蛴螬危害花生产量损失调查及发生因子分析

为摸清不同虫口密度下蛴螬对花生产量造成的危害和减产情况,在山东、江苏、安徽三省六地进行了蛴螬危害花生致使产量损失的田间试验,并进一步分析了耕作方式、施肥、作物布局对蛴螬虫口密度的影响。结果表明,不同种植地区花生田蛴螬虫口密度存在较大差异,在3．50～56．67头／m^2间,因蛴螬造成的产量损失率在1．47％～48．29％;显著性分析结果表明,除蛴螬虫口密度相对较小的山东潍坊寒亭区和安徽合肥肥西县两个试验点外,其他各试验点蛴螬防治区与未防治区的花生产量均有显著性差异。在玉米一小麦一花生轮作区,免耕田蛴螬虫口密度最高,达9．86头／m^2,翻耕田虫口密度其次,为6．96头／m^2,休耕田虫口密度最低,为4．76头／m^2。施肥种类对蛴螬虫口密度有一定的影响,其中施用鸡粪和草木灰田花生蛴螬虫口密度最高,而牛粪、羊粪相对较低。作物布局对蛴螬虫口密度影响较大,其中杨树一花生间作、梨树一花生间作田蛴螬虫口密度分别为29．75头／m^2、28．00头／m^2,显著高于纯花生种植区（16．50头／m^2）。     

国内报刊花生文摘(四)

花生田蛴螬药剂防治指标的探讨/朱若是…(江苏省淮阴市农业局)∥植物保护学报.-1990,17(3).-241～245 根据1980～1983年8块花生田蛴螬药剂防治的资料,进行了相关回归测定,使用八号菌〔苏芸金杆菌库斯塔变种(Bacillusthuringiensis var.kurstaki)〕拌种防治花生田蛴螬,在单中型种蛴螬发生田,经济损害允许水平为花生收获期每亩虫量1672头;在中型种和小型种蛴螬混合发生田,其中型种蛴螬占三分之一左右的田块,经济损害允许水平可定为花生收获期每亩虫量6498头。根据蛴螬自然孵化率和     

花生不同种植模式对蛴螬发生的影响及药剂防治效果的比较

为明确覆膜、裸露、秸秆还田、麦套等不同种植模式对春、夏花生蛴螬发生和播期对药剂防治效果的影响,本文对春花生和夏花生上发生的蛴螬进行了田间调查和药效试验。结果表明,春花生上蛴螬发生量明显高于夏花生,花生覆膜种植较露地种植的蛴螬发生减轻,秸秆还田的较不还田的花生田蛴螬发生量增多。夏播花生用70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂,按有效成分用量36g/667m2拌种,对蛴螬防效达94.23%;但对早播春花生和晚播春花生蛴螬的防效分别为55.36%和69.23%,防效显著降低。早播春花生采用噻虫嗪拌种+噻虫嗪灌根对蛴螬的防效最高,防效达92.04%;采用噻虫嗪灌根对蛴螬的防效为87.18%,也可有效控制其危害;但仅用噻虫嗪拌种处理的防效仅为55.36%,不能有效控制其危害。相同处理方式下噻虫嗪的防效均显著高于毒死蜱。建议在春花生田防治蛴螬应采用拌种+灌根的施药方法,在夏花生播种时采用药剂拌种可有效控制蛴螬的危害。     

大麦前茬蛴螬发生特点及其在测报和防治中应注意的问题

苏北射阳县大麦秋播前茬作物田蛴螬混合种群发生特点是 :前茬不同作物田蛴螬混合种群发生量差异明显 ,花生田 >大豆田 >玉米田 >山芋田 >棉花田 ;混合种群演替规律是 1973～ 1982年为高频重发生阶段 ,1983年以后进入轻发生时期。以棉花和花生的影响显著 ,其次是山芋和玉米 ,而大豆的影响较小。基于此 ,文末提出了蛴螬测报和防治中应注意的有关问题。     

蛴螬为害花生的产量损失及经济阈值研究

蛴螬是为害花生最严重的地下害虫,造成极大经济损失。为指导花生田蛴螬防治,本文研究了花生开花下针期蛴螬虫口密度与花生受害状况间的关系,并在此基础上提出了经济阈值。结果表明,在花生开花下针初期,荚果被害率(y_1)、荚果受害指数(y_2)、产量损失率(y_3)与蛴螬虫口密度(x)间均呈显著正相关关系,回归方程分别为y_1=2.3694x-4.2992、y_2=2.0347x-3.5203、y_3=1.7589x-2.4401,相关系数分别为0.9779、0.9856和0.9736。以花生产量损失率为标准提出经济阈值为:采用目前生产上常用的防蛴螬杀虫剂30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂等防治时,经济阈值为3.2~4.1头/m~2。该研究可以指导蛴螬防治的科学用药,有助于提高蛴螬综合防控水平。     

花生田蛴螬成虫防治效果研究初报

引言 过去,在花生生产中,一般把蛴螬作为防治的重点对象,结果是年年防治,年年受害。分析其原因,蛴螬生活于土内,看不见,只能盲目用药待杀。亦常因天旱或下大雨,蛴螬暂时下移,而发挥不了作用,加之土粒的吸附,土壤理化性质的影响,防治效果往往欠佳。针对存在的这些问题,我们于1974—1983年对蛴螬的成虫(金龟甲)进行了防治研究,探索成虫防治对减轻花生田蛴螬危害效果,为花生蛴螬防治提供新途径。     

不同施药方法对花生田蛴螬的防治效果评价

为寻找轻简、高效、安全控制花生主要害虫蛴螬的技术模式,连续4年对六种防治方法进行了评价,对解决蛴螬防治难题、提高防治技术水平提供参考和依据。辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂(辛硫磷CS)+性诱剂及毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂(毒死蜱CS)+性诱剂的防虫效果、保果效果、产量及增产率呈逐年增加趋势,连续使用4年后,两混剂与单独使用辛硫磷CS或毒死蜱CS的各指标间无显著差异。辛硫磷CS+性诱剂及毒死蜱CS+性诱剂对蛴螬的防治效果分别为82.51%和82.4%,保果效果分别为79.99%和79.46%。不同施药方式下,花生产量均有所增长,但各处理间稍有差异。辛硫磷CS+性诱剂配合使用,产量较高,达到204.5kg/667m2,增产23%。辛硫磷CS+性诱剂或毒死蜱CS+性诱剂两混剂的农药用量均为250g/667m2,分别比单独使用两化学农药低100g/667m2;成本为37元/667m2,比单独使用两化学农药高2元/667m2。在不降低防治效果的前提下,前者能降低农药用量,符合国家两减趋势。     

大麦前茬蛴螬发生特点及其在测报和防治中应注意的问题

苏北射阳县大麦秋播前茬作物田蛴螬混合种群发生特点是：前茬不同作物田蛴螬混合种群发生量差异明显，花生田＞大豆田＞玉米田＞山芋田＞棉花田；混合种群演替现象是1973－1982年为高频重发生阶段，1993年以后进入轻发生时期。以棉花和花生的影响显著，其次是山芋和玉米，而大豆的影响较小。基于此，文末提出了蛴螬测报和防治中应注意的有关问题。     

沈阳地区花生田苗期蛴螬危害损失及防治指标

为研究沈阳地区不同虫口密度下的蛴螬危害损失,在大田条件下以东北大黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫为试虫,采用人工接虫的方法,研究蛴螬虫口密度与花生产量之间的关系。结果表明,蛴螬的虫口密度(x)与花生产量(y)存在线性相关(y=-8.315x+417.87),相关系数r=0.996,二者相关性极显著。田间每1m2面积上每增加1头蛴螬时,花生产量损失约增加8.315g,产量损失率为1.99%。根据防治的直接收益不低于防治成本原则,确定了沈阳地区花生田东北大黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫的防治指标为1.98头/m2。     

黄淮海花生田主要害虫减药控害增效技术与效果评价

花生是我国重要的经济和油料作物之一,黄淮海地区是我国重要的花生产区。本研究连续两年在田间开展了春花生和夏花生主要害虫分布调查与减药控害试验。结果表明:春花生和夏花生害虫均以蛴螬、蓟马、棉铃虫和花生蚜为主,其中花生蚜、蛴螬为害春花生重于夏花生。从防效来看,试验所采用的减药处理效果与常规用药差别不显著。通过采用特色地膜覆盖、性诱剂和食诱剂配施农药,春夏花生减药量为32.41%～44.33%,产量分别增加3.88%和4.07%;药剂成本分别增加1.18%和-4.55%,人工成本减少33.33%～40.00%;春夏花生总成本减少21.89%～28.15%,经济效益和生态效益优于常规管理。采用绿色防控技术进行害虫治理可以达到减药增效的目的。     

