工厂化养鱼中氧气锥的增氧规律

控制养殖水体溶氧是工厂化养鱼水处理主要技术之一.介绍一种工厂化养鱼氧气锥的结构、原理及增氧效果.为了掌握氧气锥增氧规律,对氧气锥进行了氧气流量单因素等差梯度试验.结果表明,在循环水流量为65 m3/h,水温24.5℃,氧气流量为0,1,2,……,10 L/min的条件下,溶氧与氧气流量回归方程为y=0.100 9x2+0.059x+5.958 8(r=0.992 7);根据物料平衡原理,推算出氧气锥的最大氧气利用率为84.56%;在最大氧气利用率的条件下,依照尼罗罗非鱼的耗氧率计算模式,推算出工厂化养鱼系统需配置氧气锥的台数.     

亚硝酸盐对团头鲂鱼种血红蛋白和耗氧率的影响

团头鲂鱼种血液中的高铁血红蛋白百分含量随受试液中NO_2-N浓度升高，NO_2-N对耗氧率的影响呈抛物线的变化规律，当浓度为2．5mg·1(-1)时，耗氧率达到最大值．     

长江口中华绒螯蟹抱卵前后的标准代谢和窒息点

为了解中华绒螯蟹不同生活史阶段的代谢特征,以长江口性成熟中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)为研究对象,利用静水式密闭装置,采用生物能量学分析方法研究了长江口中华绒螯蟹雌蟹抱卵前和抱卵后在低氧下的代谢特征和窒息点。结果显示:中华绒螯蟹抱卵前窒息点为(2.591±0.652) mg·L^-1,显著大于抱卵后窒息点(1.101±0.310) mg·L^-1(P<0.05)。雌蟹抱卵前和抱卵后耗氧率和耗氧量随溶氧含量的降低呈下降趋势;在实验2 h时,抱卵前和抱卵后的耗氧率和耗氧量均达到最大值,其中抱卵前耗氧率0.066 mg·(g·h)^-1低于抱卵后0.089 mg·(g·h)^-1,但无显著性差异(P>0.05),抱卵前耗氧量(3.050 mg·h^-1)显著低于抱卵后(5.992 mg·h^-1)(P<0.05);在实验6 h时,抱卵前和抱卵后的耗氧率和耗氧量均降到最小值,其中耗氧率分别为0.003 mg·(g·h)^-1     

麻醉剂MS222对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为探讨MS222在罗非鱼麻醉运输中应用的可能性,在密封式塑料袋中进行了罗非鱼幼鱼的模拟运输。分别用0 mg/L、10 mg/L、20 mg/L和30 mg/L MS222对广特超品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼进行处理,在处理0 h、1 h、3 h和7 h后测定各袋水中溶氧量和氨含量,以计算各时段的耗氧率、排氨率及氧氮比。试验结果表明,在7 h的模拟运输过程中,10 mg/L、20 mg/L和30 mg/L MS222可以分别降低罗非鱼的平均耗氧量10.0%、31.4%和40.5%,降低排氮率12.4%、37.8%和42.8%。因此,30 mg/L的MS222更适宜于广特超品系罗非鱼幼鱼运输。     

温度和盐度对不同规格甲虫螺(Cantharus cecillei)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用静水法测定了温度和盐度对两种规格甲虫螺(Cantharus cecillei)耗氧率和排氨率的影响.结果显示,(1)温度、规格均对甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(P＜0.05),但其二者的交互作用对甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率没有显著影响(P＞0.05).当温度为12-24℃时,甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率随温度的升高而逐渐增加,温度为24℃时,达到最高值.之后随着温度的继续升高,各组耗氧率和排氨率均有明显的下降.在温度为12-28℃条件下,大规格组(A组)甲虫螺的单位体重耗氧率和排氨率均小于小规格组(B组).当温度为12-28℃时,甲虫螺的氧氮比值O/N比值范围在8.17-17.31之间.温度为20℃和24℃时,各实验组均有最大的O/N比值.温度升至28℃时,O/N比值明显下降.(2)盐度、规格对甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(P＜0.05),但其二者的交互作用对甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率没有显著影响(P＞0.05).当盐度为20-30时,两种规格甲虫螺的耗氧率和排氨率随盐度的升高而逐渐增加,盐度为30时,达到最高值.之后随着盐度的继续升高,各组耗氧率和排氨率均有明显的下降.在盐度为20-40条件下,大规格组(A组)甲虫螺的单位体重耗氧率和排氨率均小于小规格组(B组).当盐度为20-40时,甲虫螺的O/N比值范围在10.80-22.71之间.盐度为30时,各实验组均有最大的氧氮比值,盐度升至35和40时,氧氮比值明显下降.研究表明,甲虫螺生存的最适温度为24℃,最适盐度为30.以期为甲虫螺的人工繁殖以及贝螺混养技术提供科学的依据.     

