淋溶土柱中铁和锰的运移淀积特征

以亚热带的棕红壤为装柱材料,用pH 3.5不同浓度(0~0.08 mol/L)的铁、锰单一或混合溶液淋溶土柱40次,研究在干湿交替和不同淋溶方式(铁、锰同时淋溶或交替淋溶)条件下土壤中铁、锰元素的淋溶迁移特征。结果表明:随着淋溶的进行,土柱淋出液的pH逐渐降低,淋溶40次后淋出液的pH低于淋溶液的pH,淋出液中铁、锰的含量与淋溶液的相近;淋溶后土壤中铁、锰含量最高的为游离态,其次为非晶质态,最低的为络合态;淋溶后,土柱中铁的淀积量大于锰的淀积量,除络合态铁、锰的含量比较接近外,游离态和非晶质态铁的淀积量都远高于相应形态锰的淀积量。铁、锰同时淋溶处理的土柱中铁的淀积量高于相应交替淋溶的淀积量,而锰的淀积量则为交替淋溶处理的高于同时淋溶的淀积量,且在交替淋溶条件下,淋溶液中锰的浓度越高,土壤中铁的淀积量越大。交换性K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+随着铁、锰淋溶的进行而淋失,其中Ca2+、Mg2+的流失量较大。     

水稻土淹水过程中不同土层铁形态的变化及对磷吸附解吸特性的影响

采用土柱模拟试验研究了水稻土淹水过程中不同土层铁形态的变化及对磷吸附、解吸特性的影响。结果表明，淹水使土壤中结晶态氧化铁含量减少，同时使无定形氧化铁大大增加，土壤对磷的吸附能力大为提高，磷最大吸附量增大，磷解吸率降低，从而影响水稻土中磷的有效性。淹水土壤还原层铁形态和磷吸附、解吸的变化比氧化层更为剧烈，尤其是红壤性水稻土，在青紫泥中两土层间的差异不明显。     

关键时期淹水对不同土壤上水稻镉累积和转运的影响

采用水稻盆栽试验,设置全生育期湿润(CK)、全生育期淹水(YS)、分蘖-拔节期淹水(FB)、抽穗期淹水(CS)和灌浆-成熟期淹水(GC)5个处理,探索水稻关键生长时期的淹水模式对2种土壤(淡涂黏田和洪积泥砂田)上水稻镉(Cd)累积转运的影响。结果表明:水稻分蘖期2种土壤的可交换态Cd含量呈现CK≈CS≈GC?FB≈YS,而在水稻的其他生长时期呈现CK≈FB≈CS≈GC?YS。在淡涂黏田中,水稻籽粒Cd含量呈现FBGC≈CKCSYS,CS比CK处理下降49.99%;而洪积泥砂田中籽粒Cd含量为CK≈GCCS≈FBYS,FB和CS处理分别比CK处理下降50.52%和44.85%。在淡涂黏田中,与CK处理相比,CS处理明显降低了茎向籽粒Cd的转运能力而FB处理增加了其转运能力;在洪积泥砂田中,与CK处理相比,FB和CS处理均明显降低了茎向籽粒Cd的转运能力。在这2种土壤中,水稻籽粒Cd与根表Cd含量均呈正相关关系;FB和CS处理均能降低根表Cd含量;且FB处理根表铁膜[主要成分是连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸盐-碳酸氢盐-铁(dithion-citrate-bicarbonate-Fe, DCBFe),其次是根表氧化锰DCB-Mn]含量均明显高于其他处理。其中,洪积泥砂田水稻根表DCB-Fe、DCB-Mn与籽粒Cd含量分别呈显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)负相关,但在淡涂黏田上不存在任何相关性。综上所述,水稻关键时期淹水处理通过影响根表Cd含量和Cd从茎向籽粒的转运能力来影响水稻籽粒Cd的累积。抽穗期是淡涂黏田水稻降Cd的关键淹水时期,而在洪积泥砂田中是分蘖-拔节期和抽穗期。不同土壤中水稻铁膜对籽粒Cd积累的影响不同,导致2种土壤的关键淹水时期有所差异。     

