Nitrous oxide emissions from a rainfed-cultivated black soil in Northeast China: effect of fertilization and maize crop

Nitrous oxide emission (N₂O) from applied fertilizer across the different agricultural landscapes especially those of rainfed area is extremely variable (both spatially and temporally), thus posing the greatest challenge to researchers, modelers, and policy makers to accurately predict N₂O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions from a rainfed, maize-planted, black soil (Udic Mollisols) were monitored in the Harbin State Key Agroecological Experimental Station (Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China). The four treatments were: a bare soil amended with no N (C0) or with 225?kg?N ha^?1 (CN), and maize (Zea mays L.)-planted soils fertilized with no N (P0) or with 225?kg?N ha^?1 (PN). Nitrous oxide emissions significantly (P?<?0.05) increased from 141?±?5?g N₂O-N?ha^?1 (C0) to 570?±?33?g N₂O-N?ha^?1 (CN) in unplanted soil, and from 209?±?29?g N₂O-N?ha^?1 (P0) to 884?±?45?g N₂O-N?ha^?1 (PN) in planted soil. Approximately 75?% of N₂O emissions were from fertilizer N applied and the emission factor (EF) of applied fertilizer N as N₂O in unplanted and planted soils was 0.19 and 0.30?%, respectively. The presence of maize crop significantly (P?<?0.05) increased the N₂O emission by 55?% in the N-fertilized soil but not in the N-unfertilized soil. There was a significant (P?<?0.05) interaction effect of fertilization?×?maize on N₂O emissions. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature (P?<?0.05), with the temperature sensitivity of 1.73–2.24, which together explained 62–76?% of seasonal variation in N₂O fluxes. Our results demonstrated that N₂O emissions from rainfed arable black soils in Northeast China primarily depended on the application of fertilizer N; however, the EF of fertilizer N as N₂O was low, probably due to low precipitation and soil moisture.     

东北黑土区长期不同种植模式下土壤碳氮特征评价

土壤碳氮是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,阐明农田管理措施对土壤碳氮特征的综合影响,可为农田地力培育和土地可持续利用提供理论与技术支撑。该研究借助在吉林公主岭建立的长期定位试验,选择休闲处理与增施有机肥条件下的玉米连作、玉米-大豆轮作、大豆连作等处理,系统评价了种植模式对土壤不同形态碳氮的影响及其相互关系。经过21 a的增施有机肥,玉米连作、玉米-大豆轮作、大豆连作3个处理的耕层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮和有效氮比休闲处理分别提高23.5%~46.8%、4.9%~64.3%和35.4%~121.9%,其中以玉米连作处理最高(P0.05);有机碳与全氮、有效氮呈极显著的相关关系(P0.01),表明较高的有机碳会促进氮素有效性。玉米连作处理的耕层土壤微生物量碳分别比玉米-大豆轮作和大豆连作处理高23.1%和41.4%,而土壤微生物量氮则分别高37.8%和135.3%,差异显著(P0.05)。玉米连作处理下耕层2 000μm、≥250~2 000μm、≥53~250μm以及53μm的土壤团聚体结合有机碳均为最高(P0.05)。此外,玉米连作处理的高活性有机碳组分显著(P0.05)高于其他处理,其化学活性指数也显著(P0.05)高于玉米-大豆轮作处理,表明玉米连作处理下的土壤有机碳对外界环境变化较为敏感。上述研究表明,在施用有机肥的条件下,长期玉米连作可提高土壤有机碳质量分数,促进土壤氮素有效性,但应配合采用合理的耕种措施,以降低有机碳分解风险。     

