“棉花黄萎病抗性的蛭石沙土无底纸钵定量蘸菌液方法”获得国家发明专利

<正>近日,由中国农业科学院棉花研究所完成的一种鉴定"棉花黄萎病抗性的蛭石沙土无底纸钵定量蘸菌液方法"获得一项国家发明专利。该发明涉及植物病理学领域,是一种鉴定棉花黄萎病抗性的蛭石沙土无底纸钵定量蘸菌液方法。具体为制作营养钵,将蛭石和沙土混匀,装入纸钵中;播种并培养棉苗;接种病原菌,在棉苗生长至一片真叶平展时,接种棉花黄     

裸苗移栽棉花根系形态特征的初步观察

 对收获期裸苗移栽、营养钵育苗移栽和直播棉花的成熟棉株根系形态特征进行了剖面观察,发现裸苗移栽棉株的侧根向四周呈伞面放射状生长,可见粗而健壮的优势侧根6~8条·株^-1;营养钵移栽棉株的侧根多向一侧呈鸡爪状极性伸展,可见优势侧根1~2条或2~3条;直播棉花为典型的直根系。经测定,裸苗移栽棉花一级侧根条数44条·株^-1,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的多15.8%和37.5%;根直径0.31 cm,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的粗20.5%和88%;根干重31.9 g·株^-1,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的重22.2%和75.3%。     

棉花单粒播种技术

棉花营养钵育苗一般为一钵多粒播种,以确保有苗钵率。随着泡沫酸脱绒棉种推广,由于其净度、健子率高,发芽率好,再采用一钵多粒播种,结果往往苗挤苗,形成高脚苗影响棉苗素质,而且化费间苗定苗用工。为此,我们进行了单粒播种探索。 1 试验方法 试验均在营养钵育苗移栽方式田块进行,设脱绒棉种一钵一粒(处理Ⅰ),脱绒棉种一钵二粒(处理Ⅱ),剥绒棉种一钵     

棉花三种育苗移栽新方法缓苗期棉苗若干生理生化的比较

2009年春秋2次试验旨在比较基质育苗裸苗移栽、水浮育苗带基质移栽和无土育苗无钵移栽3种方法缓苗期棉苗生理生化指标的差异。2次试验育苗均在温室进行,春季试验幼苗移栽大田采用完全随机区组设计,秋季采用微区设计,均为3次重复。结果表明:3种育苗方法2次试验均因移栽时产生的逆境胁迫而使叶绿素含量、MDA含量在缓苗期内呈现先急剧升高而后迅速下降再趋于平稳的变化规律。缓苗期内SOD、POD、CAT三种酶活性均为先上升后下降再稳定于某个水平,且三者呈现一定的相关性。基质苗从缓苗后期开始,新根生长迅速且在取样结束前总长高于无钵苗,低于水浮苗,但三者无显著性差异。基质苗的干重和叶面积介于水浮苗与无钵苗之间。     

育苗移栽对麦套棉~（14）CO_2同化量及运转分配的影响

运用１４Ｃ示综技术，研究了营养钵育苗移栽对麦套棉１４Ｃ同化物生产、运转分配及其再分配的影响。试验结果表明，营养钵育苗移栽不仅使棉株在苗期、蕾期、花铃期的１４Ｃ同化量显著提高，而且对各期同化产物向子棉的再动员具有明显的促进作用。各期标记后３天的测定结果显示，育苗移栽增加棉苗同化物质向根系和茎中的分配，而减少向顶芽的分配，这有利于促根壮苗；蕾期同化物质向顶芽和边心的分配比例下降，这有利于控制棉花的营养生长，防止或减轻茎枝旺长，实现健壮稳长，促进花芽分化；育苗移栽在花铃期的效果表现为，促使更高比例的同化物质向生殖器官（特别是成铃）中分配，因而有利于蕾铃发育。上述影响的综合在现是单位面积上的铃数、单铃重、衣分和皮棉产量显著提高。     

