“棉花黄萎病抗性的蛭石沙土无底纸钵定量蘸菌液方法”获得国家发明专利

<正>近日,由中国农业科学院棉花研究所完成的一种鉴定"棉花黄萎病抗性的蛭石沙土无底纸钵定量蘸菌液方法"获得一项国家发明专利。该发明涉及植物病理学领域,是一种鉴定棉花黄萎病抗性的蛭石沙土无底纸钵定量蘸菌液方法。具体为制作营养钵,将蛭石和沙土混匀,装入纸钵中;播种并培养棉苗;接种病原菌,在棉苗生长至一片真叶平展时,接种棉花黄     

裸苗移栽棉花根系形态特征的初步观察

 对收获期裸苗移栽、营养钵育苗移栽和直播棉花的成熟棉株根系形态特征进行了剖面观察,发现裸苗移栽棉株的侧根向四周呈伞面放射状生长,可见粗而健壮的优势侧根6~8条·株^-1;营养钵移栽棉株的侧根多向一侧呈鸡爪状极性伸展,可见优势侧根1~2条或2~3条;直播棉花为典型的直根系。经测定,裸苗移栽棉花一级侧根条数44条·株^-1,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的多15.8%和37.5%;根直径0.31 cm,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的粗20.5%和88%;根干重31.9 g·株^-1,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的重22.2%和75.3%。     

棉花单粒播种技术

棉花营养钵育苗一般为一钵多粒播种,以确保有苗钵率。随着泡沫酸脱绒棉种推广,由于其净度、健子率高,发芽率好,再采用一钵多粒播种,结果往往苗挤苗,形成高脚苗影响棉苗素质,而且化费间苗定苗用工。为此,我们进行了单粒播种探索。 1 试验方法 试验均在营养钵育苗移栽方式田块进行,设脱绒棉种一钵一粒(处理Ⅰ),脱绒棉种一钵二粒(处理Ⅱ),剥绒棉种一钵     

棉花三种育苗移栽新方法缓苗期棉苗若干生理生化的比较

2009年春秋2次试验旨在比较基质育苗裸苗移栽、水浮育苗带基质移栽和无土育苗无钵移栽3种方法缓苗期棉苗生理生化指标的差异。2次试验育苗均在温室进行,春季试验幼苗移栽大田采用完全随机区组设计,秋季采用微区设计,均为3次重复。结果表明:3种育苗方法2次试验均因移栽时产生的逆境胁迫而使叶绿素含量、MDA含量在缓苗期内呈现先急剧升高而后迅速下降再趋于平稳的变化规律。缓苗期内SOD、POD、CAT三种酶活性均为先上升后下降再稳定于某个水平,且三者呈现一定的相关性。基质苗从缓苗后期开始,新根生长迅速且在取样结束前总长高于无钵苗,低于水浮苗,但三者无显著性差异。基质苗的干重和叶面积介于水浮苗与无钵苗之间。     

育苗移栽对麦套棉~（14）CO_2同化量及运转分配的影响

运用１４Ｃ示综技术，研究了营养钵育苗移栽对麦套棉１４Ｃ同化物生产、运转分配及其再分配的影响。试验结果表明，营养钵育苗移栽不仅使棉株在苗期、蕾期、花铃期的１４Ｃ同化量显著提高，而且对各期同化产物向子棉的再动员具有明显的促进作用。各期标记后３天的测定结果显示，育苗移栽增加棉苗同化物质向根系和茎中的分配，而减少向顶芽的分配，这有利于促根壮苗；蕾期同化物质向顶芽和边心的分配比例下降，这有利于控制棉花的营养生长，防止或减轻茎枝旺长，实现健壮稳长，促进花芽分化；育苗移栽在花铃期的效果表现为，促使更高比例的同化物质向生殖器官（特别是成铃）中分配，因而有利于蕾铃发育。上述影响的综合在现是单位面积上的铃数、单铃重、衣分和皮棉产量显著提高。     

