葡萄和油桃自然休眠解除过程中H2O2含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化

以葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.和Vitis vinifera×V.labrusca)和油桃(Prunus persica L.var.nectarina Maxim.)为试材,研究了田间自然越冬休眠过程中芽体活性氧及其抗氧化酶活性和呼吸速率的变化.结果表明:葡萄和油桃芽体H2O2含量在初休眠期升高,深休眠期保持较高水平,休眠解除前后迅速下降;需冷量高的葡萄芽H2O2含量明显高于需冷量低的油桃.葡萄和油桃芽体CAT活性在休眠初期下降,深休眠期保持较低水平,休眠后期又升高;而POD活性的变化趋势与CAT相反,且葡萄CAT和POD活性水平在整个自然休眠期皆明显低于油桃;两种果树芽体SOD活性在初休眠期缓慢升高并一直保持较高水平,在休眠后期下降.葡萄呼吸速率在休眠初期出现高峰值,油桃则延迟到深休眠期才出现高峰值,且都在自然休眠解除前后再次回升.     

葡萄和油桃自然休眠解除过程中H2O2含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化

以葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.和Vitis vinifera×V.labrusca)和油桃(Prunus persica L.var.nectarina Maxim.)为试材,研究了田间自然越冬休眠过程中芽体活性氧及其抗氧化酶活性和呼吸速率的变化.结果表明:葡萄和油桃芽体H2O2含量在初休眠期升高,深休眠期保持较高水平,休眠解除前后迅速下降;需冷量高的葡萄芽H2O2含量明显高于需冷量低的油桃.葡萄和油桃芽体CAT活性在休眠初期下降,深休眠期保持较低水平,休眠后期又升高;而POD活性的变化趋势与CAT相反,且葡萄CAT和POD活性水平在整个自然休眠期皆明显低于油桃;两种果树芽体SOD活性在初休眠期缓慢升高并一直保持较高水平,在休眠后期下降.葡萄呼吸速率在休眠初期出现高峰值,油桃则延迟到深休眠期才出现高峰值,且都在自然休眠解除前后再次回升.     

休眠期曙光油桃芽电导率及丙二醛含量的变化

[目的]探讨膜渗透性在落叶果树休眠中的作用,为休眠的人工调控提供理论依据。[方法]以曙光油桃的花芽和叶芽为材料,研究油桃芽体休眠期电导率及丙二醛含量的动态变化。[结果]12月31日曙光油桃花芽、叶芽的萌芽率分别是54.52%、55.23%,表明其自然休眠已经解除。休眠期油桃芽体的电导率及丙二醛含量的变化趋势基本一致即11月6日之前,花芽和叶芽的电导率、丙二醛含量均呈下降趋势;11月6日以后,随着外界低温的来临,芽体进入休眠状态,电导率、丙二醛含量均呈迅速升高趋势,并都稳定在较高水平。[结论]诱导芽体休眠时,芽体膜透性变化与其休眠关系密切,芽体休眠后,膜透性大而稳,说明芽体对低温有很好的适应性。     

大棚葡萄栽培讲座(四)

(三)促成栽培的技术要点1.休眠与破眠葡萄冬季休眠需在7.2℃以下约经1500～2000小时。充分的低温休眠可提高发芽和开花整齐度。在江、浙、沪常年1月底至2月上旬结束休眠,因而2月上旬是保温(不加温)大棚覆膜的最佳时期,此时温度开始缓慢上升,有利于蓄热保温。如在冬季落叶后(12月),用20%石灰氮液处理一年生枝芽,对葡萄有提早一周左右破眠、萌芽、开花结果的明显效应,对保温或加温大棚均可适当提前覆膜。石灰氮先用温水搅拌溶解,沉淀后的清液,随取随用,可用毛刷涂刷休眠的芽眼,而对     

休眠期杏花芽若干生理指标变化的研究

以露地杏金太阳、凯特为试材,研究了休眠期杏树花芽的一些生理指标变化情况。结果表明:在休眠期,两品种花芽中可溶性糖含量变化平缓,淀粉含量在休眠期呈缓慢上升趋势;自然休眠解除期可溶性糖含量迅速上升,淀粉含量迅速下降;两品种POD活性在休眠期变化平缓,休眠解除期POD酶活性迅速上升;H2O2含量在休眠期大体呈上升趋势,休眠解除期H2O2含量迅速下降。     

光周期处理对油桃芽休眠诱导效应及呼吸速率的影响

 【目的】分析光周期处理对油桃芽休眠诱导及发展进程的影响,并探讨休眠诱导期内桃芽呼吸速率的变化规律。【方法】以曙光油桃（Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang）为材料,设置3个光周期处理：短日照（8 h）、长日照（16 h）和自然日照,结合测定枝梢的生长和桃芽萌芽能力界定桃芽休眠状态,利用氧电极测定桃芽呼吸速率的变化。【结果】短日照能够诱导曙光油桃新梢提前停长,使桃芽提前7 d进入休眠诱导期,且促进休眠迅速向深度发展,较对照提前21 d进入自然休眠期;长日照明显延迟油桃新梢停长,并且延缓桃芽休眠诱导及发展的进程。呼吸速率随着休眠诱导而降低,桃芽进入休眠诱导期7 d后出现呼吸速率低谷,休眠诱导期内呼吸速率出现回升后降低并在休眠诱导期结束时维持在较低水平。另外,短日照明显减弱芽体的呼吸速率,并维持其在较低水平,长光照略使呼吸速率上升。【结论】短日照对休眠的产生具有明显诱导效应,长日照可推迟休眠诱导的发生,呼吸速率变化与休眠的诱导与发展进程相关,也与光周期有关。     

不同处理打破油桃自然休眠的效果及对芽呼吸的影响

研究了50℃高温、单氰胺和苯基噻二唑基脲(TDZ)打破‘曙光’油桃深休眠的效果和对休眠芽呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,在深休眠时期,50℃高温和单氰胺均具有显著的破眠作用,并抑制芽呼吸;而TDZ破眠效果较差,对休眠芽的呼吸速率也无显著影响。     

地温对设施桃花芽若干生理指标的影响

以二年生设施早露蟠桃为试材,研究了休眠期地温对早露蟠桃花芽几个生理指标的影响。结果表明：休眠期3种地温处理,IOD活性均呈下降趋势,12月10日20℃、处理IOD活性最低;可溶性糖含量随着低温累积量的增加不断上升,常温处理(CK)可溶性糖含量最高．15℃、处理次之,20℃处理最低;在休眠解除前常温处理(CK)蛋白质含量显著高于20℃和15℃处理,但休眠解除后常温处理(CK）蛋白质含量却显著低于20℃和15℃处理：开花前3种地温处理IOD活性和蛋白质含量均降至最低,可溶性糖含量也呈下降趋势。     

桃越冬休眠期间花芽细胞内含物变化

【目的】为了研究桃树花芽越冬过程中细胞内含物变化与花芽休眠的关系。【方法】以‘中华寿桃’(Prunus persica L.var.densa Makino cv.Zhonghuashoutao)为试材,分析比较越冬过程中8个时期花芽休眠状态和细胞内含物变化。【结果】‘中华寿桃’花芽在内休眠期间SOD活性呈现逐渐上升,随着内休眠解除,活性降低;POD活性在内休眠阶段出现先升高后降低的变化,内休眠解除过程中先降低后升高的变化;内休眠维持和解除过程中,CAT活性逐渐降低,而Vc出现几次较大的波动;内休眠阶段H_2O_2含量和产生速率出现先升高后降低的变化趋势,内休眠解除过程中维持相对平稳的状态;内休眠期间可溶性蛋白含量先降低后增加,而总氨基酸含量呈现先增加后降低的变化,内休眠解除过程中可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,总氨基酸含量呈逐渐上升的变化趋势;可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量越冬休眠期间总体呈现上升的趋势。【结论】‘中华寿桃’花芽可能在感受低温反应后,抗氧化代谢物质、可溶性糖和脯氨酸等细胞内含物发生变化,可能对其内休眠维持和解除产生一定作用。     

摘叶对大樱桃休眠花芽内源激素及活性氧代谢的调控

 以8年生大樱桃为试材，分析了人工摘叶处理对休眠花芽中内源激素含量，活性氧物质H2O2、O2-·含量及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响，同时研究了摘叶打破休眠的效应。结果表明，与对照相比，摘叶后花芽各种激素均出现不同程度的下降，其中，ABA下降最显著。摘叶后期GA3和ZT等生长激素的含量逐渐回升，且明显高于对照花芽。摘叶增加了花芽中的H2O2含量，摘叶后30 d较同期对照增加了34.57%，而O2-·含量出现降低的趋势，摘叶后30 d比同期对照降低了25.49%。另外，摘叶提高了SOD的活性，而CAT活性降低，这与H2O2含量的降低一致，摘叶同时还提高了POD的活性。摘叶花芽平均较对照提早萌芽3～6 d，提早2～4 d解除休眠。     

Effects of Temperature and Several Chemicals on Metabolic Changes During Dormancy Release in NJ72 Nectarine

Poor, delayed and ununiform budbreak is a major problem for peaches in greenhouse. To clari-fy the mechanism of breaking bud dormancy in nectarines, the effect of temperature and three dormancy-breaking agents on metabolic changes during dormancy release in two-year old NJ72 nectarine (Prunus persicaL. Batch) was investigated. The result showed temperature and chemicals affected the budbreak and the me-tabolism of NJ72 nectarine during dormancy. Endogeneons peroxide content in buds increased soon after lowtemperature treatment. Meanwhile, catalase activity was also shown to increase significantly at low temperature treatment, coincided with increase of the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismntase. The rate of res-piration in flower buds increased at low temperature during dormancy. The rate of the pentose phosphate path-way increased, while the rate of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway decreased and the rate of triearboxlic acid cycle changed little. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased at low temperature during dormancy.At the same time we found an accumulation of peroxide after treatment with dormancy-breaking chemicals. Inflower buds treated with dormancy-breaking agents, thiourca, KNO3 and NH4 NO3, catalase activity was in-hibited soon after treatment, whereas peroxidase activity increased, and the changes of superoxide dismutaseremained little. In this study, it was found that the rates of respiration in flower buds increased by chemicalssprays during dormancy. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in the pentosephosphate pathway (PPP), increased by spraying with dormancy-breaking agents, concomitantly with the ac-tivatlon of the pentose phosphate pathway.     

Respiratory Response of Dormant Nectarine Floral Buds on Chilling Deficiency

Changes in main biochemical respiratory pathways in dormant nectarine floral buds were studied with nectarine trees （Prunus persica.var, nectariana cv. Shuguang） in order to determine the function of respiration in dormancy release. Oxygen-electrode system and respiratory inhibitors were used to measure total respiratory rates and rates of respiratory pathways. Results showed that chilling deficiency blocked the transition of respiratory mode, and made buds stay in a state of high level pentose phosphate pathway （PPP） and low level tricarboxylie acid cycle （TCA）. The decline of PPP and activation of TCA occurred synchronously with the release of dormancy. In addition, the inhibition of PPP stimulated a respiration increase related with TCA. It could be concluded that the function of PPP activation in dormancy release might be limited and PPP declination inducing TCA activation might be part of respiration mode transition mechanism during bud sprouting.     

Effects of growth regulators on the respiration metabolism of pear buds during dormant period

The effects of growth regulators on the respiration metabolism of pear buds during dormant period were studied in this experiment. The results showed that, during early dormant period, the respiration intensity of pear buds was infirm and increased slowly. As the weather became very cold, the respiration intensity rapidly declined, and after that it changed a little. In the later stage of dormant period, the respiration intensity rose rapidly. The maximum value appeared on January 4th, at 0.390 mo1 O₂·g⁻¹ FW·min⁻¹, but thereafter declined to its original level. Under natural conditions, three respiratory pathways showed different changes. Pentose phosphate pathway might be the main reason for dormancy release in pear buds. The exogenous gibberellins were more efficient than salicylic acid in increasing the respiration rate. The exogenous SA appeared to play a more important role than exogenous GA₃ in phosphopentose pathway. The effect of gibberellins would be more effective than SA in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). The respiration rate of glycolysis was not affected by gibberellins and salicylic acid.     