体重和温度对方斑东风螺耗氧率和排氨率的影响

用室内实验生态学方法研究不同规格和温度对方斑东风螺(Babyloniaareolata)耗氧率(O)和排氨率(N)的影响。实验所用方斑东风螺规格为壳高(3 147±0 115)～(6 862±0 237)cm,软体部分干重(2 0145±0 12)～(11 0636±0 36)g。结果表明:(1)个体大小、温度以及二者的综合效应均对其耗氧率和排氨率有极显著的影响(P<0 01)。在实验温度范围内(13～33℃),不同规格的方斑东风螺耗氧率的总平均值为1 413mg/(h·g),排氨率的总平均值为217 05μg/(h·g)。(2)在实验条件下,方斑东风螺的软体部分干重(W)与耗氧量(R)之间的回归关系符合幂函数方程R=aWb,其中a的取值范围为0 9984～3 0128,平均值是1 7894;b值的范围为0 7692～0 8985,平均值为0 8430。在13～28℃温度范围内,不同规格的方斑东风螺的耗氧率随着温度的升高而增加,当温度升高到33℃时,耗氧率反而下降。(3)实验温度下,W与排氨量(A)也可用幂函数方程A=cWd表示,c值的范围为277 4091～405 3933,平均值为326 6857;d值的范围是0 4519～0 8864,平均值是0 6683。随着温度的升高方斑东风螺的排氨率呈上升趋势。(4)实验证实,高温将进一步提高方斑东风螺蛋白质的代谢水平,耗氧率和排氨率与温度(T)、W的二元线性回归方程分别为:O=-0 521-0 038W+0 050T、N=-152 640-10 581W     

史氏鲟稚鱼的耗氧率和窒息点↑（*）

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溶解氧、非离子氨和亚硝酸氮对大菱鲆幼鱼生长代谢的影响研究

以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼为试验对象,在室内进行为期60 d的生长、代谢试验.采用正交设计,设定不同浓度的溶解氧、非离子氨和亚硝酸氮,研究在三者作用下大菱鲆幼鱼的生长和代谢情况.结果表明,溶解氧和氨氮对大菱鲆幼鱼的生长和代谢有显著影响,而亚硝酸氮对其影响不显著.提高溶解氧的浓度能显著降低非离子氨和亚硝酸氮对大菱鲆幼鱼的毒性,改善其生长环境,并能有效的提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长和代谢.研究表明,在循环水养殖过程中,可以通过增加溶解氧的浓度来降低有毒物质对大菱鲆的毒性,以此减小生物处理的压力,从而在循环水养殖系统设计过程中减少生物过滤装置的成本投入,提高经济效益.     

温度对不同体质量灰海马耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点的影响

为探究温度对不同体质量灰海马耗氧率、排氨率和窒息点的影响,设置13、18、23、28、32℃5个温度梯度,用大(L)、中(M)、小(S)3种体质量分别为(3.63±1.42)、(1.23±0.22)、(0.47±0.24)g的灰海马进行代谢试验.试验结果:在13～32℃范围内,随着水温的升高,灰海马的耗氧率和排氨率呈现...     

低盐胁迫对细角螺幼螺呼吸排泄的影响

为了评估细角螺苗种对低盐胁迫的耐受能力,将细角螺(Hemifusus ternatanus)幼螺养殖盐度自27逐渐降低至22、18和14,测定处理后不同时间细角螺幼螺的耗氧率和排氨率。结果显示,盐度27降至22后幼螺耗氧率先显著降低,在第二天升至对照组水平,此后略有波动但均与盐度27无显著差异;盐度降至18与对照组无显著性差异;盐度降至14,细角螺的耗氧率先有显著升高,后与对照组相比无显著差异。盐度从27降至22后,幼螺的排氨率在第一、第二天显著升高,其后逐渐降低,盐度自22降至18和14,排氨率呈先降低后升高的趋势。盐度22处理后幼螺的氧氮比先降低后升高,盐度18和14处理组先升高后逐渐降低,说明低盐胁迫影响细角螺幼螺能量物质分解代谢的比率,胁迫条件下幼螺以脂肪和碳水化合物为主要供能物质。实验结果表明,第一次低盐处理对幼螺呼吸排泄的影响较大,此后再逐渐降低盐度,幼螺具有一定的适应能力。本实验结果可为细角螺养殖和放流前盐度驯化提供参考。     