麦棉套作系统中小麦根区化感物质对棉苗生长的影响

设置麦棉改良3∶1式套作试验,在棉花苗期取小麦根区土壤,采用1/2 Hoagland-Aron营养液振荡提取法收集小麦根区化感物质。在1/2 Hoagland-Aron营养液中分别添加相当于0.36,1.44 mg.L-1的上述化感提取物质(CL1、CL2),以含0.4%无水乙醇同等浓度的1/2Hoagland-Aron营养液为对照(CK)。在砂培条件下研究了麦棉套作系统中小麦根区化感物质对棉苗生长的影响。结果表明:CL1对棉苗的生长影响较小,CL2对棉苗的生长有显著的抑制作用,表现在棉苗物质积累降低,根系内源保护酶活性显著下降,MDA含量上升,电解质渗出率升高。砂培小麦后,以小麦近根系石英砂移栽棉花,小麦残留的根系分泌物导致棉苗鲜重下降,叶片的生长受到抑制,棉苗叶面积降低。因此,小麦根系分泌物产生的化感作用影响了棉苗的生长,从而导致了麦套棉弱苗晚发。     

棉麦两熟棉苗根系生长特性与地上部生长的关系

根系是作物活跃的吸收器官和合成器官 ,根量、根系生理活性与地上部叶片光合作用、生长发育密切相关 ,用 TTC还原强度、根系吸收面积在一定程度上可表示根系的生理活性。棉花是直根系作物 ,种植制度对其根系影响较大 ,有关一熟棉根系的生理特性及栽培措施对根系生长与产量形成的影响 ,已有报道。在棉麦两熟栽培条件下 ,受共生期遮荫的影响 ,棉苗根系生长、根系生理活性等都发生变化。关于棉麦共生期遮荫对棉苗生长发育的影响 ,以前多重视地上部的研究 ,对根系生长的研究较少且很不系统。本研究针对棉麦共生期遮荫这一关键因子 ,旨在理清黄…     

棉花根系生长与叶片衰老的协调性

为探索棉花根系生长和叶片衰老之间的协调性,选用早熟性一致但衰老快慢有明显差异的棉花基因型百棉1号(叶片衰老慢)和DP99B (叶片衰老快),于2011—2012年,在田间条件下研究了其根系生长和活力、叶片衰老和产量。结果表明, 2年间百棉1号的纤维产量(皮棉及霜前皮棉)均显著高于DP99B。百棉1号的叶片光合作用或基于吸收光能的性能指数显著高于DP99B。百棉1号的根系长度密度和根系深层分布比例及根系活力(以伤流液总量和伤流液蛋白质含量表示)显著高于DP99B。2012年结果显示,DP99B根系生长比百棉1号快,并且DP99B根系长度密度及根系活力分别在8月中旬和7月下旬显著高于百棉1号,且伤流液分泌总量是百棉1号的1.7倍。棉花盛花期后,根系密度大、伤流液分泌多和叶片衰老晚具有一致性,证实棉花叶片衰老受后期根系生长和活力的调控。     

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如何培育优质草莓培育壮苗8月上中旬,选择草莓匍匐茎上前期生长的健壮小苗,移植到露地苗床或塑料钵中进行育苗,要求育苗床土或钵土保水性、透气性好,草莓     

寒地水稻钵育摆栽高产栽培技术

钵育摆栽是近几年来在寒地稻区大面积推广的一种旱育稀植技术,是利用带有钵体的塑料育秧盘进行育苗,本田进行摆栽或抛秧。由于秧苗基部带有土坨,在起苗运苗过程中大大减少了对秧苗根系的损伤。因此,插秧后不缓苗,几乎没有返青期,有效地提高了活动积温利用率,对于有效积温略显不足的寒地中晚熟水稻品种来说,作用巨大,意义深远。同时,由于秧苗插植时根部入土浅,有利于秧苗早分蘖、多分蘖,有效地提高了低节位分蘖的利用率,为创高产打下了良好的生理基础。1　栽培管理1.1　置床育苗目前生产上常用的钵育秧盘规格一般为61cm×33cm,孔眼数在240~590个。苗床的尺寸可依据所使用……     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio