土壤重金属污染的植物修复与金属超富集植物及其遗传工程研究

本文综述了土壤重金属污染的植物修复、金属超富集植物及其遗传工程的最新研究进展及存在问题,并提出加紧筛选和发现野生高生物量的金属超富集植物,在现有高生物量作物种质资源中筛选金属超富集作物,应用遗传工程技术把野生植物的超富集基因转移到现有高生物量植物(作物)中,寻找综合、可持续的植物修复手段等对策。     

三峡库区消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析

三峡库区是我国重要的水源地, 研究库区水陆交错带消落区内土壤重金属污染程度并解析其来源,对水库的水环境和土壤环境具有重要意义。本研究采用地质累积指数, 对三峡库区消落区175 m 水位蓄水前12 个采样区表层68 个土样的土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As 和Cr 污染进行评价, 结果表明: 整个研究区不受Cr 污染, 研究区70%以上面积不受Pb、Cu 和Zn 污染; 研究区As 污染最严重, 其次为Cd 和Hg。利用因子分析法对这7 种重金属来源进行解析的结果表明, 库区消落区土壤重金属源可分为2 大类别:“自然因子”类别元素(Cr、Pb、Cu 和Zn)和“工业污染因子”类别元素(Hg、As 和Cd)。消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析可为消落区生态环境的综合治理提供参考。     

Honey as an indicator of heavy metal contamination

The potential use of honey as an indicator in mineral prospecting and environmental contamination studies has been investigated. Silver, Cd, Cu, and Pb levels are reported in honeys collected throughout the U.K. The elemental content of honeys was investigated in relation to that in the soils collected from within the foraging area. For samples collected over two seasons the following concentrations were found Ag <0.1 to 6.5 ng g^?1 (d.w.); Cd <0.3 to 300 ng g^?1; Cu 35 to 6510 ng g^?1; Pb <2 to 200 ng g^?1. Considerable spatial and seasonal fluctuations were apparent. No correlations were observed between honey and soil concentrations for either Cu or Pb. It is concluded that the low concentrations of heavy metals in honey and their inherent variability (due to differences in floral source, foraging range, entrapment of atmospheric particulates on the flower, etc.) detract from the reliable use of honey as a monitoring tool. The relative merits of honeybees, pollen and beeswax for environmental monitoring or biogeochemical prospecting studies are also briefly discussed.     

Magnetic signature and source identification of heavy metal contamination in urban soils of steel industrial city,Northeast China

Purpose

Identifying the spatial distribution and degree of heavy metal contamination in the soils is required for urban environmental management. Magnetic measurement provides a rapid means of determining spatial distribution and degree of soil pollution and identifying various anthropogenic sources of heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to characterize the magnetic signature of heavy metal contamination and identify the sources of heavy metals in urban soils from steel industrial city.

Materials and methods

A total of 115 urban topsoils from Anshan city, Northeast China, were collected and determined for magnetic properties and heavy metal concentration. Magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) were determined as proxy for ferrimagnetic mineral concentration. Magnetic minerals were identified by using Curie temperature, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The Pearson’ correlation and matrix cluster analyses were used to establish the relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations.

Results and discussion

Urban topsoils exhibit characteristic magnetic enhancement. The magnetic measurement in particle size fractions indicates that 50–2 μm fraction has the highest low-field magnetic susceptibility (χlf), while <2 μm has the highest frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (χfd) value. The soil χlf and SIRM values are significantly correlated with the contents of metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) and Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI), which indicates that χlf and SIRM could be served as better indicators for the pollution of heavy metals in the urban topsoil. Spatial distribution maps of χlf, SIRM, and PLI indicate that the pollution hotspots tend to associate with the regions within and close to steel industrial zones. XRD and Curie temperature analyses indicate that the main magnetic minerals of urban topsoils are magnetite (Fe₃O₄), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), and metallic iron. Magnetic minerals mostly occur in the pseudo-single-domain/multidomain (PSD/MD) grain size range, which is the dominant contributor to the magnetic enhancement of topsoils. SEM observation reveals that magnetic particles in soils exist in irregular-shaped particles and spherule. Results reveal that heavy metals from industrially derived and traffic emissions coexist with coarse-grained magnetic phases.

