饲粮同时添加甜菜碱和维生素E对猪生长表现及胴体品质的影响

为研究在饲粮中同时添加维生素E(VE)和甜菜碱对杜烟猪生长表现和胴体品质的影响,选择2005年春季出生、胎次相近、体重在25kg左右的10周龄杜烟仔猪48头,随机分为2组,对照组16头,饲喂基础饲粮;试验组32头,饲粮为基础饲粮中同时添加VE200mg/kg和甜菜碱1500mg/kg。当试验猪达100kg左右时试验结束(试验期对照组为98d,试验组88d)。结果表明,试验组日增重比对照组增加13.09%(P<0.01);料重比降低10.65%;背膘厚降低29.76%(P<0.05);背最长肌剪切力降低10.37%(P<0.05),肌内脂肪含量增加30.67%(P<0.05),而对其它胴体、肉质性状、背最长肌氨基酸组成、鲜味氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量影响不大。     

甜菜碱对金华猪生长性能及胴体肉品质的影响

试验研究了甜菜碱对金华猪生长肥育性能及胴体肉品质的影响。结果表明,金华猪饲粮中添加甜菜碱可提高金华猪日增重,其中以1 250 mg/kg组最佳,比对照组提高8.77%,但差异不显著(P0.05);与对照组相比,添加1 250 mg/kg甜菜碱金华猪胴体瘦肉率提高4.84%(P0.05),3点平均背膘厚降低17.23%(P0.05);甜菜碱对金华猪胴体肉品质没有影响。试验结果表明,饲粮中甜菜碱以1 250 mg/kg的添加量对提高金华猪日增重及改善胴体品质较为理想。     

亚麻籽对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉质和脂肪酸组成的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加亚麻籽对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉质和脂肪酸组成的影响。试验选用(52.31±2.28) kg的生长猪72头,按体重随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加5%和10%亚麻籽的饲粮。试验分2个阶段(50~80 kg和81~110 kg),每个阶段结束时对猪进行称重,试验结束后每栏选2头接近平均体重猪进行麻醉屠宰。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮添加5%和10%亚麻籽显著降低了生长育肥猪50~80 kg阶段平均日采食量、料重比及50~110 kg阶段料重比(P<0.05),并且10%添加量还显著提高了50~80 kg阶段平均日增重(P<0.05)。2)饲粮添加亚麻籽能显著增加生长育肥猪眼肌面积(P<0.05),但对胴体长、屠宰率、平均背膘厚等胴体性状无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)饲粮添加5%和10%亚麻籽能显著降低生长育肥猪背最长肌n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)值(P<0.05),显著提高α-亚麻酸、二十二碳烯酸、二十二碳二烯酸含量及PUFA总含量(P<0.05),且当添加量达到10%时,还能显著提高背最长肌中油酸和亚油酸含量(P<0.05)。结果提示,亚麻籽能一定程度提高生长育肥猪生长性能,增加背最长肌中n-3PUFA含量,降低n-6/n-3 PUFA值,且对胴体性状及肉质无负面影响。     

甜菜碱对生长肥育猪生长性能的影响及其转甲基效应研究

以添加 1 0 0 0和 1 50 0mg/kg甜菜碱的饲粮分别饲喂生长肥育猪 ,均显著提高生长肥育猪日增重 ,其中以 1 0 0 0mg/kg组效果更为明显 ,生长期提高了 1 3.2 0 % (P <0 .0 1 ) ,肥育期提高了 5.68% (P <0 .0 5)。甜菜碱增加了猪肝脏甜菜碱高半胱氨酸甲基转移酶 (BHMT)活力 ,生长期总活力与比活力 1 50 0mg/kg组分别提高了 2 3.0 8% (P <0 .0 1 )和 1 8.1 8% (P <0 .0 5) ,肥育期则以 1 0 0 0mg/kg组更为明显 ,总活力与比活力分别提高 1 6.33% (P <0 .0 5)和 1 5.63% (P <0 .0 5)。肉碱含量分析表明 ,甜菜碱均显著提高了生长猪肝脏和肌肉游离肉碱的含量 ,而肥育期仅以肝脏游离肉碱及肌肉酸不溶肉碱含量上升显著     

硫代甜菜碱对肉仔鸡生长性能、胴体品质和脂肪代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加硫代甜菜碱(DMPT)对肉仔鸡生长性能,胴体品质和脂肪代谢的影响.选取360只1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,第1～5组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加400、800、1 200、1 600、2 000 mg/kg DMPT,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验期为42 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重(第2～4组)显著升高(P<0.05),料重比(第2～4组)显著降低(P<0.05),屠体重(第3组)显著升高(P<0.05),腹脂率(第1、3组),肌间脂宽(第3组)和皮脂厚(第2～5组)显著降低(P<0.05);胸肌(第3、4组)和腿肌(第3组)肌内脂肪的含量极显著升高(P<0.01);血清甘油三酯(第3组)、胆同醇(第2、3组)的含量显著降低(P<0.05),游离脂肪酸的含量(第3、4组)、腹脂激素敏感脂肪酶(第2、3组)和血清脂肪酶(第3、4组)活性显著升高(P<0.05).可见,DMPT可促进肉仔鸡生长,改善胴体脂肪分布,而胴体脂肪分布的变化可能与脂肪酶活性的变化有关.     

吡啶甲酸铬对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响

选取日龄和体重相似的60头杜长大三元猪,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组30头,组内设3个重复,每重复10头试验猪.对照组仅饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加300μg/kg(以铬计)的吡啶甲酸铬,预试期7 d,试验期60 d.试验结果表明:在育肥猪日粮中添加300μg/kg(以铬计)的吡啶甲酸铬,可使育肥猪日增重提高5.04%(P<0.05),料肉比降低4.01%(P>0.05);同时可以使屠宰率和贮存2 d的肌总色素两指标分别提高0.91%和0.24%;吡啶甲酸铬可显著提高胴体瘦肉率4.92%(P<0.05)和眼肌面积5.32cm<'2>(P<0.05),同时显著降低背膘厚0.35cm(P<0.05).吡啶甲酸铬能显著提高育肥猪的日增重并明显降低料肉比,改善育肥猪的胴体品质,因此在育肥猪日粮中添加吡啶甲酸铬具有重要的现实意义.     

甜菜碱对不同阶段金华猪生长性能和胴体组成的影响

试验研究了不同生长阶段添加甜菜碱对金华猪生长性能及胴体肉品质的影响。结果表明,金华猪饲粮中添加甜菜碱1 250 mg/kg对生长期金华猪日增重、料重比没有影响;但可提高肥育期金华猪日增重12.42%~18.31%,料重比下降7.59%~10.76%;全期提高金华猪日增重6.26%~9.54%,料重比影响不大,差异均不显著(P0.05)。甜菜碱可提高金华猪胴体瘦肉率2.79%~3.15%(P0.05),降低3点平均背膘厚11.49%~13.35%(P0.05),对肉质没有影响。全程添加甜菜碱对提高金华猪瘦肉率、降低3点平均背膘厚的效果优于肥育期添加组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,综合考虑,在肥育阶段金华猪饲粮中添加甜菜碱1 250 mg/kg即可达到改善胴体品质较为理想的水平。     

甜菜碱对育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响

试验选用体重70 kg左右、日龄相近、体质良好的杜长大三元杂交猪45头,采用单因子随机设计,分为对照组、试验1、2、3、4组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂添加0、500、1000、1500、2000 mg/kg甜菜碱的日粮,试验期30 d,研究甜菜碱对肥育猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验2、3、4组日均采食量、日增重、屠宰率、瘦肉率、肉色评分、大理石评分显著提高(P<0.05),背膘厚度显著降低(P<0.05),试验1组各项指标有所改善,但效果不显著(P>0.05),本试验表明,饲料中添加甜菜碱可提高育肥猪生长性能,改善胴体品质和肉品质,其中添加1500、2000 mg/kg的甜菜碱效果较为理想。     

