杂交水稻制种父本机插秧与施肥方式对其群体生长发育的影响

为探索杂交水稻制种父本机插秧及施肥方式对其群体生长发育的影响,选用华占、蜀恢527和R9311三个父本为材料,设计等行距(20/25 cm×30 cm)和宽窄行距(20/25 cm×40、20 cm)两种6行父本插秧机移栽父本,以等行距(20/25 cm×30 cm)人工移栽作对照,并采用1、2、3次3种施肥方式处理,观察与考查供试父本开花期和穗粒构成。结果表明:机插方式和施肥方式对播始历期影响较小;3个父本采用机插秧能显著提高其群体单位面积有效穗数和颖花数;采用机插秧并分2次或3次施肥可增加其分蘖数;父本华占采用宽窄行机插秧,并以3次施肥,能够显著增加其单位面积颖花数,父本蜀恢527、R9311机插秧能够显著增加单位面积颖花数,并适宜3次施肥。     

旱育苗手插秧不同移栽规格对水稻品种蒙松138产量及构成因素的影响试验研究

对水稻新品种蒙松138采用大棚旱育苗手插秧,分别设计30 cm×16 cm、30 cm×17 cm、30 cm×18 cm三种不同的移栽规格进行试验。结果表明,移栽规格30 cm×16 cm产量最高,30 cm×17 cm产量其次,30 cm×18 cm产量最低;水稻新品种蒙松138插秧密度越合理,单位面积有效穗数越多,产量越高。     

旱育苗人工手插秧栽培密度不同对水稻松辽122品种产量及构成因素的影响试验研究

对水稻品种松辽122采用大棚旱育苗人工手插秧,研究三种不同插秧密度对产量及构成因素的影响,结果表明:30 cm×16 cm的插秧密度松辽122品种平均产量居首位为685.3 kg/667 m~2,其次是30 cm×17 cm的插秧密度,平均产量683.5 kg/667 m~2,插秧密度30 cm×18 cm,平均产量最低为675.2 kg/667 m~2。处理1产量高主要是单位面积有效穗数多,平均穗实粒数多,结实率高,空瘪率低。     

冬水田免耕条件下氮肥管理和移栽密度对杂交中稻产量的影响

以川绿优642、蓉优1015、冈优725为材料,研究了西南稻区冬水田在免耕条件下施肥模式(A1,"底肥一道清";A2,平衡施肥)和移栽密度(C1,1.4万丛/667 m~2;C2,1.1万丛/667 m2;C3,0.8万丛/667 m~2)对杂交中稻产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,A1处理的平均产量要比A2处理低4.76%;随着移栽密度的增加,参试品种产量呈增加趋势,以C1处理的产量最高,较C2和C3处理平均分别增加了2.4%和3.5%;对不同类型品种而言,以川绿优642(多穗型)产量最高,较冈优725(大穗型)和蓉优1015(穗粒兼顾型)分别增加了8.3%~15.6%、6.3%~17.3%,其增产优势主要表现在有效穗数上。施肥方式对杂交中稻产量影响差异不显著,而品种、栽插密度对杂交中稻产量的影响显著。由此可见,选用分蘖力强的穗数型品种,适当增加移栽密度,采用"底肥一道清"的施肥方式是四川冬水田免耕水稻实现高产、省工的有效途径。     

穴插秧棵数对水稻产量与品质的影响

近年来,关于水稻最适密度和穴插秧棵数有过许多研究与报道,但是这些研究多局限在生产上出现的插秧棵数1～5苗范围内,就寒冷地区插秧苗数对产量与品质影响的系统研究则报道较少。为了探讨本地区穴插秧棵数对水稻产量与品质的影响,本文在30.0 cm×20.0 cm的条件下,研究了穴插秧1～8苗对产量与品质的影响。结果表明:穴插秧棵数1～3苗,产量随插秧苗数的增加而增高,超过3苗则随着穴插秧苗数的增加而下降,适宜的插秧棵数为2-4苗,以每穴3苗产量最高。单穴插秧苗数减少(1～2苗),穴有效穗数下降,单苗分蘖数量和穗粒数提高,饱满粒率、生物产量降低;穴插秧棵数增加(5～8苗/穴),单苗分蘖数量减少,穴有效穗数、穗粒数、生物产量下降。每穴插1～3苗糙米率、精米率、整精米率,长/宽比、恶白率、垩白度、胶稠度、食味值是随着穴插秧棵数的增加而提高,从每穴4苗开始,这些性状又随着穴插秧棵数的增加而下降,只有直链淀粉含量与之相反,穴插秧棵数对蛋白质含量影响不大。     