Farmers’ perceptions and management practices of insect pests on stored sorghum in southwestern Ethiopia

Surveys were undertaken in six districts of southwestern Ethiopia from July to October 2003 to investigate farmers’ perceptions and management practices of insect pests on traditionally stored sorghum. The survey involved 138 randomly selected farmers who were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Storage insect pests were perceived as the major insect pests of sorghum. The majority of the farmers estimated sorghum yield losses of up to 50% due to insect damage during storage. High temperature and lack of storage hygiene were cited as the major factors resulting in insect infestation of stored sorghum. Infestations of stored sorghum insect pests were common on different forms of sorghum, which stored in various types of farm storage. Farmers classified sorghum varieties according to the level of resistance to stored sorghum insect pests. Only about 32% of the farmers had access to chemical insecticides for the control of stored sorghum insect pests, while the majority of them used cultural practices and locally available plant materials as storage protectants.     

闽南地区杨桃主要病虫害及其防治

通过调查闽南地区杨桃病虫害发生情况表明,赤斑病和红蜘蛛在当地发生较为严重;夏秋季多种病虫常混合发生,是防治的关键时期;自然条件好的丘陵山地果园,病虫危害较轻;品种对比调查表明,香蜜杨桃抗病虫性较强。同时,根据杨桃病虫害的发生规律,提出了综合防治措施。     

Effectiveness and economics of hermetic bags for maize storage: Results of a randomized controlled trial in Kenya

Maize is an important seasonal crop and year-round food staple in Africa. On-farm storage is therefore needed, but it suffers from storage pests. To study the effectiveness and economics of a new storage method, hermetic bags, a randomized controlled trial was organized in Kenya with 300 farmers in the treatment group using hermetic bags and 300 in the control group using conventional farmer practices. A subsample of 224 farmers was visited three times during the 2012–2013 major storage season: at baseline and after two and four months. Grain samples were taken and insect infestation, damage and weight loss observed. Results show that hermetic bags were highly effective in controlling storage insect pests: after four months, grain damage was 14% in the control and only 4% in the treatment; weight loss due to insect pests was 1.7% among control farmers, but only 0.4% in the treatment group. Economic analysis shows that hermetic bags become potentially profitable, under basic price and loss assumptions, if farmers use hermetic bags for storage for at least four months per season, and if the bags last for at least four seasons.     

稻鳖共生单季晚稻主要病虫发生特点及绿色防控关键技术

以稻鳖共生千亩示范方为核心,根据德清县单季晚稻主要病虫发生特点,总结了稻鳖共生技术中绿色稻米病虫害控制关键措施。多年实践表明,这些控制措施能有效控制病虫害的发生,减少农药用量,实现绿色稻米生产。     

克百威在海南典型土壤中的吸附-脱附特性研究

高尔夫草坪病虫害对草坪的建植危害很大,可造成高尔夫草坪的大面积死亡。根据国内外文献报道,介绍我国高尔夫草坪主要病虫害种类、分布及其防治的最新研究进展。     

Factors determining adoption of integrated pest management by vegetable growers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province,Thailand