Conclusions

It is concluded that the magnetic measurement could be regarded as a proxy tool to detect the level of heavy metal pollution and identify the source of heavy metals in urban soils. Magnetic properties provide a fast and inexpensive method to map the spatial distribution of long-term pollution from steel industrial origin on region scale.

     

A study of heavy metal contamination in the Rhondda Fawr,South Wales

Analysis of vegetation and soils of the Rhondda Fawr, South Wales, shows that there is contamination by the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni throughout the valley, in particular within the urban development area. It is suggested that this contamination occurs mainly by aerial deposition, and that in the case of Pb, Cd and Ni the motor vehicle is the primary source. A correlation between the average heavy metal load of the soil of the urban strip, the urban strip width, and traffic frequency is established. Levels of heavy metals in soils and grasses within rural areas of the valley could be high enough to affect N mineralization in the soil, and could also have adverse effects upon grazing animals.     

中国太原市农业土壤的重金属污染状况

To evaluate the current state of the environmental quality of agricultural soils in Taiyuan City, a hotspot for China’s industrial development, the concentrations of 8 heavy metals in soils were investigated by means of extensive sampling in farmlands, forestlands, and grasslands in the city. Statistical analyses and spatial distribution maps were used to identify the most significant heavy metal pollutants. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr were slightly higher than their background values in Taiyuan’s topsoil, but were lower than the maximum permissible concentrations in the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for agricultural soils. Farmland soils in Taiyuan had the highest average Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cr concentrations, but the As and Ni concentrations did not differ significantly among the farmland, forestland, and grasslands. Soil contamination by Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cr was mainly derived from farming practices, especially the use of sewage water for irrigation. In contrast, As and Ni might derive mainly from the soil parent material. The identification of heavy metal sources in agricultural soils may provide a basis for taking appropriate action to protect soil quality.     

中国设施土壤重金属累积特征与污染阻控技术研究进展

长期集约化耕作导致中国设施土壤重金属累积和面源污染风险增加的状况已引起广泛关注。该研究总结了中国设施土壤重金属累积状况及其来源,发现长期盲目投入肥料及农药是引发设施菜田土壤重金属累积问题的主要原因。目前,设施土壤重金属累积呈现出广泛性和中轻度污染特征,其中镉是主要的污染元素。遵循面源污染治理中“源头预控-过程阻断-末端修复”原则,基于国内外文献综述,该文总结归纳出适用于设施土壤重金属累积特征与污染的联合阻控技术及作用机制。首先在灌溉和肥药投入等源头环节减少重金属输入;其次在作物种植过程中,通过选用重金属低积累特性的蔬菜种类或品种,结合水肥一体化施用大分子有机水溶性肥料或叶面喷施具有阻控重金属作用的营养型阻控剂,抑制作物吸收重金属;最后在末端修复环节,利用具有多元功能的土壤改良剂或微生物菌剂进行土壤钝化修复,或采用具有超重金属富集能力且能提高设施土壤生物多样性的植物作为填闲作物,实现生物修复的目标。该联合阻控技术的原则在于协同考虑污染防治、土壤改良、减肥增效等农学和环境目标,集成土壤修复与改良、水肥一体化、填闲作物栽培等技术,并兼顾设施土壤重金属污染修复工程所面临的投入品成本较高、经济效益不明显、缺失可持续改良导致效果不稳定等问题,优推能够钝化重金属并改良土壤的多功能土壤改良剂以及具有阻控重金属吸收、提高作物抗逆性的多功能有机水溶性肥料。上述措施能解决设施土壤普遍存在的重金属累积问题,提升土壤的安全生产能力,可为设施农业可持续发展提供更有效的技术支撑。     

丛枝菌根真菌在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用

菌根是真菌与植物根系所建立的互惠共生体,其中以丛枝菌根(AM)真菌在自然界中分布最广。在重金属污染条件下,AM真菌可以减轻重金属对植物的毒害,影响植物对重金属的吸收和转运,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中显示出极大的应用潜力。文章通过讨论菌根植物对重金属修复的作用机制,提出菌根技术在重金属植物修复中应在通过广泛调查、筛选超积累植物的基础上,不断探索植物-菌根体系修复问题,以促进重金属污染土壤的生物修复。     

海南岛河流底泥肥力和重金属污染特征及其风险评价

特征分析及其评价是底泥资源化利用的重要前提,为了解海南岛热带玄武岩地区河流底泥特征及其资源化利用的可能性,选取典型河段塘柳塘为研究对象,采用典型断面布点采样法,对52个底泥样本的重金属和肥力进行检测和评价.结果表明:1)参照第2次全国土壤普查土壤养分分级指标,底泥中全氮质量分数指标达到Ⅰ级水平,全磷、全钾和有机质质量分数均为Ⅱ级水平,阳离子交换量达到Ⅳ级水平;各肥力指标的灰色关联度指数均大于对照区,说明河流底泥养分较为良好.2)采用HJ 332-2006《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》,评价底泥重金属污染状况,主要污染物Cd超标率为65.4％,超标幅度为14％;Hg超标率为59.6％,超标幅度为11％.3)地累积指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果显示,该河段底泥中主要污染物为Cd和Hg,河段整体达到中度污染水平.4)潜在生态风险指数评价表明,Hg是最主要的潜在生态风险因子,河段整体达到“轻微生态危害”等级.该研究在海南省南渡江土地整治重大工程中,为疏浚底泥生态改造与土壤资源化利用,提供科学依据和技术支撑.     

华南大宝山矿周边土壤和大豆的重金属污染

Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni in soybean (Glycine max L.) grown near the Dabaoshan Mine were investigated, and their potential risk to the health of inhabitants was estimated. In the Fandong (FD) and Zhongxin (ZX) villages, which are near the Dabaoshan mineral deposit, concentrations of Pb (0.34 mg kg^-1 for FD), Cd (0.23 mg kg^-1 for ZX) and Cr (1.14 and 1.75 mg kg^-1 for FD and ZX, respectively) in the seeds of soybean exceeded the tolerance limit set by Chinese standards. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) from consumption of soybean seeds for FD inhabitants were 0.570, 0.170, 38.550, 142.400, 1.910 and 14.530 μg d^-1 kg^-1 boby weight for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni, respectively. Our results indicate that soybeans grown in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine accumulate some metals, and the seeds pose a potential health risk to the local inhabitants.     

从沉积物中分离重金属不同提取方法的比较

Three extraction methods, ultrasonic assisted extraction (USE), microwave assisted extraction (MSE), and conventional single extraction (CSE), in conjunction with the modified three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure (SEP) were applied to examine the contents of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn from lake sediment samples, to know whether these techniques can reduce extraction time and improve reproducibility. The SEP and developed alternative single extraction methods were validated by the analysis of certified reference material BCR 601. By the use of optimized sonication and microwave conditions, steps 1, 2 and 3 of the BCR sequential extraction methods (excluding the hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3, which was not performed with sonication and microwave) could be completed in 15-30 min and 60- 150 s, respectively. The recoveries of total extractable metal contents in BCR 601, obtained by three single extractions ranged from 93.3%-102%, 88.9%-104% and 81.2%-96.2% for CSE, USE and MSE, respectively. The precision of the single extraction methods was found in the range of 3.7%-9.4% for all metals (n = 6).     