甜菜碱提高双低菜粕型生长肥育猪日粮有效能值的研究

通过饲养试验和屠宰试验,研究了甜菜碱作为能量调节剂在双低菜粕型生长肥育猪日粮中的作用效果。试验选用体重30kg左右杜长大商品猪80头,按体重、性别、出生日龄相对一致的原则随机分成5组,每组16头,公母各半,分单栏饲养。以玉米-豆粕日粮为正对照组,即试验1组(30～60kg阶段DE为13.91MJ/kg;60～100kg阶段DE为13.79MJ/kg),用不同比例的双低菜粕(30～60kg阶段:10%、12.5%;60～100kg阶段:15.5%、16%)等氮替代正对照组日粮中的豆粕,使日粮消化能值分别比正对照组降低418kJ/kg和627kJ/kg,从而形成负对照组1组(第2组)和负对照组2组(第4组),在2个负对照日粮中分别添加0.1%甜菜碱,形成第3组和第5组。体重达到100kg体重时每组随机选取4头猪(2公、2母)进行屠宰测定。试验结果表明,第2组、第4组与正对照组之间胴体背膘厚、瘦肉率没有显著差异(P>0.05),而第3组、第5组与第1组相比显著降低了胴体背膘厚(P<0.05);与能值降低418kJ/kg的组相比,降低背膘厚这种效果在能值降低627kJ/kg的组中更加明显。说明甜菜碱可以作为能量调节剂来改善双低菜粕型低能值日粮的应用效果。     

茶树油对育肥猪生长性能、器官指数、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加茶树油对育肥猪生长性能、器官指数、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。试验选用64头初重为(68.13±0.46)kg的健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交生长育肥猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加100、200和300 mg/kg茶树油的试验饲粮,预试期10 d,正试期56 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,200和300 mg/kg组末重和平均日增重显著增加(P0.05),100和200 mg/kg组料重比显著降低(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,200和300 mg/kg组肝脏指数显著增加(P0.05),300 mg/kg组肾脏指数显著增加(P0.05);3)与对照组相比,200 mg/kg组背最长肌红度值、p H24 h显著增加(P0.05),100和200 mg/kg组背最长肌剪切力显著降低(P0.05)、肌内脂肪含量显著增加(P0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加不同剂量的茶树油对育肥猪的生长性能、器官指数和肉品质有不同程度的影响,其中基础饲粮中添加200 mg/kg茶树油对育肥猪生长性能和肉质的改善效果较好。     

Influence of Betaine on Pasture,Finishing, and Carcass Performance in Steers

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental betaine on steer performance, fat deposition, and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1 (grazing phase), 80 steers (317 kg) were fed either 1.0 kg of a control supplement (30% CP) or 1.0 kg of the control supplement plus 20 g of betaine per head per day. Betaine supplementation had no effect on overall gain or fat deposition (P>0.10) but increased ADG (P<0.10) during d 46 to 90 (0.64 vs 0.72 kg; control vs betaine, respectively). The pasture groups remained intact and were moved to the feedlot for 141 d and fed a control diet or the control diet plus 20 g of betaine per head per day. Betaine had no overall effect on finishing gain (P>0.10); however, this response was variable by period. Betaine increased final fat thickness and fat thickness change (P<0.10), but did not affect marbling or longissimus area (P>0.10). Supplemental betaine on pasture increased feed intake, final BW, and hot carcass weight (P<0.05) and increased final fat thickness and fat thickness change (P<0.10) during the finishing phase. In Exp. 2, supplemental betaine (40 g/d) was fed to steers (averaging 584 kg) in 11 replications during the last week before harvest. The overall weighted average increase in dressing percentage when betaine was fed was +0.34% (P<0.05). There was no effect (P>0.10) on fat thickness or marbling. Season of year did not affect response.     