移栽密度对北方稻鸭种养模式不同类型粳稻产量及生理特性的影响

采用裂区设计,在稻鸭种养有机栽培模式下研究了移栽密度对穗粒兼顾型品种沈稻47和穗数型品种沈稻505产量及生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着移栽密度增加,2个品种的叶面积指数（LAI）和单位面积有效穗数均增加;沈稻47齐穗前干物质积累所占比例、干物质总积累量和产量明显增加,每穗颖花数、结实率明显减少;沈稻505每穗颖花数明显减少,结实率、群体干物质积累量和产量先增后降;品种和密度在产量等多个性状上互作效应显著;穗粒兼顾型品种沈稻47取得高产的适宜移栽密度为30.0 cm×9.9 cm（33.0万丛/hm²）,穗数型品种沈稻505为30.0 cm×16.7 cm（20.0万丛/hm²）。     

施肥和群体密度对春小麦产量与品质形成的调控效应

为给春小麦养分科学管理提供参考,采用大田小区试验,以春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,研究了肥料施用量对小麦不同密度群体籽粒产量与品质形成的调控效应。结果表明,施肥与群体密度对春小麦产量具有明显的互作效应。低施肥水平下,春小麦产量随群体密度的增加而增加;中高施肥水平下,产量随群体密度增加出现波动,但均高于低施肥水平的产量。群体密度的增加降低了收获穗数饱和度、穗粒数及籽粒面筋含量,但增加了籽粒容重;施肥量的增加提高了穗粒数、千粒重和面筋含量;群体密度和施肥量对小麦加工品质的影响较为复杂,且对不同基因型品种的调控效应不同。     

高原粳稻超稀移栽效应分析

以滇型三系杂交粳稻滇杂37、常规粳稻CR -4 -9为研究材料,设每公顷栽12万、18万、24万、30万和36万穴5个密度水平,单本移栽,研究超稀移栽条件下高原粳稻产量和其它性状的变化.结果表明,产量随密度增加逐渐增加,至30万穴/hm2密度水平产量达到最大值杂交粳稻和常规粳稻分别为13.90和11.62 t/hm2,之后产量缓慢下降,2个品种的产量与密度回归模型分别为yA1=10.1520+1.8853x -0.230 7x2和yA2=9.5980+1.0613x -0.1407x2;2个品种每公顷30万穴比12万穴分别增产18.20％和10.24％,达极显著水平;单株有效穗数、单株生产力、成穗率与密度呈极显著负相关,最高茎蘖数、有效穗数分别与密度呈极显著和显著正相关;超稀条件下,生育进程推迟2～6d.高原粳稻在适当的低密度水平下可实现增产增效.     

水直播对寒地粳稻产量和品质性状的影响

直播稻面积在黑龙江省逐年增加,为了解水直播栽培技术对寒地粳稻产量和品质的影响,笔者对黑龙江省水直播面积最大的虎林市和抚远县进行了试验调查。结果表明,水直播对寒地粳稻穗部结构的影响因品种而异,对金禾1号的穗长、一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数影响较小,对龙粳31号的穗长、一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数影响较大;在水直播栽培条件下,金禾1号和龙粳31号的产量可达7.78 t/hm2和8.73 t/hm2,但仍极显著低于插秧栽培,这主要与水直播稻千粒重显著降低有关;金禾1号和龙粳31号的精米率、整精米率和蛋白质含量表现出水直播的低于插秧,而直链淀粉含量要高于插秧,但两种栽培方式间的差异均未达显著水平;金禾1号的垩白粒率和垩白度表现为水直播显著低于插秧,而龙粳31号的垩白粒率和垩白度在两种栽培方式间差异不显著;金禾1号和龙粳31号的食味评分两种栽培方式间的差异也未达显著水平。     

油后棉种植方式与密度对产量效应的研究

以早熟品种JX0010为材料,在湖南益阳大通湖区研究了直播、漂浮育苗移栽、营养钵育苗移栽三种方式下的18000、36000和54000株/hm2三种密度对棉花生长发育及产量、品质的影响.结果表明:在同一种植密度下,生育期以直播棉最短,营养钵育苗最长,株高、果枝数、单株成铃数、籽棉产量以营养钵育苗移栽方式最大;在同一种植方式中,吐絮期、生育期随密度的增加而推迟,株高、果枝数、单株成铃数随密度增高而降低;在一定密度范围内,皮棉产量、籽棉产量随密度增高而提高;不同处理对棉花霜前花率、单铃重、衣分、籽指、衣指、纤维品质等影响不显著.     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。