。主成分分析显示猪粪沼液处理的微生物碳代谢群落同对照的差异最大,相比而言牛粪和鸡粪沼液对微生物代谢群落的影响较小。总体而言,不同来源沼液对土壤微生物碳代谢的影响存在差异,其长期的效应有待进一步通过田间试验验证。     

不同气候条件下潮土微生物群落的变化

针对气候变化的背景研究农田土壤微生物对气候变化的响应机制是调控农田土壤养分循环的理论基础。本研究基于设置在3个气候带(冷温带海伦、暖温带封丘和中亚热带鹰潭)的潮土移置试验,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法研究了移置第6年土壤微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,在3种气候条件下潮土移置6年后土壤部分理化性质显著变化,土壤有机质含量表现为冷温带最高而中亚热带最低;在种植玉米的不同施肥处理中,土壤中微生物总PLFAs、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)、细菌和放线菌PLFAs含量均表现为海伦封丘鹰潭,真菌/细菌比值在冷温带最低;PLFA图谱的主成分分析显示气候条件显著影响了土壤微生物的群落结构,海伦和封丘位于PC1正轴,而鹰潭位于负轴,受气候影响较大的特征PLFA包括18:1ω7c、16:1ω5c、16:0、18:0和18:2ω6,9c;逐步回归分析显示温度、降雨和土壤有机质是影响微生物群落的主要因子。总体上,气候条件的变化在短期内(6年)改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,可以影响农田生态系统的生物地球化学循环。     

侵蚀红壤区不同水土保持措施的土壤改良效果研究

结合野外调查和室内分析,研究了侵蚀红壤区不同水土保持措施下坡地土壤pH值和养分含量的变化,分析了不同水土保持措施的土壤改良效果。研究结果表明,不同水土保持措施显著影响侵蚀红壤区坡地土壤pH值和有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷的含量,但是对全钾和速效钾含量影响不显著。牧草和耕作措施可以显著提高土壤pH值和有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷的含量,显著改善土壤肥力状况,梯田对土壤肥力状况影响不显著。研究区土壤肥力状况不受钾素限制,可以将土壤有机质作为衡量土壤肥力状况的简化指标。     

放牧及水文扰动对拉萨地区湿草甸湿地土壤特征的影响

通过定位观测和模拟试验,对不同放牧及水文扰动下湿草甸群落土壤表层土壤pH值、有机质含量、全量及速效氮、磷、钾含量进行了测定分析.结果表明:放牧调节与水文扰动对土壤特征的交叉影响复杂.禁牧加水提高土壤pH值、全氮含量,放牧加水则降低土壤有机质、全量氮磷钾及速效钾的含量;放牧干扰提高土壤速效氮含量及其占全氮的比例,且在放牧加水条件下最高,禁牧加水条件下最低;但放牧干扰降低土壤速效磷含量及其占全磷的比例,而不同放牧条件下,水文条件改善均提高土壤速效磷含量及其占全磷的比例.     

水热条件和土壤类型对纤维素分解菌的影响

试验选择中国东部3个气候带上的主要农田土壤:寒温带黑龙江海伦的黏化湿润均腐土(黑土)、暖温带河南封丘的淡色潮润雏形土(潮土)和中亚热带江西鹰潭的黏化湿润富铁土(红壤),在海伦、封丘和鹰潭3个生态试验站建立土壤置换试验,研究玉米不同生育期水热条件和土壤类型对好氧性纤维素分解菌数量的影响。结果表明,暖温带气候条件下土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量高于中温带和中亚热带气候条件;土壤类型显著影响了土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量,变化顺序为黑土>潮土>红壤;在玉米不同生育期土壤纤维素分解菌数量的顺序均为抽雄期>收获后>种植前;施用化肥提高了土壤中好氧性纤维素分解菌的数量。相关分析显示土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、含水量和pH值呈显著正相关,土壤温度和含水量是影响土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量的重要环境因子。通径分析结果表明,土壤养分是决定土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量的主要因子,水热条件对其直接作用并不明显,但水热、施肥、土壤类型对纤维素分解菌数量有显著的交互作用。     

泥石流流域气候与区段对坡面土壤pH值的影响——以云南蒋家沟流域为例

为了探讨泥石流频发流域的不同气候与区段对失稳性坡面土壤pH值的影响,掌握土壤pH值的空间变异规律,以蒋家沟流域温带湿润山岭区、亚热带和暖温带半湿润区、亚热带干热河谷区的典型失稳性坡面不同区段(堆积区、失稳区、稳定区)土壤为研究对象,采用随机取样法共采集0—20 cm的土壤样本135个,结合中国科学院东川泥石流观测研究站多年的气象资料,分析了不同气候和失稳性坡面区段与土壤pH值的相关性。结果表明:温带湿润山岭区、亚热带和暖温带半湿润区失稳性坡面土壤pH值总体偏酸性(pH<6.5),与总体偏碱性(pH>7.5)的亚热带干热河谷区之间差异显著(p<0.05)。亚热带干热河谷区的堆积区、失稳区、稳定区土壤pH值均大于亚热带和暖温带半湿润区及温带湿润山岭区且差异显著(p<0.05)。失稳性坡面土壤pH值与气温存在显著的正相关关系(p<0.05),与降水量存在极显著的负相关关系(p<0.001),与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.001)。气候、区段及两者的交互作用对失稳性坡面土壤pH值均存在极显著影响(p<0.001)。除大凹子沟阴坡和查菁沟...     

The importance of C,N and P as driver for bacterial community structure in German beech dominated forest soils

Among several environmental factors shaping soil microbial communities the impact of soil nutrients is of special interest. While continuous application mainly of N and P dramatically shifts community composition during fertilization, it remains unclear whether this effect is consistent in generic, unfertilized beech forest ecosystems of Germany, where differences in nutrient contents are mostly a result of the parental material and climatic conditions. We postulate that in such ecosystems nutrient effects are less pronounced due to the possibility of the soil microbiome to adapt to the corresponding conditions over decades and the vegetation acts as the major driver. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the bacterial community composition in five different German beech dominated forest soils, representing a natural gradient of total‐ and easily available mineral‐P. A community fingerprinting approach was performed using terminal‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, while abundance of bacteria was measured applying quantitative real‐time PCR. Bacterial communities at the five forest sites were distinctly separated, with strongest differences between the end‐members of the P‐gradient. However the majority of identified microbial groups (43%) were present at all sites, forming a core microbiome independent from the differences in soil chemical properties. Especially in the P‐deficient soil the abundance of unique bacterial groups was highly increased, indicating a special adaption of the community to P limitation at this site. In this regard Correspondence Analysis elucidated that exclusively soil pH significantly affected community composition at the investigated sites. In contrast soil C, N and P contents did mainly affect the overall abundance of bacteria.     

中国北方温带草原土壤微生物对气温变暖与添加氮素的响应特征

The responses of soil microbes to global warming and nitrogen enrichment can profoundly affect terrestrial ecosystem functions and the ecosystem feedbacks to climate change. However, the interactive effect of warming and nitrogen enrichment on soil microbial community is unclear. In this study, individual and interactive effects of experimental warming and nitrogen addition on the soil microbial community were investigated in a long-term field experiment in a temperate steppe of northern China. The field experiment started in 2006 and soils were sampled in 2010 and analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids to characterize the soil microbial communities. Some soil chemical properties were also determined. Five-year experimental warming significantly increased soil total microbial biomass and the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in the soils. Long-term nitrogen addition decreased soil microbial biomass at the 0-10 cm soil depth and the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soils. Little interactive effect on soil microbes was detected when experimental warming and nitrogen addition were combined. Soil microbial biomass positively correlated with soil total C and N, but basically did not relate to the soil C/N ratio and pH. Our results suggest that future global warming or nitrogen enrichment may significantly change the soil microbial communities in the temperate steppes in northern China.     

Temporal and seasonal change in microbial community structure of an undisturbed,disturbed, and carbon-amended pasture soil

Disturbance and change to C inputs can alter microbial community structure and impact ecosystem function. Particularly in temperate regions, seasonal change also has an effect on microbial communities both directly through climate and indirectly through plant function. The temporal change in microbial communities of an undisturbed pasture, disturbed pasture (similar to a single tillage event) and pasture soil amended with two forms of particulate carbon were monitored over eight consecutive seasons after grass was reestablished. The soil microbial community was assessed by a DNA fingerprinting technique (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, TRFLP) of bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities, and also from phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. The single disturbance had a significant effect on fungal microbial community structure (by TRFLP) and significantly decreased the fungal:bacterial ratio. Though the change was relatively small, it persisted throughout the sampling period. Nitrate was also higher on the disturbed treatment providing evidence for the theory that changes to fungal:bacterial ratios can alter nutrient cycling and retention. Fungal communities were the most altered by the C amendments, and while bacteria were also affected by the C amendments, seasonal change was a greater cause of variation. Correlation to soil and climatic variables explained more of the total variability for PLFA (78% for all treatments) than bacterial (50%), fungal (35%) and archaeal (14%) restriction fragments. Most climate and soil variables explained significant variation for seasonal patterns in the multivariate community structures but measurements of soil moisture were important for all communities while pH was relatively more important for bacteria, temperature for fungi, and soil C:N ratio for archaea. Autumn was particularly distinct from other seasons for bacteria (less so for the fungal community) and although there was seasonal change in pH suggesting pasture management was a factor, the significant correlation of other soil characteristics suggests that plant physiological changes (most probably root exudates) also played a significant role. The large change in the saprotrophic fungal community due to the particulate C addition but minor seasonal change would tend to suggest that the fungal community may be more responsive to changes in litter inputs rather than root exudates while the reverse is true for bacteria.     