Changes in hormones, growth factor and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs fed betaine

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary betaine supplementation on carcass characteristics, hormones, growth factor and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs. Forty-eight crossbred barrows and gilts (Seghers × Seghers × Duroc) weighing about 55 kg were divided into two groups, each with three replicates of eight pigs (four barrows and four gilts) per replicate, and fed corn–soybean meal basal diets supplemented with 0 and 0.125% betaine for 42 days. At trial termination, two pigs (one barrow and one gilt) weighing about 90 kg were selected from each replicate and slaughtered for analyses. The results showed that betaine increased carcass lean percentage and longissimus muscle area by 5.19% (P < 0.01) and 17.85% (P < 0.01), respectively, and decreased carcass fat percentage and average backfat thickness by 13.07% (P < 0.01) and 10.30% (P < 0.05), respectively. Serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and insulin levels in pigs fed betaine were elevated by 45.61% (P < 0.01), 55.50% (P < 0.01), 57.95% (P < 0.01), 51.80% (P < 0.01) and 42.34% (P < 0.05), respectively. Fatty acid synthase activity in the 10th rib subcutaneous adipose tissue was decreased by 24.35% (P < 0.05) with betaine supplementation, whereas hormone-sensitive lipase activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, serum free fatty acids concentration in betaine-fed pigs was 25.75% higher compared to controls (P < 0.01). The study suggested that betaine could induce changes in hormones and growth factor in finishing pigs, and therefore could inhibit fat synthesis through reducing lipogenic enzymes activities and promote fat degradation by increasing hormone-sensitive lipase activity, with a resultant decrease in adipose tissue mass and improvement in carcass characteristics.     

Effects of betaine on growth, carcass characteristics, pork quality, and plasma metabolites of finishing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary betaine (0, 0.125, 0.250, or 0.500%) on growth, carcass traits, pork quality, plasma metabolites, and tissue betaine concentrations of cross-bred finishing pigs. Four replications of three pigs (two barrows and one gilt) each were used for each treatment. The basal diet contained 0.85 (69 to 88 kg BW) or 0.65% Lys (88 to 115 kg BW). Overall ADG and gain:feed were not affected (P > 0.10) by betaine, but overall ADFI was decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05; 0 vs betaine, P < 0.01) by betaine; pigs fed 0.250% betaine had the lowest ADFI. Loin muscle area, average back-fat, dressing percentage, percentage lean, total fat, lean:fat, and leaf fat weight were not affected (P > 0.10) by betaine. Tenth-rib backfat thickness was decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05; 0 vs betaine, P < 0.05); pigs fed 0.250% betaine had the lowest 10th-rib backfat thickness. Carcass length was increased (linear, P < 0.05; 0 vs betaine, P < 0.10) as the level of betaine was increased. Fat-free lean, lean gain per day, ham weight, ham fat-free lean, and ham percentage lean were increased (quadratic, P < 0.10), but percentage fat, total ham fat, percentage ham fat, and butt-fat thickness were decreased (quadratic, P < 0.10); these traits were respectively highest or lowest in pigs fed 0.250% betaine. Thaw loss and 24-h pH were increased (quadratic, P < 0.10; 0 vs betaine, P < 0.05) and cook loss was decreased (linear, P < 0.05) in pigs fed betaine. The CIE L* value for the biceps femoris was decreased (quadratic, P < 0.10; 0 vs betaine, P < 0.10); pigs fed 0.250% betaine had the lowest CIE L* value. Subjective color, firmness-wetness, marbling, percentage moisture and bound water of the loin muscle, and shear force were not affected (P > 0.10) by betaine. Betaine was not detectable (< 0.07 mg/g) in the loin muscle of pigs fed 0% betaine, but betaine was detectable and relatively constant in pigs fed 0.125, 0.250, or 0.500% betaine (0.22, 0.17, and 0.21 mg/g, respectively). Plasma urea N, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol concentrations were not affected (P > 0.10). Plasma total cholesterol (linear, P < 0.10) and NEFA (quadratic, P < 0.10) were increased in pigs fed betaine. Betaine improved carcass traits when provided at 0.250% of the diet and improved some aspects of pork quality.     