海南省农产品重金属污染评价与特征分析

采用单项与综合污染指数法,以海南省农产品为研究对象,开展了农产品中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As、Cr和Hg含量的抽样调查分析与评价。结果表明,全省农产品中重金属的平均含量均低于食品中规定的限值,各重金属的单项与综合污染指数均≤1,综合污染指数为0.57;全省农产品未受重金属污染,属于安全水平,适宜发展无公害农产品。同时发现,个别监测点的农产品中重金属含量有超标现象,新鲜水果中个别样品Pb、Cd、Hg超标,超标率在2.17%～10.87%之间;豆类蔬菜中个别样品Ni超标,超标率为9.09%;瓜果类蔬菜中个别样品Pb、Cd超标,超标率为12.24%～24.49%;叶菜蔬菜中个别样品Pb超标,超标率为6.67%;谷物中个别样品Pb、Cd、As超标,超标率在2.11%～7.37%之间。农产品中重金属含量间多呈正相关,其中Zn与Ni、As与Hg之间差异达到极显著水平,Cu与Zn、Cu与As、Cu与Hg、Zn与As、Zn与Hg、Cd与As、Cd与Cr、Cd与Hg、Ni与As、Ni与Hg、As与Cr之间差异达到显著水平。结合主成分分析结果,推测Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Hg含量主要受农业生产和人类活动的影响,而Cr、Pb和Cd含量受土壤母质的影响比较大。     

重金属Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb复合污染对土壤生物活性的影响

通过野外土样采集及室内培养试验(25℃),研究了云南东川铜矿区土壤酶和微生物特征,以及模拟重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,矿区土壤(距矿口0~800 m)重金属污染严重,Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu全量和有效含量是对照土壤(距矿口10 000 m)的3.7~141.0倍和2.2~773.2倍;距矿口越近,土壤有机质、有效氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及土壤pH亦越低,土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳和氮受到的抑制程度也显著增强。与对照土壤相比,距矿口0~800 m的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性分别降低25.5%~47.3%、22.6%~74.2%、30.9%~83.1%、16.7%~69.1%和34.6%~92.3%;细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别较对照下降30.5%~80.1%、8.1%~49.9%和3.3%~8.3%。土壤酶中的酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,土壤微生物中的细菌对重金属污染较为敏感。恒温(25℃)培养试验中,低量的Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染刺激了土壤酶活性和细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量碳和氮的数量,但高量的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染使土壤酶活性、细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量碳和氮均显著下降。重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb之间存在着一定的协同或拮抗作用,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb之间在微生物生物量碳和氮上表现出明显的协同效应,Pb与Cd、Zn、Cu对细菌数量的复合效应机制为拮抗效应,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb对真菌数量和放线菌数量的复合效应机制表现为协同效应和拮抗效应并存。     

利用高光谱遥感技术监测小麦土壤重金属污染

为了探讨基于小麦叶片高光谱间接估测土壤重金属含量的潜力,该研究以江苏省宜兴市徐舍镇为研究区域,于2019－2020年采集农田土壤样品和小麦叶片光谱,经7种不同的光谱变换预处理后,以遗传算法（genetic algorithm,GA）优化的偏最小二乘回归算法（partial least squares regression,PLSR）对预处理后的光谱建立土壤重金属镉（Cd）和砷（As）含量的估测模型,并对模型结果进行精度评价。研究结果表明：1）光谱预处理技术能够突出光谱中的一些隐藏信息,对小麦叶片光谱进行微分变换、多元散射校正、标准正态变换等数学变换后更加有利于提取光谱敏感信息。2）GA-PLSR相较于一般的PLSR方法提高了模型精度,将GA用于光谱波段选择可以优化模型精度和提高稳定性。3）土壤Cd含量的最佳估测模型为标准正态变换预处理光谱与GA-PLSR结合,其外部验证的决定系数为0.87、均方根误差为0.04 mg/kg、相对分析误差为2.72;土壤As含量的最佳估测模型为多元散射校正预处理光谱与GA-PLSR结合,其外部验证的决定系数为0.91、均方根误差为0.32 mg/kg,相对分析误差为3.25。因此,能够利用小麦叶片高光谱间接估测土壤重金属Cd和As含量,该研究为将来实现定量、动态、无损遥感监测大面积农田土壤重金属污染状况提供参考依据。     

广东大宝山矿区土壤重金属污染

Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.     

