鸭PRLR基因拷贝数的变异

本研究以台湾褐色菜鸭为试验动物,采用荧光定量PCR技术,使用2-ΔΔCt换算法对PRLR基因拷贝数进行定量,分析了其多态性与台湾褐色菜鸭生产性能的相关性.结果表明,PRLR和Ldh-B标准曲线的R2分别为0.991和0.990,扩增效率分别为111.68%和108.429%,斜率分别为-3.070和-3.135,PRLR和Ldh-B的扩增效率近似一致,可通过2-ΔΔCt方法对PRLR基因进行定量分析.在94羽台湾褐色菜鸭的样品中共检测到5种拷贝数(1、2、3、4、5)变异类型,拷贝数变异与台湾褐色菜鸭的蛋壳厚度和蛋形指数显著相关(P0.05),拷贝数为2的个体蛋壳厚度显著高于拷贝数为1和5的个体;拷贝数为3的个体蛋形指数显著低于拷贝数为1、2和4的个体;其余性状均无显著相关(P0.05).因此,PRLR基因拷贝变异区域可能影响蛋壳厚度和蛋形指数.     

蛴螬提取物对脉络膜新生血管中趋化因子受体3及其配体嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子表达的影响

目的 观察蛴螬提取物口服、滴眼两种给药途径对实验眼脉络膜新生血管（Choroidal neovascularization,CNV）组织的趋化因子受体3（chemokine receptor 3,CCR3）及其配体嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子（eosinophil activated chemotactic factor,Eotaxin）表达的影响。方法 选用8周龄雄性BN大鼠32只,随机数字表法平均分成空白组、模型组、口服组、滴眼组,予以不同干预措施。采用YAG激光建立CNV大鼠模型,于造模后7、28 d行荧光素眼底血管造影（fluorescein fundus angiography,FFA）检查,造模后28 d行免疫组化CCR3及其配体Eotaxin染色及其结果观察分析。结果 FFA检查显示：造模后7 d除空白组外,各组均造模成功;造模后28 d口服组与滴眼液荧光渗漏减少。CCR3及Eotaxin免疫组化结果示：口服组与滴眼组CCR3及Eotaxin含量较模型组减少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;口服组与滴眼组相比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 蛴螬提取物两种给药途径均可抑制实验性CNV模型中CCR3及其配体Eotaxin的表达,从而抑制实验性CNV的形成。     

畜禽基因组拷贝数变异的研究进展

拷贝数变异(Copy number variation,CNV)是一种重要的基因组结构变异,主要指从几kb到数个Mb范围内DNA的多态,包括片段插入、缺失、重复等,它是研究基因组进化和表型差异的重要因素。CNV最早在人类基因组上发现,近几年,在鼠、猪、牛等动物基因组上的研究也取得了明显成效。文章阐述了生物遗传变异的2种方式CNV和单核苷酸多态性,对CNV的形成机制和检测方法进行了分析,重点介绍了畜禽基因组CNV的研究现状,并就CNV未来的研究重点和需要解决的问题进行了展望。     

羊膜移植抑制碱烧伤后角膜血管内皮生长因子表达的实验研究

目的探讨羊膜移植对角膜内血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)及角膜新生血管形成的影响,方法12只兔(24眼)被建立角膜碱烧伤动物模型,行羊膜移植的左眼为实验组,右眼为对照组,分别采用免疫组化染色检查VEGF蛋白的表达,宏观测量新生血管长度及生长速度,显微镜下微血管计数方法研究角膜新生血管形成及抑制情况,结果与对照组比较,实验组兔眼角膜的VEGF蛋白表达下降,新生血管生长速度变慢,微血管数量减少(P＜0．01),VEGF主要表达在角膜受损区的炎性细胞胞浆内,其出现时间及位置与角膜新生血管一致,结论VEGF是一种重要的角膜内新生血管形成因子,其变化与角膜新生血管平行;羊膜移植可抑制碱烧伤角膜内VEGF的表达及角膜新生血管的形成.     

Centrifugal arousal in the olfactory bulb

The electrical activity of the olfactory bulb was recorded in awake, unrestrained cats with electrodes permanently implanted. It was found that any kind of sensory stimulation producing alertness or arousal brought about the appearance of bursts of rhythmic activity, the magnitude of which was related to the degree of alertness of the cat.     

Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism

We tested the hypothesis that de novo copy number variation (CNV) is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on the genomic DNA of patients and unaffected subjects to detect copy number variants not present in their respective parents. Candidate genomic regions were validated by higher-resolution CGH, paternity testing, cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and microsatellite genotyping. Confirmed de novo CNVs were significantly associated with autism (P = 0.0005). Such CNVs were identified in 12 out of 118 (10%) of patients with sporadic autism, in 2 out of 77 (3%) of patients with an affected first-degree relative, and in 2 out of 196 (1%) of controls. Most de novo CNVs were smaller than microscopic resolution. Affected genomic regions were highly heterogeneous and included mutations of single genes. These findings establish de novo germline mutation as a more significant risk factor for ASD than previously recognized.     