饲喂乳酸菌制剂对肥育猪生长性能、肉品质及风味物质含量的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加乳酸菌制剂对肥育猪生长性能、肉品质及风味物质含量的影响。选取平均体重为(55±2)kg的杜×长×大三元杂猪240头,随机分为3个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复20头试猪,公、母各半。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(玉米-豆粕型),2个试验组饲粮分别在基础饲粮中添加0.3%乳酸菌干粉和0.3%乳酸菌菌液,这2种制剂中乳酸菌含量均为1.2×10~9 CFU/g。试验期57 d,在饲养试验结束时,每个重复选择2头(1公1母)接近平均体重的试猪进行屠宰,测定胴体性状、肉品质和风味物质含量。结果表明:饲粮中添加乳酸菌干粉和乳酸菌菌液均对肥育猪的平均日增重、平均日采食量及耗料增重比无显著影响(P0.05),对肥育猪胴体直长、斜长、背膘厚、皮厚及眼肌面积也无显著影响(P0.05),对肌肉的肉色、大理石纹、pH、滴水损失率及剪切力无显著改善(P0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加乳酸菌菌液显著降低背最长肌中次黄嘌呤含量(P0.05),但2个试验组肌苷酸、谷氨酸和肌内脂肪均无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,饲喂乳酸菌制剂对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉质无显著影响,但可降低肌肉中次黄嘌呤含量,有利于改善猪肉的风味。     

甜菜碱对生长肥育猪体脂重分配的作用及机理研究

通过48头20～65　kg生长猪和60头60～95　kg肥育猪（Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire）饲养、屠宰试验和有关生化指标分析，探讨了甜菜碱对生长肥育猪皮下脂肪沉积、胴体脂肪率和肌内脂肪含量的影响及其作用机理。48头生长猪和60头肥育猪分别分成对照和试验2个处理组，每个处理含3个重复，生长猪和肥育猪的试验组分别饲喂含1000　mg／kg和1500　mg／kg甜菜碱的饲粮。结果表明添加甜菜碱，提高了生长猪的日增重13.20％（P＜0.05），降低了料重比7.93％（P＜0.05）；分别降低生长猪和肥育猪的背膘厚14.82％（P＜0.05）和14.93％（P＜0.05）、脂肪率5.76％（P＞0.05）和11.51％（P＜0.05）；分别提高背最长肌肌内粗脂肪含量36.00％（P＜0.05）和17.66％（P＜0.05）。血清生化指标分析表明甜菜碱分别提高生长猪和肥育猪脂肪酶活性10.49％（P＜0.05）和7.50％（P＝0.06），分别提高了血清游离脂肪酸含量20.16％（P＜0.05）和13.43％（P＜0.05），显示甜菜碱加强了猪体脂动员。进一步研究表明，饲喂甜菜碱的生长猪和肥育猪肝脏游离肉碱含量分别提高了20.68％（P＜0.05）和23.53％（P＜0.05），肥育猪背最长肌中酸不溶肉碱含量以及酸不溶肉碱和游离肉碱比例分别提高了48.59％（P＜0.01）和38.24％（P＜0.01），结果揭示甜菜碱似通过提供肉碱合成所必需的甲基以提高生长肥育猪肝脏游离肉碱的含量，促进长链脂肪酸进入肌肉线粒体进行β-氧化，在减少体脂（主要是皮下脂肪）同时，适度增加肌肉脂肪含量，从而发挥着重新分配体脂的作用。     