白浆土开垦后腐殖质特性变化的研究

白浆土是形成于北温带温凉较湿润气候下的酸性土壤,红壤是形成于亚热带季风气候区的酸性土壤,二者的形成过程不同,土壤淋溶的程度和方式亦有差异。白浆土上层的酸溶性无定形铁高于红壤,40cm 以下的土层则相反,白浆土重结晶铁为无定形铁的2～6倍,红壤则为10多倍。白浆土的铁锰没有明显的淋溶趋势,而多在本层土壤的孔隙中集中。两种土壤的全铁量比全锰都高,高一个数量级,二者锰的差异小于铁的差异。白浆土两种形态锰的含量,均略高于红壤。白浆土白浆层锰的含量略高于黑土层,淀积层较低,红壤的游离锰未见有淋溶移动的趋势。红壤酸性铝高于白浆土,铝比铁有更多的存在于无定形部分中。活化度。红土的游离铁多于白浆土。以重结晶态者为主,活化度反低于白浆土。两者土壤游离锰的活化度差异不大。     

白浆土和红壤中Fe,Mn,Al的草酸缓冲液萃出物的比较研究

白浆土是形成于北温带温凉较湿润气候下的酸性土壤,红壤是形成于亚热带季风气候区的酸性土壤,二者的形成过程不同,土壤淋溶的程度和方式亦有差异。白浆土上层的酸溶性无定形铁高于红壤,40cm 以下的土层则相反,白浆土重结晶铁为无定形铁的2～6倍,红壤则为10多倍。白浆土的铁锰没有明显的淋溶趋势,而多在本层土壤的孔隙中集中。两种土壤的全铁量比全锰都高,高一个数量级,二者锰的差异小于铁的差异。白浆土两种形态锰的含量,均略高于红壤。白浆土白浆层锰的含量略高于黑土层,淀积层较低,红壤的游离锰未见有淋溶移动的趋势。红壤酸性铝高于白浆土,铝比铁有更多的存在于无定形部分中。活化度。红土的游离铁多于白浆土。以重结晶态者为主,活化度反低于白浆土。两者土壤游离锰的活化度差异不大。     

有机配体浸提对汤山矿区污染土壤元素的溶出效应

采用3种有机配体(EDTA、DTPA、NTA)对来自南京市汤山废弃铜矿区的重金属污染土壤进行浸提,并且通过改进的BCR连续提取法分析了残留土壤样品中重金属元素以及Fe、Al形态.结果表明,有机配体的存在导致Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Mn元素的浸提率明显增加.其中Cu提取率分别为对照的8.08(EDTA)、8.15(DTPA)和5.40(NTA)倍,Zn的提取率分别为对照的10.5(EDTA)、5.75(DTPA)和3.63(NTA)倍.EDTA和DTPA对矿物元素的溶出作用高于NTA.配体对Mg的影响较其他元素小.EDTA、DTPA和NTA对重金属元素的4种形态均有浸提作用,配体的提取对酸溶,可交换态及可还原态影响较大.对于Zn而言,各有机配体处理可还原态下降的倍数最多,其次是酸溶厂可交换态以及可氧化态;对于Pb而言,各有机配体的处理导致酸溶厂可交换态下降的倍数最多;对于Cu而言,EDTA处理组酸溶,可交换态和可还原态下降倍数较多分别为对照组的71.8%和71.9%,DTPA处理组可还原态下降倍数较多为对照组的75.1%.有机配体处理导致酸溶厂可交换态Fe、Al含量的下降.     