湖北石首麋鹿昼间活动时间分配

为探讨性别、年龄和季节对麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)行为的影响,2006年9月-2007年10月,作者采用焦点取样法和瞬时记录法,将麋鹿昼间活动归为采食、饮水、运动、休息、警觉、其他行为等六大类型,每月6-8 d对湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区麋鹿种群的昼间活动时间分配进行了跟踪观察.结果表明:麋鹿有晨、昏两个采食高峰和一个午间休息期,各种行为类型所占比例依次是:休息53.40％(±5.59％)、采食22.36(±8.34％)、运动11.23％(±0.63％)、警觉5.03％(±1.76％)、其他行为4.42％(±2.06％),饮水2.65％(±0.74％).不同季节,时间分配变化明显.非参数Kruskal Wallis H检验结果显示(n=120),季节、年龄和性别显著影响麋鹿的活动时间分配.除运动行为(x2=16.856,df=3,P＞0.05)和饮水行为(x2=7.667,df=3,P＞0.05)无显著差异外,采食(x2=15.657,df=3,P＜0.01)、休息(x2=13.173,df=3,P＜0.01)、警觉(x2 =13.887,df=3,P＜0.01)和其他行为(x2=16.317,df=3,P＜0.01)在不同季节所占时间百分比均有极显著差异.对不同性别年龄组的活动时间分配采用两个独立样本的Mann-Whitney U检验,各性别-年龄组间的运动行为所占时间比例有极显著差异(P＜0.01),雄鹿与雌鹿之间的警觉行为有极显著差异(P＜0.01),雄鹿花较多时间用于警觉.幼鹿与成年鹿及亚成年鹿之间的采食行为时间有极显著差异(P＜0.01).不同性别、年龄组在不同季节的昼间活动时间分配的差异采用方差(ANOVA)分析后发现:所有年龄组,夏季与冬季饮水、春季与夏季警觉均存在显著性差异(P＜0.01);成体和亚成体麋鹿,春季与冬季警觉、夏季与冬季运动均存在显著性差异(P＜0.01).     

天蚕形态及生物学特性研究初探

天蚕既不同于柞蚕，也不同于桑蚕，而具其独特性质，丝质光泽有色的经济昆虫，属一化性完全变态，每个变态阶段均有其独特形态。由于天蚕长期生活于山野之中，所以表现出把握力强，警觉性高，野生性强，抗寒力强等习性。     

粮食安全预警系统研究--以徐州为例

预警是明确警情、寻找警源、分析警兆、预报警度和排警决策的过程.以区域粮食总供求比率等为警情指标,建立了粮食安全预警指标体系.采用目标预警系数的方法,同时考虑人均粮食占有量作为约束条件,确定预警系统警度.并以徐州市为例,进行粮食安全预警实证分析,得出徐州市2010年的粮食安全预警将呈现出短缺轻警警情.运用土地复垦等手段保持耕地总量动态平衡,改造中低产田,改良土壤结构,提高土地肥力,加大投入力度,培育优良品种是排除徐州粮食安全警情的主要对策.     

Arousal effects on evoked activity in a "nonsensory" system

Responses from motor cortex evoked by cerebellar stimulation have been recorded with chronically implanted electrodes from cats in different states of arousal. The response, which in the waking cat consists of a short latency biphasic component followed by one or more slower waves, was attenuated, or abolished completely, in association with electroencephalographic and behavioral signs of decreased arousal. In contrast, responses in primary somatosensory cortex evoked by stimulating the bulbar trigeminal nucleus were enhanced during periods of decreased alertness.     

浅谈生态雕塑

生态雕塑即是伴随着生态设计概念的产生而出现的一类注重表现生态环境的雕塑。它起源的背景是人们在意识到目前非常严重的自然异化现象所进行的反思自己与自然的关系。生态观念的介入为雕塑家提供了新的题材和新的方式去创造一种更加新颖且有现实意义的雕塑——生态雕塑应运而生。它的设计特征和设计原则集中体现了对自然的显露和尊重,对生态环境的保护和维持,对人的关怀和提醒。     

筛选对脱叶剂敏感的南疆陆地棉种质资源

【目的】研究南疆90个陆地棉种质资源喷施脱叶剂后脱叶和吐絮情况,筛选出对脱叶剂敏感的种质资源,为筛选和培育脱叶剂敏感品种提供参考。【方法】对南疆90份陆地棉种质资源喷施脱叶效果较好的脱叶剂脱吐隆(复配乙烯利),分别调查喷施脱叶剂后,不同时间不同类型棉花叶片脱落和棉铃吐絮情况。【结果】不同棉花种质资源的脱叶率在第4 d及第7 d有显著差异,最终脱叶率高达95%以上的品种有新陆中2号、新陆中5号、合信27等10个品种;不同品种间药后吐絮率不同;不同类型叶片脱叶率及脱叶效果不同;根据脱叶效果进行聚类分析,将90份种质资源分为4类,其中第Ⅱ类品种对脱叶剂最敏感。【结论】喷施脱叶剂后不同品种脱叶率和吐絮率有所不同,第4~7 d的脱叶率可以作为南疆陆地棉品种对脱叶剂敏感性的评价指标;果枝叶的脱叶效果最好,叶枝叶次之,主茎叶最差;第Ⅱ类是脱叶剂敏感种质。     