Effects of water flow velocity and fish culture on net biofouling in fish cages

The effects of water flow, fish feed and cage position on net biofouling was examined in a floating cage fish farm. Fouling of 16 mm mesh net panels suspended inside and outside net cages and exposed to different treatments were monitored weekly until net apertures were completely occluded by the fouling organisms (8 weeks). Results indicate a dramatic reduction in water flow velocity throughout the fish farm due to the cage units themselves and net biofouling. The reduced water flow (<10 cm s^?1) inside net cages promoted rapid net biofouling, while rapid water flow outside the net cages (>25 cm s^?1) kept the net fouling organisms at bay. Although fish rearing in net cages with inputs of commercial pellet feed increased sessile biofouling (222% higher than outside the net cages) and non‐sessile biofouling (570% higher), the type of fish feed used did not significantly affect biofouling development. The study recommends that the geometry of serially arranged net cages, as commonly deployed in tropical tidal estuaries, be reconfigured to improve flow through in order to minimize the impact of fouling.     

不同放养量与水交换率对大菱鲆幼鱼的养殖效果及水质条件的影响

经过 6 0d的试验养殖 ,在每日 2、 4、6个循环水量的条件下 ,研究放养量从 0 .74～ 1.99kg/m2 大菱鲆 (Scophthalmusmaximus)幼鱼的平均体重增长、养殖成活率、饵料系数和养殖水中的溶解氧、氨氮含量等养殖生态状况。结果表明 ,日水循环量为 2个全量时 ,放养量为 1.5 4kg/m2 的实验组的平均体重增重与放养量低的实验组 (0 .75kg/m2 、1.0 1kg/m2 、1.31kg/m2 )平均体重增重无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而与高于此实验组 (1.74kg/m2 、1.99kg/m2 )的增重比较则差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;水循环量的增加可以改善水质条件 ,加快幼鱼的生长速度 ,但对幼鱼的饵料系数影响不大。     

方斑东风螺的耗氧率及饲养水中溶氧变化的初步研究

为对方斑东风螺养殖生产提供参考依据,试验测定了饥饿和饱食状态下方斑东风螺幼螺在不同水温(25℃、28℃、30℃)时的耗氧率,测定了幼螺摄食后水中溶解氧浓度的变化。结果表明,饱食后幼螺的生理代谢活动加强,耗氧率增加;随着水温的升高,耗氧率也增加。幼螺摄食后水中的溶解氧浓度随着时间的延长不断下降。试验观察发现,在方斑东风螺养殖的正常水温范围内(25℃~30℃),DO高于3mg/L时,幼螺生活正常;DO在2.40mg/L~2.35mg/L时,幼螺表现为缺氧状态;DO在1.5~1.0mg/L时,幼螺表现为严重缺氧状态。     

内陆水域鱼类放养捕捞模型及应用

用矩阵形式描述了放养捕捞的数学模型，对主要变量－回捕率的估测方法（渔获物年龄组成法、历史放养捕捞数据法和标志回捕法）进行了说明。用渔获物年龄组成和历史放养捕捞数据法，估算了大伙房水库鲢、鳙的牧养回捕率，还对目前牧养群体资源研究中参数求解问题提出了相应的见解。     

High rate algal pond treatment for water reuse in a marine fish recirculation system: Water purification and fish health

Regardless of the degree of closure of a recirculation system, effluents are produced and replacement water is needed, which limits the possibility of locating a seawater production system away from the shoreline. At the Palavas Ifremer station, in the south of France, a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP) was operated during several years to treat the effluent from a recirculating aquaculture system before reusing it. The effect of the HRAP-treated water on the recirculation system and on the fish was investigated and the optimal algae growing conditions were defined. The experiments were carried out in three rearing systems: one flow through, one recirculating and one recirculating with a HRAP. The water flow rate, temperature, pH and salinity conditions were similar in all systems.The effect of reusing the HRAP-treated water is very limited (1) on the functioning of the recirculation system and (2) on fish performance, but it allows a significant reduction of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in the rearing water. HRAP treatment reduced metal accumulation in muscle and liver of RAS fish, except for chromium and arsenic. All biomarkers presented no significant difference between systems, except for Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and EROD, which showed a higher concentration in RAS and in both recirculating system respectively.     