石灰性土壤桑树黄化病的成因及防治对策

通过对石灰性土壤地区的桑园调查和室内化验分析,结果表明,石灰性土壤桑树黄化病主要是缺铁引起的,由于土壤有效铁含量较低（DTPA—Fe≤13mg／kg）,或是因土壤中交换性Ca和HCO3^-浓度过高,使土壤铁的有效性降低,桑树表现缺铁症状。通过合理施肥、种植铁高效基因型的桑树品种和改善土壤通气条件,可以有效地防治桑树黄化病。     

黄棕壤土柱中铁和锰的淋溶淀积特征

为了研究干湿交替下土壤中铁和锰的淋溶淀积特征，以亚热带的黄棕壤为土柱材料，用pH 3.5的0～0.08 mol/L的FeSO4和MnCl2单一或混合溶液（浓度比分别为4︰1、2︰1和1︰1）淋溶土柱40次（每次间隔7 d），分析淋出液的pH和铁锰含量、土壤中铁锰含量和钙镁含量的变化。结果显示，随着淋溶次数增加，铁锰淋溶处理的土柱淋出液的pH总体降低1.10～2.68，甚至低于淋溶液的pH值；淋出液中的铁含量要低于淋溶液中的，而淋溶7次之后淋出液中的锰含量则相反；淋溶第一阶段（20次）和第二阶段（40次）土壤中铁和锰的全量、铁的游离态和非晶质态的含量有所增加，铁锰浓度高的淋溶液淋溶后土壤中铁锰氧化物含量升高，游离铁含量最高为89.14 mg/g，游离锰含量最高为13.35 mg/g；干湿交替淋溶下铁氧化物比锰氧化物更易形成，铁氧化物含量在上层（5 cm）土壤中较高，锰氧化物含量在下层（25 cm）土壤中较高；淋溶后土壤中钙、镁含量分别降低0.45～4.89、8.68～14.45 g/kg。     

麦稻体系下根区与非根区紫色土锌素动态研究

采用分室根箱试验,研究了小麦—水稻体系条件下紫色土根区与非根区土壤不同形态锌含量变化动态特征,以期为麦稻轮作制中合理施用锌肥及作物锌营养调控提供依据.结果表明,麦稻体系条件下,小麦和水稻生长后期,根区交换态锌含量比对照(不种作物处理)分别增加了0.83和0.59 mg/kg,与对照相比两者差异均达显著水平.淹水促进了水溶性锌向根区的扩散,非根区交换态锌和有效态锌明显降低.由小麦季过渡到水稻季,促进了土壤中的矿物态锌向有效态锌转化,使土壤中交换态、松结有机态锌含量均高于对照土壤,且随着距离根区越近这种作用越明显.小麦锌吸收主要来自于根区,而对于水稻则可以利用更大范围的土壤有效锌.     

重庆地区紫色土壤镉有效性水平及分异特性研究

通过对重庆地区不同紫色地层发育的紫色土壤系统采样分析有效态镉的含量、影响因素和分异特征,结果表明:有效镉的含量水平和分异值大小顺序为紫色潮土,棕紫泥土,暗紫泥土,灰棕紫泥土,红棕紫泥土,并且显著大于全国背景值0.079mg/kg;通径分析与有效镉影响因子大小顺序为有效Fe,有效Mn,有机质,有效Pb,有效Zn,有效Cu;与有机质和有效Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn,Pb含量呈极显著乘幂关系(r=0.406～0.545);在p=0.01水平,有效Cd与pH值呈极显著指数关系(r=0.406),并且淹水利用使土壤镉有效性提高.     