室外人工种植抱茎独行菜种子破除休眠的初步研究

[目的]初步探索室外种植的抱茎独行菜(Lepidium perfoliatum L.)种子破除休眠的方法,为深入研究其种子粘液质特性和农业栽培、开发抱茎独行菜这种优质牧草提供丰富的物质基础.[方法]以室内种植的抱茎独行菜种子为材料,采用不同化学和物理方法处理其种子,测定其种子的萌发率.[结果](1)4℃、CA<,3>、H<,2>O<,2>单独处理以及GA<,3>与H<,2>O<,2>组合处理均可打破抱茎独行菜种子的休眠;(2)GA<,3>与H<,2>O<,2>共同处理效果最好,其中以500 mg/LGA<,3>处理3 d后15;H<,2>O<,2>处理20 min的种子萌发率最高,可高达94.44;.[结论]推测造成室内种植的抱茎独行菜种子休眠的可能原因是种胚的活力不够,从而使得其种子在萌发过程中不能有效挣脱种皮的机械束缚从而导致休眠.     

大穗结缕草种子打破休眠的处理技术研究

[目的]探索既能有效地提高大穗结缕草种子发芽率又便于在生产中推广应用的种子处理方法。[方法]在综合考查各种可能影响大穗结缕草萌发和休眠因素的基础上,针对大穗结缕草种子深休眠的特性,研究了不同化学处理方法(H2O2、H2SO4、NaOH、丙酮和GA3)对大穗结缕草种子解除休眠的作用。[结果]在5种化学处理中,用浓度20%NaOH溶液处理大穗结缕草种子25min,再用清水清洗,对解除种子休眠效果最佳,10d发芽势达83.5%,比对照高出58.2百分点,15d发芽率达85%,比对照高出55.0百分点,已接近大穗结缕草种子的潜在发芽率,发芽历时比对照明显缩短。[结论]NaOH溶液处理大穗结缕草种子,既简便可行,种子发芽率又最高。在大穗结缕草种子工厂化处理中可采用此方法作为打破大穗结缕草种子休眠的措施。     

Effect of Photoperiod Treatments on Dormancy Induction and Changes in Correlated Respiratory Rate of Nectarine Peach Bud

The responses of dormancy induction to illumination and the characteristics of respiratory rate were studied with the nectarine peach bud in this article. The trial was conducted with nectarine （Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang） and involved three treatments： a short day treatment （8 h）, a long day treatment （16 h）, and the normal condition as the control. The dormancy status was determined with the growth of shoot and the sprouting ability, and the respiratory rate was mensurated with oxygen electrode. Short day treatment could induce the growth stopping of peach shoots ahead, promote the development of dormancy, and induce buds into dormancy with 21 d previous to control. Long day treatment postponed the growth stopping and the induction and development of dormancy. The respiratory rate decreased according to the development of dormancy induction. The minimum respiratory rate appeared about 7 days after the start of dormancy induction. Bud respiratory rate increased during this period and then declined and remained at low level during dormancy period. Long day reduced buds respiratory rate slightly. Short day could induce dormancy obviously, and long day postponed dormancy induction. The changes of respiratory rate were correlated with the development of dormancy induction, and the bud respiratory rate was also affected by photoperiod.     

玉巴达杏花芽形态分化时期和芽体特征变化

对玉巴达杏花芽形态分化的时期和芽体内外形态变化进行了初步的研究。结果表明:(1)花芽开始进入形态分化的时期较为分散。最早在6月初,最迟到8月下旬。多数集中在6月下旬;(2)玉巴达杏8月下旬开始进入雌蕊分化,9月中旬达到盛期,9月下旬已全部出现雌蕊原基。(3)花芽芽体纵径从萼片分化盛期(8月初)开始明显增大,横径在雌蕊原基出现盛期(9月中旬)明显增大。休眠期芽体纵横径变化较小,2月中旬又开始迅速增大。