麦棉套作系统中小麦根区化感物质对棉苗生长的影响

设置麦棉改良3∶1式套作试验,在棉花苗期取小麦根区土壤,采用1/2 Hoagland-Aron营养液振荡提取法收集小麦根区化感物质。在1/2 Hoagland-Aron营养液中分别添加相当于0.36,1.44 mg.L-1的上述化感提取物质(CL1、CL2),以含0.4%无水乙醇同等浓度的1/2Hoagland-Aron营养液为对照(CK)。在砂培条件下研究了麦棉套作系统中小麦根区化感物质对棉苗生长的影响。结果表明:CL1对棉苗的生长影响较小,CL2对棉苗的生长有显著的抑制作用,表现在棉苗物质积累降低,根系内源保护酶活性显著下降,MDA含量上升,电解质渗出率升高。砂培小麦后,以小麦近根系石英砂移栽棉花,小麦残留的根系分泌物导致棉苗鲜重下降,叶片的生长受到抑制,棉苗叶面积降低。因此,小麦根系分泌物产生的化感作用影响了棉苗的生长,从而导致了麦套棉弱苗晚发。     

棉麦两熟棉苗根系生长特性与地上部生长的关系

根系是作物活跃的吸收器官和合成器官 ,根量、根系生理活性与地上部叶片光合作用、生长发育密切相关 ,用 TTC还原强度、根系吸收面积在一定程度上可表示根系的生理活性。棉花是直根系作物 ,种植制度对其根系影响较大 ,有关一熟棉根系的生理特性及栽培措施对根系生长与产量形成的影响 ,已有报道。在棉麦两熟栽培条件下 ,受共生期遮荫的影响 ,棉苗根系生长、根系生理活性等都发生变化。关于棉麦共生期遮荫对棉苗生长发育的影响 ,以前多重视地上部的研究 ,对根系生长的研究较少且很不系统。本研究针对棉麦共生期遮荫这一关键因子 ,旨在理清黄…     

棉花根系生长与叶片衰老的协调性

为探索棉花根系生长和叶片衰老之间的协调性,选用早熟性一致但衰老快慢有明显差异的棉花基因型百棉1号(叶片衰老慢)和DP99B (叶片衰老快),于2011—2012年,在田间条件下研究了其根系生长和活力、叶片衰老和产量。结果表明, 2年间百棉1号的纤维产量(皮棉及霜前皮棉)均显著高于DP99B。百棉1号的叶片光合作用或基于吸收光能的性能指数显著高于DP99B。百棉1号的根系长度密度和根系深层分布比例及根系活力(以伤流液总量和伤流液蛋白质含量表示)显著高于DP99B。2012年结果显示,DP99B根系生长比百棉1号快,并且DP99B根系长度密度及根系活力分别在8月中旬和7月下旬显著高于百棉1号,且伤流液分泌总量是百棉1号的1.7倍。棉花盛花期后,根系密度大、伤流液分泌多和叶片衰老晚具有一致性,证实棉花叶片衰老受后期根系生长和活力的调控。     

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如何培育优质草莓培育壮苗8月上中旬,选择草莓匍匐茎上前期生长的健壮小苗,移植到露地苗床或塑料钵中进行育苗,要求育苗床土或钵土保水性、透气性好,草莓     

寒地水稻钵育摆栽高产栽培技术

钵育摆栽是近几年来在寒地稻区大面积推广的一种旱育稀植技术,是利用带有钵体的塑料育秧盘进行育苗,本田进行摆栽或抛秧。由于秧苗基部带有土坨,在起苗运苗过程中大大减少了对秧苗根系的损伤。因此,插秧后不缓苗,几乎没有返青期,有效地提高了活动积温利用率,对于有效积温略显不足的寒地中晚熟水稻品种来说,作用巨大,意义深远。同时,由于秧苗插植时根部入土浅,有利于秧苗早分蘖、多分蘖,有效地提高了低节位分蘖的利用率,为创高产打下了良好的生理基础。1　栽培管理1.1　置床育苗目前生产上常用的钵育秧盘规格一般为61cm×33cm,孔眼数在240~590个。苗床的尺寸可依据所使用……     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.