长期施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮和游离氨基酸剖面分异的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)和游离氨基酸(FAA)剖面分异的影响,阐明长期施肥稻田土壤SON和FAA的剖面迁移特性。以不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配施牛粪(NPKM)和氮磷钾结合秸秆还田(NPKS)4种处理的稻田长期(33年)施肥定位试验小区为研究对象,采用带总氮检测器的总有机碳分析仪(TOC-TN)、连续流动注射和氨基酸自动分析仪测定不同深度(0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm)土层SON、FAA及其组分的含量。结果表明:长期不同施肥水稻土SON含量剖面分异较明显,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤SON含量分别为24.14～49.80、11.30～13.86 mg·kg~(-1)和6.35～9.38 mg·kg~(-1);不同处理0～20 cm土壤SON含量表现为NPKSNPKMNPK=CK,NPKS处理较NPK和CK分别提高67.1%和106.3%,NPKM处理较NPK和CK分别提高了28.5%和58.7%;不同土层SON与可溶性总氮(TSN)的比值为40.0%～69.3%。长期不同施肥水稻土FAA含量也存在较明显剖面差异,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤FAA含量分别为8.15～15.91、0.83～2.13 mg·kg~(-1)和0.69～0.99 mg·kg~(-1),FAA/SON比例的均值分别为35.3%、12.6%和11.2%;NPKM和NPKS处理0～20 cm土壤均包含20种FAA,较CK和NPK处理增加了3种易分解的碱性氨基酸(鸟氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸);NPK、NPKM和NPKS处理20～40 cm土壤均包含10种FAA,较CK处理增加了3种中性氨基酸(缬氨酸、胱氨酸和苯丙氨酸),而40～60 cm土壤则均包含7种FAA,较CK处理增加了2种中性氨基酸(异亮氨酸和胱氨酸);不同处理不同深度土壤FAA组成均以中性氨基酸占优势。研究表明:土壤SON、FAA含量与组分及其剖面分异和施肥模式密切相关,长期化肥配施牛粪和秸秆能增加0～20 cm土壤SON、FAA含量且丰富FAA种类。     

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha^–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha^–1), SOC (20.88 g kg^–1), TN (2.30 g kg^–1), TP (0.95 g kg^–1), TK (22.50 g kg^–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg^–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg^–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg^–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required.     

双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响

设CK（不施任何肥）、NK（施氮、钾肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NK＋PM（施氮、钾肥＋猪粪）、NP＋RS（施氮、磷肥＋稻草）、NPK＋RS（施氮磷钾肥＋稻草）7个处理,通过25年长期肥料定位试验,研究了双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响．结果表明,长期不平衡施肥处理（NK、NP）土壤各氮素含量增加不明显或出现一定幅度的减少;长期平衡施用化肥的NPK处理,土壤各氮素含量均有增长,与CK处理的差异达到显著或极显著水平;无机、有机肥长期配施处理NK＋PM、NP＋RS、NPK＋RS在单施化肥的基础上进一步提高了土壤中氮素养分的含量．双季稻种植制度下,长期平衡施肥,尤其是无机、有机肥配施能极大地增加红壤性水稻土各氮素养分含量,提高土壤氮素肥力,为水稻的高产、稳产和农业可持续发展提供良好的基础和保障．     

长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻土微生物生物量和有机质结构的影响

为研究长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻田作物产量、土壤微生物生物量及有机碳分子结构的影响,以始于1984年的江西红壤性水稻田长期定位试验为平台,选取的试验处理包括：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）和等养分条件下70%化肥配施30%有机肥（NPKM1）、50%化肥配施50%有机肥（NPKM2）、30%化肥配施70%有机肥（NPKM3）,采用固体¹³C核磁共振测定了土壤有机碳组分含量,分析了土壤化学指标和土壤微生物生物量碳（Microbial biomass carbon,MBC）和微生物生物量氮（Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）。结果表明,连续34年的不同施肥处理显著影响了水稻产量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤有机碳（SOC）分子结构。与NPK处理相比,有机肥配施（NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3）提高了水稻产量,增幅为6.5%~7.7%（P>0.05）,中低有机肥配施比例（30%和50%）稳产效果更优。长期单施化肥使土壤严重酸化,而配施有机肥可减缓土壤酸化。长期施肥处理MBC和MBN较CK处理分别显著提高17.0%~71.1%和104.1%~267.0%,但MBC/MBN下降,有机无机肥配施处理较NPK处理提高了微生物熵。长期单施化肥主要提高了烷基碳的相对含量,而配施有机肥同时提高烷基碳和烷氧碳（甲氧基/含氮烷基碳）含量,有利于土壤活性有机质累积。Pearson相关性分析表明土壤微生物生物量与SOC、氮磷养分指标及甲氧基/含氮烷基碳呈显著或极显著正相关,与芳基碳和羧基碳呈显著负相关。冗余分析显示SOC、有效磷、速效钾及烷基碳等对水稻产量的影响较大。研究表明,在供试条件下,长期实行中低比例有机肥配施化肥有利于提高土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量,并改善土壤有机质结构,是维持作物高产和提升土壤质量的有效施肥措施。     