Water quality and rainbow trout performance in a Danish Model Farm recirculating system: Comparison with a flow through system

The objective was to compare water quality and fish growth and mortality in a pilot scale recirculating system (RS) and a control tank in flow through system (FTS). The RS was designed after the Danish Model Trout Farm and operated with a make up water renewal rate of 9 m³ kg^-1 of fish produced. RS water quality did not decrease significantly with water flow rate decrease in the RS. During the experiment, the RS water treatment system presented solids removal efficiency of 59.6 ± 27.7% d⁻¹, ammonia oxidation of 45 ± 32 g m⁻³ d⁻¹, oxygenation yield of 392 ± 132 g of O₂ kWh⁻¹ and CO₂ degassing of 23.3 ± 11.9% pass⁻¹. In the RS, nitrite concentration was 0.15 ± 0.07 mg l⁻¹, close to the toxicity threshold; a N₂ supersaturation phenomenon was measured, probably due to the air injection depth. The biofilter and sedimentation area management has to be improved to avoid organic matter decomposition and release of dissolved elements. Even if no N₂ over-saturation apparent effect on fish performance and aspect were detected, the airlift depth has to be modified in the case of industrial development of the RS. Some improvements of the water treatment system, especially on the airlift and sedimentation area, are suggested.Concerning fish growth, no significant differences were observed between the RS and the FTS. No pathologies were detected and cumulative mortality rates (0.1%) were similar to the farm's usual data. There were no significant effects of water flow rate decrease in the RS on fish performance and energy savings were recorded to be 0.7 kWh kg⁻¹ of fish produced between RS₁ and RS₂. The global energy cost of the RS was 3.56 kWh kg⁻¹ of fish produced (0.107 € kg⁻¹ of fish produced). Even if the energy consumption of the water treatment system can be improved, the results confirm that recirculating system can be used for industrial trout on growing, without fish performance deterioration.     

The impact of production intensity on water quality in oxygen enriched,floating enclosures for post-smolt salmon culture

The main aim of the study was to decide the effect of specific water consumption (L/kg/min) and feed load per water flow (g/m³) on the water quality parameters pH, CO₂, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and suspended solids (SS) in two large semi-closed containment systems (S-CCS). The reported production parameters (range) in the two S-CCS were specific water consumption (q): 0.04–0.47 L/kg/min and feed load per water flow: 9.0–64 g/m³. The study period was split in two sub-periods; January–May (4.4–7.5 °C), and June–September (7.5–13.2 °C) before a regression model was used to determine the relationship between production intensity (q, feed load) and water quality (pH, CO₂). With the acceptable level of CO₂ defined as ≤10 mg/L, the model predicted a minimum specific water consumption (L/kg/min) between 0.07 (winter) and 0.2 (summer). The predicted maximum feed load per water flow (g/m³) was between 35 (summer) and 45 g/m³ (winter). These calculated limits for production intensity were close to the values earlier reported for smolt or post-smolt production in large, onshore tanks.     

基于DSP的光伏推流系统设计及效果分析

为解决水产养殖中溶氧浓度低、分布不均衡及常规增氧设备能耗高的问题,设计了一种基于数字信号处理器(DSP)的光伏推流系统。该系统以TMS320F2812为主控芯片,通过电压、电流检测电路对太阳能光伏阵列的输出功率进行实时跟踪,实现对蓄电池充放电切换,并采用最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)方法保证了光伏阵列的最大功率输出。用该系统对长7 m、宽5 m、深1 m的浅水区域进行连续5 d的推流实验,并与相同条件下无推流时的溶氧浓度空间分布情况进行对比。结果显示,无推流情况下,试验区域从岸边到湖中溶氧浓度分布呈现由低到高的梯度分布;推流后的溶氧浓度空间分布趋于均衡,且比无推流时的浓度均值提高1~2 mg/L。研究表明,光伏推流能大大降低能耗,提高水体溶氧浓度,改善水体溶氧分布均衡性,对提高水产养殖的密度和产量具有现实意义。     

池塘循环流水养殖模式集污系统效能分析

为研究池塘循环流水养殖模式集污系统的效能,以草鱼为养殖对象开展试验,分析比较了沉淀池、养殖池上游及水源等处的总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、悬浮物（SS）、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO₂^--N）、硝酸盐氮（NO₃^--N）、溶解氧（DO）和酸碱度（pH）等水质指标。结果显示：集污系统可通过吸取和沉淀将鱼类排泄物分离出池塘,养殖水体中TN和TP的去除率分别为5.69%和63.42%。沉淀池的TP、SS、COD_Mn含量高于养殖池上游的,最高时分别高出221.85%、241.67%、102.18%。养殖池上游的TN、NH₄⁺-N含量与沉淀池没有明显差异,但NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N含量频繁高于沉淀池。水源、养殖池上游、沉淀池水体中的SS、pH、COD