基于家系基因组测序对骡基因组结构多样性分析

为分析马(Equus caballus)和驴(Equus asinus)杂交后两套结构和功能完善的独立基因组在骡基因组中整合后的结构多样性，本研究以马属动物三成员家系的全基因组序列为研究对象，分别以纯血马基因组和驴基因组为参考，识别驴、马和骡的InDel、SNP和CNV；通过生物信息分析，分析骡的de novo SNP及其突变频率、识别骡特异性CNV，并进行功能分析。结果显示:1)驴、马和骡分别获得100.01、103.78和114.36 Gb 的高质量Illumina基因组测序数据。2)以纯血马基因组为参考，识别的InDels、SNPs和CNVs分别为402 533~2 110 786、5 012 403~23 819 055和2 126~3 761；以驴基因组为参考，识别的InDels、SNPs和CNVs分别为527 351~2 279 875、3 212 499~23 549 224和3 572~7 812。3)骡de novo SNPs分别为555和419，其突变频率为1.72×10^-7~2.21×10^-7。4)获得骡特异性CNVs分别为396和859，总长度分别为2.15和3.77 Mb。5)变异相关基因主要和机体的免疫及癌症过程相关。综上，骡基因组发生了高频率的de novo SNPs和特异性CNVs，这些结构变异可能对马和驴异种杂交不相容以及骡的遗传适应性具有重要意义，为进一步开展马和驴异种杂交的遗传基础及其分子机制的研究提供候选遗传位点。     

Pitch memory: an advantage for the left-handed

In an auditory or musical task, subjects made pitch recognition judgments when the tones to be compared were separated by a sequence of interpolated tones. The left-handed subjects performed significantly better than the right-handed and also had a significantly higher variance. Further analysis showed that the superior performance was attributable largely to the left-handed subjects with mixed hand preference.     

Frequency-dependent natural selection in the handedness of scale-eating cichlid fish

Frequency-dependent natural selection has been cited as a mechanism for maintaining polymorphisms in biological populations, although the process has not been documented conclusively in field study. Here, it is demonstrated that the direction of mouth-opening (either left-handed or right-handed) in scale-eating cichlid fish of Lake Tanganyika is determined on the basis of simple genetics and that the abundance of individuals with left- or right-handedness depends on frequency-dependent natural selection. Attacking from behind, right-handed individuals snatched scales from the prey's left flank and left-handed ones from the right flank. Within a given population, the frequency of the two phenotypes oscillated around unity. This phenomenon was effected through frequency-dependent selection exerted by the prey's alertness. Thus, individuals of the rare phenotype had more success as predators than those of the more common phenotype.     

桂林市菜地土壤重金属含量及其风险评价

以产地土壤重金属的含量为依据,应用单因子污染指数法和尼梅罗综合污染指数法及潜在生态危害系数法对桂林市菜地土壤重金属进行污染和风险评价。结果表明:桂林市菜地土壤中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)8项重金属的平均含量有铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)6项低于背景值,只有铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)略高于背景值;菜地土壤中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)4项重金属属于低度生态危害,镉(Cd)属于中等生态危害;菜地土壤环境质量处于警戒限,尚清洁。     

Growth hormone: important role in muscular exercise in adults

Measurement by radio-immunoassay of growth hormone in the plasma of adults showed consistently low concentrations in subjects in bed in the morning. Exercise caused marked increases except when the subjects ingested carbohydrate during the exercise.     

Magnesium pemolone: lack of facilitation in human learning, memory, and performance tests

Either a placebo or 25 or 37.5 milligrams of magnesium pemoline was administered on a doubleblind basis to three intelligencematched groups of normal, adult males. Learning and 24-hour retention tests included verbal learning, motor learning, and classical conditioning. Short-term memory tests were administered through both the visual and auditory modalities. Arm-hand steadiness and visual reaction time performance tests were included. The only measures revealing significant group differences showed the performance of subjects given pemoline was inferior to that of subjects given a placebo.     

金钱对集体—单独活动选择的影响：一项ERP研究

通过事件相关电位(ERP)技术,探讨了金钱启动影响被试选择活动类型的脑内时程动态变化,结果发现:金钱启动组的被试更倾向于选择集体活动;相对于非金钱启动组,金钱启动条件下的被试在500～650ms的时窗内,选择集体活动比选择单独活动诱发了一个正的ERP波形;差异波的地形图显示,该成分在脑的左前部有更强的激活;进一步的偶极子溯源分析发现,该成分主要起源于左额上回,这可能表明金钱启动与自我的激活有关.     

Incidence of gross chromosomal errors among tall criminal American males

Chromosome studies on 129 tall men surveyed in four different institutions for the care of criminal males in Pennsylvaniia showed that 1 in 11 subjects displayed aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes; specifically, five cases of 47,XYY and seven cases of Klinefelter syndrome were identified. All the aneuploid subjects were mentally ill; none had been cytogenetically diagnosed.