长期不同施肥下紫色土-作物体系镉累积及安全性评估

【目的】利用连续施肥23年(1991—2014)的稻麦长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥对土壤-小麦/水稻轮作体系镉(Cd)累积的影响,为西南紫色土地区农产品质量安全和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】利用8个长期不同施肥处理:(1)CK(不施肥对照);(2)N(只施氮肥);(3)NK(只施氮、钾肥);(4)NPK(施氮、磷、钾肥);(5)NPK+M(化肥+猪、牛粪);(6)NPK+S(化肥+稻草还田);(7)1.5NPK+S(1.5倍化肥+稻草还田);(8)(NK)_(Cl)P+S(含氯化肥+稻草还田)。分别测定不同年际间土壤中全镉和有效镉含量以及作物中的镉含量,并评估镉的累积程度。【结果】随着施肥年限的增加,土壤全镉含量逐年提高;长期不施磷肥的CK、N、和NK处理土壤全镉累积提升较慢,施用磷肥、有机肥及含氯化肥处理提升较快,其中以NPK+M、1.5NPK+S和(NK)_(Cl)P+S处理土壤全镉含量提升最快,23年后分别增加了1.18、1.18、1.15 mg·kg~(-1);除不施磷肥处理外,其他所有处理土壤全镉含量均超过土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(GB15618—2018)中的土壤镉污染风险筛选值0.6mg·kg~(-1)。长期施肥处理的土壤有效镉含量均明显高于不施肥对照,其中长期施用N、(NK)_(Cl)P+S和1.5NPK+S处理土壤有效镉含量提升幅度较大。随着试验年份的增加各施肥处理水稻籽粒中镉含量呈上升趋势,但均未超过食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2017,Cd≤0.2 mg kg~(-1));小麦籽粒中镉含量在不同年际间没有明显变化,除长期施用含氯化肥(NK)_(Cl)P+S处理籽粒中镉含量超过食品中污染物限量标准外(GB 2762—2017,Cd≤0.1 mg kg~(-1)),其他处理均未超标。【结论】本试验条件下,长期不同施肥、特别是施用磷肥和猪、牛粪有机肥均提高了土壤全镉含量,增加了其生态风险;而长期施用含氯化肥因使土壤p H下降而提高了有效镉含量,并导致小麦籽粒中镉含量超标。因此,防止镉因施肥等途径进入农田,是保证农产品安全生产的重要环节。     

长期施肥对黄泥田土壤团聚体中氮素积累和有机氮组成的影响

【目的】氮是南方黏瘦型中低产田重要的限制因子。研究长期施肥对黄泥田团聚体中氮素累积及有机氮组成的影响,为合理培肥及土壤氮库管理提供依据。【方法】采集黄泥田36年定位试验中不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、化肥+牛粪（NPKM）、化肥+全量稻秸还田（NPKS）4种处理耕层土壤,采用湿筛和Bremner有机氮分级方法,分析团聚体氮素累积与有机氮组分含量及分配的变化。【结果】施肥处理>2 mm团聚体全氮含量较CK显著增加12.7%—51.9%(P<0.05);NPKM与NPKS处理>2 mm团聚体对原土全氮累积贡献率较CK分别显著提高24.7与20.0个百分点（P<0.05）。施肥处理>2 mm团聚体酸解性氮与非酸解性氮含量分别较CK增加10.1%—36.3%与20.7%—100.5%,并相应提高两组分对原土全氮累积贡献率,NPKM与NPKS处理增加尤为明显。对于>2 mm团聚体,施肥处理酸解铵态氮含量较CK显著增加17.2%—40.4%(P<0.05),以NPKM处理增加最为明显;酸解氨基酸态氮与酸解未知态氮含量分别以NPKS与NPKM处理增加最...     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long-Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC), black carbon (BC), enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK (two-fold NPK), NPK+manure (NPKM), and CK (no fertilization), N, 90 kg urea-N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K₂O ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios (BC/SOC) ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on phosphorus fractions in different soil layers and their quantitative relationships with soil properties