不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素

农田土壤中秸秆腐解伴随氮磷钾养分的释放是重要的生物地球化学过程,也是秸秆还田替代化肥养分的基础。了解不同农区秸秆分解过程中的养分释放动态,揭示秸秆、气候和土壤条件的交互作用机制,是制定秸秆还田合理措施的理论基础。基于寒温带-暖温带-中亚热带的黑土、潮土、红壤互置试验平台,研究了小麦、玉米秸秆在3年腐解过程中养分释放过程和影响因素。结果表明,秸秆中养分释放速率的大小顺序为KPN;秸秆中氮素和磷素在寒温带以及在红壤和潮土中表现为先富集再释放特征,在暖温带、中亚热带以及黑土中表现为直接释放特征;秸秆中钾素均表现为直接快速释放特征,在腐解0.5 a平均释放率达89.5%。气候和土壤条件主导了氮磷的释放,其相对平均贡献率分别为19.5%和15.2%。在腐解后期(2~3 a)气候、土壤和秸秆因素对养分释放的贡献率30%,说明土壤生物因素可能起了主导作用。     

Response of the soil fungal community to multi-factor environmental changes in a temperate forest

Both environmental and climatic changes are known to influence soil microbial biomes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are limited data defining the interactive effects of multi-factor environmental disturbances, including N-deposition, precipitation, and air temperature, on soil fungal communities in temperate forests. A 3-year outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the temporal shifts of soil fungal communities in a temperate forest following N-addition, precipitation and air temperature changes. The shifts in the structure and composition of soil fungal communities were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. N-addition regimen induced significant alterations in the composition of soil fungal communities, and this effect was different at both higher and lower altitudes. The response of the soil fungal community to N-addition was much stronger in precipitation-reduced soils compared to soils experiencing enhanced precipitation. The combined treatment of N-addition and reduced precipitation caused more pronounced changes in the lower altitude versus those in the higher one. Certain fungal species in the subphylum Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina distinctively responded to N fertilization and soil water control at both altitudes. Redundancy discrimination analysis showed that changes in environmental factors and soil physicochemical properties explained 43.7% of the total variability in the soil fungal community at this forest ecosystem. Variations in the soil fungal community were significantly related to the altitude, soil temperature, total soil N content (TN) and pH value (P < 0.05). We present evidence for the interactive effects of N-addition, water manipulation and air temperature to reshape soil fungal communities in the temperate forest. Our data could provide new insights into predicting the response of soil micro-ecosystem to climatic changes.     

山东省青州市土壤养分元素有效量及其影响因素

为研究山东省青州市土壤养分元素有效量及其影响因素，通过系统采集分析390件表层土壤样品，获得了N、P、K、Cu、Zn、Mo、B 7种土壤养分元素全量和有效量以及pH和有机质数据，并对其进行了相关性和差异性分析。结果表明：研究区土壤Mo、B元素有效量低，总体表现为缺乏和较缺乏；N元素有效量背景值略高于临界值，分布不规律；P、K、Cu、Zn元素有效量变异系数均大于100%，呈现西低东高的空间分布趋势。相关性分析表明，N、P、K、Cu、Zn、B 6种元素全量与有效量呈显著正相关，测试的7种元素有效量与pH均呈显著负相关，N、K、Zn、B 4种元素有效量与有机质含量呈显著正相关。不同成土母质中，奥陶系和寒武系土壤pH、奥陶系土壤有机质含量显著高于全区，养分有效量在奥陶系土壤中总体较低。不同土壤类型中，粗骨土土壤pH和有机质含量显著高于全区，养分有效量在粗骨土中总体较低。研究区土壤养分元素有效量不仅与元素全量水平关系密切，同时受土壤pH和有机质含量的影响。