黑土区农田氮磷淋溶消减措施

黑土是我国重要的土壤资源,承载了全国50%以上的玉米产量。但过量的化肥施入和不合理的农业管理造成黑土土壤氮磷大量残留,氮磷淋溶风险增强。相关研究表明,尽管黑土区旱地农田氮磷淋溶损失相对较低,肥料残留效应仍致使其潜在淋溶风险增强。因此,本研究综合分析了环境因子和农业管理措施对黑土区农田氮磷淋溶特征的影响规律,明确了黑土氮磷淋溶消减措施,并针对玉米农田和蔬菜地提出消减策略。具体结果如下:施肥和降水是影响黑土农田氮磷淋溶的重要因素,灌溉是影响蔬菜地氮磷淋溶的关键农田管理措施;按需施肥、有机无机配施、避免雨热同期追肥、节水灌溉、免耕秸秆覆盖、不同作物轮作和添加生物炭等均是适合于当地气候和土壤条件的氮磷淋溶阻控措施。建议玉米农田采用一次性基肥施入,有机肥占比50%～70%,采用免耕秸秆覆盖技术;蔬菜地在常规施肥和灌溉频次下分别降低20%的施肥量和灌溉量,推荐蔬菜秋季收获后秸秆粉碎深埋等管理措施。本研究明确了黑土区农田氮磷淋溶消减策略,有助于实现黑土区农业绿色可持续发展和绿色生态环境的构建。     

东北黑土区耕地系统变化机理

耕地系统变化直接影响耕地生产能力和国家粮食安全.该研究以东北黑土区典型地域克山县为研究区,重构耕地系统的科学内涵,运用GIS、RS手段和Matlab计算机编程,采用地理探测器模型,识别研究区1986年、2010年和2018年耕地系统变化关键影响因子,测算关键影响因子、各因子间交互作用对耕地系统变化的作用关系,揭示研究区...     

东北典型黑土区耕地质量时空变化研究

为揭示东北典型黑土区耕地质量时空变化特征,本研究遵循《耕地质量等级》(GB/T 33469—2016)国家标准,在利用特尔菲法选取16个评价指标、层次分析法确定评价指标权重的基础上,建立了东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价指标体系,借助ArcGIS软件对研究区2008年和2018年耕地质量进行同一指标体系和同一分级标准的耕地质量评价,旨在掌握研究区10年间的耕地质量时空变化特征,探究耕地质量变化原因。结果表明:东北典型黑土区耕地质量2008年以中低等地为主,平均耕地质量等级为5.14, 2018年以中高等地为主,平均耕地质量等级为3.92, 10年间东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级提升了1.22个等级;其中, 1～4等地面积均有增加,5～10等地面积均减少,10年间研究区评价单元耕地质量等级提升最多为8个等级,下降最多为7个等级,耕地质量等级提升的评价单元总面积是等级下降评价单元总面积的3.5倍。10年间东北典型黑土区的中西部和西北部耕地质量上升较为明显,而其南部和东北部质量下降的耕地分布较多。本研究规范了研究区耕地质量时空对比分析的依据,合理揭示了其时空变化特征,为该区域今后耕地质量提升工作指明了方向,对今后进一步可持续利用和管理黑土地具有积极意义。     