Investigating the dynamics and distribution of soil phosphorus (P) fractions can provide a basis for enhancing P utilization by crops.  Four treatments from a 29-year long-term experiment in black soil with maize cropping were involved in this study: no fertilizer (CK), inorganic nitrogen and potassium (NK), inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), and NPK plus manure (NPKM).  We analyzed soil P fractions in different soil layers using a modified Hedley sequential method.  The long-term NPKM treatment significantly increased total P by 0.6–1.6 times in the different soil layers.  The Olsen-P concentration far exceeded the environmental threshold for soil Olsen-P (50.6 mg kg^–1) in the NPKM treatment in the 0–60 cm soil profile.  Moreover, the concentrations and proportion of labile and partially labile inorganic P (Pi) fractions (i.e., NaHCO₃-extracted Pi, NaOH-extracted Pi, and dilute HCl-extracted Pi) to the sum of all P fractions (Pt) in the 0–60 cm soil profile were higher in the NPKM treatment than in the NPK treatment, indicating that manure could promote the transformation of non-labile into more labile forms of P in soil, possibly by manure reducing P fixation by soil particles.  Soil organic matter, Mehlich-3 extractable iron (Fe), and organic-bound aluminum were increased by fertilization, and were the main factors influencing the differences in the P fractions in the 0–20 cm soil layer.  Soil mineral components, i.e., free Fe oxide and CaCO₃, were the main factors influencing the P fractions in the subsoil.  The soil P transformation process varied with soil layer and fertilization.  Application of manure fertilizer can increase the labile (Olsen) P concentrations of the various soil layers, and thus should reduce the mineral P fertilizer requirement for crop growth and reduce potential environmental damage     

Effect of Different Fertilizer Treatments on Quantity of Soil Microbes and Structure of Ammonium Oxidizing Bacterial Community in a Calcareous Purple Paddy Soil

The quantity of soil microbes and the structure of ammonium oxidizing bacterial （AOB） community were analyzed using the dilution plate counting and most probable number method （MPN）, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）, respectively. Fertilizer application tended to increase the number of soil microbes and alter the AOB community compared to the control with no fertilizer application （CK）. Among the eight fertilizer treatments, soil samples from the treatments of mineral fertilizers （e.g., N, P, K） in combination with farmyard manure （M） had greater number.s of soil microbes and more complex structure of AOB community than those receiving mineral fertilizers alone. The principal component analyses （PCA） for ammonium oxidizing bacterial community structure showed that the eight fertilizer treatments could be divided into two PCA groups （PCA1 and PCA2）. For the soil sampled after rice harvest, PCA1 included NP, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was consisted of CK, N, M and NPK fertilizer treatments. For soil samples collected after wheat harvest, PCA1 was consisted of M, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was composed of CK, N, NP and NPK fertilizer treatments. For a given rotation, the richness of AOB community in PCA1 was greater than that in PCA2. In addition, AOB community structure was more complex in the soil after rice harvest than that after wheat harvest. The results indicated that different fertilizer treatments resulted in substantial changes of soil microbe number and AOB community. Furthermore, mineral fertilizers （N, NP, NPK） combined with farmyard manure were effective for increasing the quantity of soil microbes, enriching AOB community, and improving the soil biofertility.     

长期不同施肥方式对南方黄泥田水稻产量及基础地力贡献率的影响

对连续27年施肥的南方黄泥田水稻产量、基础地力贡献率变化进行了分析,结果表明,连续施用化肥(NPK)、化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+稻草(NPKS)处理的水稻平均产量比不施肥(CK)分别提高74.9%、96.6%、91.7%,NPKM与NPKS处理产量分别比NPK处理提高12.4%与9.6%,均达到极显著差异,但NPKM与NPKS产量相当。双季稻年份(1983-2004年),NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理的水稻每5～7年年际增产率随试验年份的延长呈递增的趋势。早稻与晚稻的基础地力贡献率均呈波浪式下降趋势,其平均贡献率分别为47.1%与60.0%。不同施肥处理产量与基础地力呈显著或极显著正相关。