Widespread use of highly toxic pesticides primarily for agricultural purpose has generated increasing concerns about the negative impact of pesticides on human health and the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) usually seeks to minimize the use of pesticides and can be utilized to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to people and the environment. A total of 220 vegetable farmers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of Thailand was interviewed with the objective of investigating the factors determining their adoption or non-adoption of IPM practices. The findings demonstrated that farmers had different uncompromising reasons for determining the use of IPM for their insect pest management. Higher costs of insecticides (91%), adverse effects of insecticides on human health and the environment (80%), and a greater risk of insect pests developing resistance to insecticides (28%) were the primary reasons for the adoption of IPM by vegetable growers in the study area. The reasons for the rejection of IPM practice were unsuitability of IPM for a large farm (52%), implementation difficulties (80%) and a greater belief in synthetic insecticides and their efficacy for target pest control (39%). A comparison between the IPM and the non-IPM farmers showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in farmers' knowledge of pest management, which influenced IPM adoption or non-adoption. The IPM farmers had greater knowledge about identifying natural enemies and their beneficial role in controlling insect pests, about plant extracts and their efficacy in controlling insect pests and about sticky traps and their efficacy in monitoring natural enemies and controlling insect pests. For example, 24% of IPM farmers had knowledge of natural enemies whereas it was only 4% for the non-IPM farmers. A logistic regression model was fitted which showed that lower cost of pest management, better knowledge on IPM after training and availability of extension services were the factors which influenced farmers' adoption of IPM practice. The non-IPM farmers rejected adoption of IPM due to the common belief that natural enemies would not be effective in controlling insect pests and yields of vegetables would not be increased by practicing IPM.     

芒果主要病虫害及防冶

芒果的主要病害有炭疽病、白粉病、细菌黑斑病等,主要虫害有扁喙叶蝉、横线尾夜蛾、叶瘿蛟等。做好芒果病害和虫害等方面的防治工作尤为重要。阐述了芒果的主要病害、虫害及其相应的防治方法,为提高芒果的产量和质量奠定基础。     

Farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of pests in agroforestry with particular reference to Alnus species in Kabale district, Uganda

Ugandan farmers were interviewed in order to investigate their knowledge, perceptions and ability to manage pests in agroforestry generally and on Alnus species particularly. Farmers’ ability to recognise pest problems on Alnus species was significantly influenced by their length of experience in cultivating the species, but not their age, sex or formal education. Most farmers (77%) were aware of pest problems on Alnus species. However, identification of pest problems was based largely on damage type rather than causal agents. Whereas farmers had good knowledge of vertebrate pests of Alnus, insects and diseases that infest the tree species were unknown to most farmers. Apis mellifera damage on Alnus was the most frequently described damage, but its cause was either unknown or misdiagnosed. Most farmers did not control insect and disease infestations on Alnus because they did not know the causal agents and/or appropriate control measures. Farmers were generally more knowledgeable on insect and disease infestations on crops than on multipurpose tree species (MPTS) and most of them (98%) perceived that crops suffer more damage from such pests than do MPTS. However, farmers’ ability to manage insect pests and diseases seemed weak on both crops and MPTS. Most farmers suggested the use of pesticides to combat pests, but they mentioned only one insecticide, permethrin and one fungicide, mancozeb. More alarming were the suggestions by a few farmers on the use of mancozeb against aphids, and permethrin to combat crop wilt and dieback. Farmers need to be educated about diagnosis, basic ecology and management strategies for both crop and tree pests to ensure sustainable pest control in agroforestry.     

冬小麦病虫害的高光谱识别方法研究

为探讨冬小麦病虫害的高光谱遥感识别的可行性,在冬小麦白粉病、条锈病人工接种诱发和麦长管蚜自然危害条件下,利用ASD手持式高光谱仪,测定了冬小麦的田间光谱反射率,并经一阶微分、对数及归一化等数据变换,通过逐步判别、线性判别和分层聚类等方法时不同病虫害进行识别.结果表明,利用逐步判别分析法选择的重要波段主要位于蓝绿区和红边区及近红外区;分层聚类法选择的波段除了常规波段外,还有红、绿波段边缘区.利用上述方法选择的波段对病虫害进行识别比原始波段具有更高的精度(90.6%),边缘区波段对病虫害的识别有重要作用,用对教-微分变换处理较其他方法处理对病虫害识别有更好的效果.     

德州地区棉花常见病虫害诊断与防治方法

为了山东德州地区棉花生产的稳定发展,科学防治病虫害,力求把产量损失降到最低。通过长期的棉花病虫害防治研究与实践,总结出了棉花苗期阶段立枯病、红腐病、棉蚜、棉叶螨等,棉花成株阶段轮纹斑病、棉铃红粉病、棉铃疫病、白霉病、枯萎病、棉铃虫、棉根蚜和棉盲蝽等德州地区常见病虫害的症状、为害特点和防治方法。