海南省南渡江新坡河塘底泥养分状况及重金属污染评价

南渡江流域新坡河塘疏浚底泥的利用方向规划为农田土地整治工程中耕作层的替代土,用来发展蔬菜种植业。为了探清该流域河塘疏浚底泥的养分水平及重金属污染状况,综合考虑河塘的形态、水域面积、断面特征、流速、底泥沉积量采取典型断面布设和网格法布点,将所调查的河塘分为上游和下游,共采集0～40cm深的底泥样品78个。通过室内底泥样品成分检测、养分灰色关联度评价、内梅罗综合污染评价、GIS空间分析等方法,分析和评价了河塘底泥的养分特征、肥力水平、重金属的含量、污染程度及空间格局分布特征,掌握了该流域底泥的养分条件、底泥重金属污染状况及底泥农业利用的风险。结果表明:1)底泥的全氮、全磷、全钾及有机质含量呈现空间异质性,下游的全氮、全磷均值含量较上游分别高出32.45%、11.88%,而下游的全钾、有机质均值含量较上游分别低14.64%、14.62%,上游段底泥养分数据的变异系数普遍高于下游段,底泥养分异质性是由河流流速、周边的自然环境及人为耕作活动造成。底泥中的全氮、全磷、有机质等养分指标达到1级(丰)水平,统计分析全钾含量为5级(缺)水平;整个河塘底泥养分要高于对照点,为底泥的农业土地利用提供了有利条件。2)底泥重金属污染物主要为Cd和Cu,其次为和Cr和Ni,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni样品单因素污染超标率分别为76.92%、47.44%、56.41%、23.07%,且超标幅度分别为58.45%、104.58%、6.06%、68.48%;底泥重金属污染是因基性火山岩为成土母质,背景值偏高,土壤重金属被酸雨淋溶出,并随地表径流汇集在河塘中,造成了底泥的重金属超标。内梅罗综合污染指数评价可知河塘底泥是以轻微污染和中度污染为主,分别占样品数的46.15%、28.21%;底泥污染状况具有明显的空间异质性,轻微污染水平(3级)和中度污染水平(4级)的区域面积分别为62.05%、25.80%,以中、轻微污染水平的区域为主。河塘下游水面宽阔,流速减慢,造成底泥沉积量增加,污染加重及污染空间分布异质性强。应该根据底泥的污染等级及养分条件综合决定其农业土地利用。     

Characteristic of nutrients and evaluation of heavy metal contamination on sediments among Xinpo pond,Nandu river in Hainan province