甜菜碱对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能和肌肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究甜菜碱对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能和肌肉品质的影响。选用400只1日龄雌性黄羽肉鸡,随机分成5组,每组8个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加125、250、500、1 000 mg/kg甜菜碱。试验期74 d。结果表明：1)饲粮中添加甜菜碱可显著降低皮下脂肪厚度和肌间脂肪宽度(线性,P<0.05),对屠宰率、全净膛率无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)饲粮中添加甜菜碱可显著降低胸肌24和48 h滴水损失(线性与二次,P<0.05),且各试验组的胸肌24和48 h滴水损失显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加甜菜碱可显著提高胸肌中不易流动水的峰面积比(线性,P<0.05),显著降低胸肌中不易流动水的出峰时间、自由水的出峰时间、结合水的峰面积和结合水的峰面积比(线性,P <0.05),且500、1 000 mg/kg甜菜碱添加组胸肌中自由水的出峰时间显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3)饲粮中添加甜菜碱可显著提高胸肌粗脂肪含量(线性,P<0.05),且1 000 mg/kg甜菜碱添加组胸肌中粗脂肪含量显著高...     

Synergistic effects of betaine and conjugated linoleic acid on the growth and carcass composition of growing Iberian pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of dietary betaine, CLA, or both as growth promotants and carcass modifiers in growing Iberian pigs. Twenty gilts (20 kg of BW) were individually penned and fed barley- and soybean meal-based diets (12% CP, 0.81% Lys, and 14.8 MJ of ME/kg of DM) containing either no added betaine or CLA (control), 0.5% betaine, 1% CLA, or 0.5% betaine + 1% CLA, at 95% of ad libitum energy intake. An additional group of 5 pigs was slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to obtain the initial body composition. At 30 kg of BW, a balance experiment was conducted. At 50 kg of BW, pigs were slaughtered and viscera was removed and weighed. Betaine or CLA alone did not affect growth performance. However, betaine + CLA increased ADG (601 vs. 558 g, P = 0.03) and gain relative to ME intake (25.4 vs. 22.2 g/MJ, P = 0.03) compared with control pigs. Digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy did not differ among diets (P = 0.46 to 0.75). Carcass protein, water, and lean deposition (g/d) increased (19.8, 24.2, and 23.4%, respectively, P < 0.01) in pigs fed betaine + CLA compared with control pigs. Similarly, protein deposition relative to ME intake increased by 28% in betaine + CLA-supplemented pigs (P < 0.05). Fat and mineral deposition did not differ among treatments. Carcass protein, water, and lean content (g/kg of carcass) of pigs fed betaine + CLA-supplemented diets tended to increase (P = 0.07 to 0.09) and carcass fat content tended to decrease (P = 0.09). Similarly, estimated composition of carcass gain was affected, such that water and lean content tended to increase (P = 0.06 to 0.08), whereas fat tended to decrease (P = 0.08) in pigs fed betaine + CLA-supplemented diets. Longissimus muscle area was not altered by treatments (P = 0.49). The liver of pigs fed betaine + CLA diets had increased weight (19%, P < 0.05) compared with control pigs. Overall, dietary supplementation of betaine + CLA increased ADG, protein, water, and lean deposition in growing Iberian gilts. There appears to be a synergistic action when betaine and CLA are used together.     