南渡江流域新坡河塘疏浚底泥的利用方向规划为农田土地整治工程中耕作层的替代土,用来发展蔬菜种植业。为了探清该流域河塘疏浚底泥的养分水平及重金属污染状况,综合考虑河塘的形态、水域面积、断面特征、流速、底泥沉积量采取典型断面布设和网格法布点,将所调查的河塘分为上游和下游,共采集0～40 cm深的底泥样品78个。通过室内底泥样品成分检测、养分灰色关联度评价、内梅罗综合污染评价、GIS空间分析等方法,分析和评价了河塘底泥的养分特征、肥力水平、重金属的含量、污染程度及空间格局分布特征,掌握了该流域底泥的养分条件、底泥重金属污染状况及底泥农业利用的风险。结果表明：1）底泥的全氮、全磷、全钾及有机质含量呈现空间异质性,下游的全氮、全磷均值含量较上游分别高出32.45%、11.88%,而下游的全钾、有机质均值含量较上游分别低14.64%、14.62%,上游段底泥养分数据的变异系数普遍高于下游段,底泥养分异质性是由河流流速、周边的自然环境及人为耕作活动造成。底泥中的全氮、全磷、有机质等养分指标达到1级（丰）水平,统计分析全钾含量为5级（缺）水平;整个河塘底泥养分要高于对照点,为底泥的农业土地利用提供了有利条件。2）底泥重金属污染物主要为Cd和Cu,其次为和Cr和Ni,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni样品单因素污染超标率分别为76.92%、47.44%、56.41%、23.07%,且超标幅度分别为58.45%、104.58%、6.06%、68.48%;底泥重金属污染是因基性火山岩为成土母质,背景值偏高,土壤重金属被酸雨淋溶出,并随地表径流汇集在河塘中,造成了底泥的重金属超标。内梅罗综合污染指数评价可知河塘底泥是以轻微污染和中度污染为主,分别占样品数的46.15%、28.21%;底泥污染状况具有明显的空间异质性,轻微污染水平（3级）和中度污染水平（4级）的区域面积分别为62.05%、25.80%,以中、轻微污染水平的区域为主。河塘下游水面宽阔,流速减慢,造成底泥沉积量增加,污染加重及污染空间分布异质性强。应该根据底泥的污染等级及养分条件综合决定其农业土地利用。     

Heavy metal contamination of urban topsoils in a typical region of Loess Plateau,China

Purpose

Heavy metals pollution of city soil has become a serious environmental issue. Attention has been given to the issue of soil contamination in big cities, but little research has been done in the Loess Plateau, which is the largest loess deposition area in the world. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of topsoil.

Materials and methods

Forty soil samples were collected from different districts and sieved through nylon sieves. The coarse particles (2 mm) were used to determine pH and electrical conductivity using a suspension of 1:5 soil to deionized water. The fine particles (150 μm) were used to determine soil organic matter and selected heavy metals. Metals were measured in digested solutions by a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Results and discussion

The mean concentrations of heavy metals in urban soils in the study area are significantly lower than the mean concentrations across China. The integrated pollution index was determined to be 1.13, indicating moderate pollution. Weathering of parent material, the use of pesticide and fertilizer, discharge of waste from traffic, wastes from commodities and industry, and coal combustion are considered to be the main sources of heavy metal pollution in the study area.

Conclusions

The results indicate that, at least in the study area, land use greatly influences the soil quality and heavy metal contents in urban topsoils. Soil backfill may change heavy metal contents to some extent. Deep digging and backfill can be effectively used for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and sediments.     

Unpaved road erosion after heavy storms in mountain areas of northern China

More frequent extreme rainfall events associated with global climate change cause greater challenges for soil conservation. Severe erosion occurs on many unpaved roads since these structures create important water flow paths during heavy storms. The present research aimed to investigate the intensity and influencing factors of unpaved road erosion under varied land use and management conditions (sloping cropland, terraced cropland, forest & grass). The erosion occurred in the watersheds contributing runoff water to roads after the greatest rainfall event recorded in the mountain area of northern China caused by Typhon Lekima. The research was conducted in an agricultural-forest-dominated watershed based on field investigation and UAV-based image analysis. A road erosion level classification standard was given according to the occurrence of rills, ephemeral gullies, and gullies. Significant erosion happened on 67% of the unpaved roads; 42% of them suffered moderate to severe erosion in which ephemeral gullies or gullies developed. The average erosion amount from these roads was 2280.75 t ha^-1 and was significantly influenced by the watershed land use type and management. The dominant factor governing unpaved road erosion associated with terraced cropland was vegetation coverage on roads. Drainage area was the most important factor for road erosion in sloping cropland and forest & grass land, and road gradient was also a critical factor. Terraces, and forest & grass in drainage areas significantly reduced unpaved road erosion by 85% and, 47%, respectively, compared to sloping cropland. More integrated measures should be used to prevent unpaved road erosion. The results of this research can be applied to road protection against erosion in heavy storms.