Impact of betaine on pig finishing performance and carcass composition

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of betaine supplementation of finishing diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of swine. Experiment 1 included 288 pigs in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of barrows and gilts of two genetic populations fed diets with 1.25 g/kg supplemental betaine from either 83 or 104 kg to 116 kg and control pigs fed betaine-devoid diets. Pigs were housed three pigs per pen with eight replicate pens per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based with 300 ppm added choline. Genetic populations differed (P < 0.05) in fat depth (2.24 vs 2.93 cm) and longissimus muscle depth (53.8 vs 49.1 mm) at 116 kg. Betaine reduced feed intake (P < 0.05); however, real-time ultrasound measurements were not affected. In Exp. 2, 400 pigs were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effect of sex (barrow or gilts), betaine (0 or 1 g/kg of diet), and crude protein (CP) (0.70% lysine = 12.7% CP or 0.85% lysine = 15.0% CP) when fed from 60 to 110 kg live weight. Pigs had been assigned to either a high- or low-protein feeding regimen at an average initial weight of 11.3 kg and were maintained on their respective protein levels throughout the experiment. For a 56-d period from 61.7 kg to 113.6 kg, pigs were fed diets with 300 ppm added choline. Within each protein level, pigs were randomly assigned to diets containing 0 or 1 g/kg betaine. Pigs were group-housed (four to five pigs per pen). Pig weight and feed intake were recorded every 28 d. Real-time ultrasound measurements were recorded initially and at d 28 on 64 pigs, and on all pigs prior to slaughter. Growth rate was fastest and feed intake greatest for barrows (P < 0.05) and for pigs receiving 12.7% crude protein. A crude protein x betaine interaction (P < 0.05) was observed from d 28 to 56 with pigs fed the 15% CP diet growing fastest when supplemented with 1 g/kg betaine, and pigs receiving the 12.7% CP diet growing fastest when the diets contained 0 g/kg betaine. Gilts more efficiently (P < 0.05) converted feed into body weight gain, as did pigs receiving the 12.7% CP diet (P < 0.05). Longissimus muscle area and fat measurements were unaffected by betaine or dietary protein on d 28. However, by d 56 betaine reduced average fat depth in barrows (P < 0.05; 3.21 vs 3.40 cm), but not in gilts. Betaine may be more effective at altering body composition in barrows than in gilts.     

饲粮中添加甜菜碱对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加甜菜碱对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响.选用体重(7.12±0.11)kg断奶后1周的“杜×长×大”仔猪160头,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮上添加600、900、1 200 mg/kg甜菜碱的试验饲粮.试验期28 d.结果表明,饲粮中添加甜菜碱能够显著提高仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P＜0.05),显著增加血清生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ的含量(P＜0.05).600mg/kg甜菜碱显著降低了血清尿素氮和低密度脂蛋白含量(P＜0.05).但饲粮中添加甜菜碱对血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白含量和代谢酶的活性无显著影响(P＞0.05).由此可见,饲粮中添加甜菜碱可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,促进蛋白质的沉积和脂肪代谢,其中以添加量600 mg/kg效果最好.     

Maternal grandsire,granddam, and sire breed effects on growth and carcass traits of crossbred cattle

Postweaning growth, feed efficiency, and carcass traits were analyzed on 1,422 animals obtained by mating F1 cows to F1 (Belgian Blue x British breeds) or Charolais sires. Cows were obtained from mating Hereford, Angus, and MARC IIIHereford, 1/4 Angus, 1/4 Pinzgauer, and 1/4 Red Poll) dams to Hereford or Angus (British breeds), Tuli, Boran, Brahman, or Belgian Blue sires. Breed groups were fed in replicated pens and slaughtered serially in each of 2 yr. Postweaning average daily gain; live weight; hot carcass weight; fat depth; longissimus area; estimated kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (percentage); percentage Choice; marbling score; USDA yield grade; retail product yield (percentage); retail product weight; fat yield (percentage); fat weight; bone yield (percentage); and bone weight were analyzed in this population. Quadratic regressions of pen mean weight on days fed and of cumulative ME consumption on days fed were used to estimate gain, ME consumption and efficiency (Mcal of ME/kg of gain) over time (0 to 200 d on feed), and weight (300 to 550 kg) intervals. Maternal grandsire breed was significant (P < 0.01) for all traits. Maternal granddam breed (Hereford, Angus, or MARC III)was significant (P < 0.05) only for fat depth, USDA yield grade, retail product yield, fat yield, fat weight, and bone yield. Sire breed was significant (P < 0.05) for live weight, hot carcass weight, longissimus area, and bone weight. Sex class was a significant (P < 0.001) source of variation for all traits except for percentage Choice, marbling score, retail product yield, and fat yield. Interactions between maternal grandsire and sire breed were nonexistent. Sire and grandsire breed effects can be optimized by selection and use of appropriate crossbreeding systems.