氮素有机替代对东北黑土区土壤微生物碳磷资源限制的影响

  【目的】  土壤微生物数量和结构普遍受到碳 (C),氮 (N)、磷 (P)等养分有效性的影响,研究不同施肥措施对东北黑土区土壤理化性质、微生物量和酶活性的影响,深入了解土壤微生物养分资源限制状况及其变化规律,为提高土壤生物肥力提供理论依据。  【方法】  试验设在黑龙江省哈尔滨市,土壤类型为黑土,种植制度为玉米单作。试验开始于2019年,共设9个处理:不施肥 (CK)、习惯施肥 (FP)、推荐施肥 (OPT)、推荐施肥不施氮 (–N);有机氮替代推荐施氮量的10% (M1)、20% (M2)、30% (M3)、40% (M4) 和50% (M5)。玉米收获后,采集0—20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤含水量、pH、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮、微生物量碳、微生物量氮和4种土壤酶 (酸性磷酸酶、β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶) 活性。  【结果】  与OPT处理相比,有机氮替代化肥氮处理提高了土壤速效养分含量 (可溶性有机碳、有效磷、速效钾) 和微生物量 (微生物量碳、微生物量氮),其中可溶性有机碳、有效磷和速效钾的含量随替代比例的增加分别增加了15.5%～46.6%、1.4%～18.5%和2.4%～18.8%;MBC和MBN的含量随有机替代比例的增加分别增加了1.4%～19.9%和0.04%～22.7%。PCA分析显示出CK、化肥处理 (FP、OPT、–N) 和有机氮替代化肥氮处理 (M1、M2、M3、M4、M5) 下的土壤酶活性具有显著差异;RDA分析进一步表明有效磷 (F = 14.1,P = 0.002) 是影响酶活性变化的主要理化因子,解释了不同处理间酶活性差异的36.1%。酶化学计量散点图显示出试验点的土壤微生物均受到磷的限制,FP处理下的土壤微生物还受到碳的限制。此外,与CK相比,有机氮替代化肥氮显著提高了β-D-葡萄糖苷酶与酸性磷酸酶的比值,但是矢量角度在不同有机替代处理间并无显著差异。  【结论】  在本试验区中,未施肥处理下土壤微生物受到碳和磷的共同限制,习惯施肥和优化施肥均会加剧微生物的碳限制。有机氮替代化肥氮可以显著提高土壤的养分含量与生物肥力,解除土壤微生物的碳限制,并显著减轻土壤微生物的磷限制。但是磷限制的减轻效果并未随有机氮替代化肥氮比例的增加而显著增加,考虑到有机肥养分释放较为缓慢,具体的有机替代比例还需开展长期试验。     

东北黑土区旱作农田土壤CO2排放规律

为研究农田土壤CO2排放规律,调控农田碳平衡,通过对东北黑土区旱作农田土壤CO2排放的定位连续观测,研究了玉米、大豆农田土壤CO2排放的季节变化规律;并估算了农田碳平衡。结果表明:1)农田土壤CO2排放通量随季节呈单峰曲线变化,7月份出现最大值;秸秆覆盖还田明显增加了农田土壤CO2排放;玉米或大豆生长发育对土壤CO2排放影响较小。2)地温的季节变化与土壤CO2排放通量季节变化规律一致,用指数方程和二次方程均可很好地模拟土壤CO2排放通量与地温之间的关系,但指数方程优于二次方程,以20cm土层地温的相关性最高,5cm土层地温的相关性最低。3)玉米、大豆农田在通常情况下为大气CO2的"汇",玉米-玉米-大豆轮作周期(3a)的碳汇年平均为4.53t/hm2,该碳汇可为固碳减排提供参考。     

长期不同施肥黑土碳氮库的组分特征

土壤有机质因组成和稳定机制等差异,具有很大的分解异质性,研究其分组特征,对于了解土壤有机质的质量具有十分重要的意义。本文利用物理分组法,对于土壤有机质组分性质影响少的优点,比较了长期不同施肥黑土不同组分碳氮库的数量变化。结果发现,23年后化肥(NPK)处理和化肥配施秸秆(NPKS)处理土壤有机碳、全氮含量波动不大。化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)处理土壤有机碳、全氮含量显著增加(P0.01)。进一步碳氮分组发现,有机无机配施(NPKS和NPKM)显著降低了有机质与矿质结合组分(150μm MF)的含量;NPKM处理显著增加了黑土粗有机质组分(150μm MOM)的比例。将大于150μm组分中有机质与矿质结合部分去除作为易分解库,剩余组分作为耐分解库,比较3种处理发现,与NPK处理相比,NPKS和NPKM处理易分解有机碳比例增加0.9和5.9个百分点;耐分解有机碳比例分别为下降14.2和18.8个百分点。易分解有机氮比例增加1.8和9.9个百分点;耐分解有机氮下降2.7和5.3个百分点。上述研究表明,NPKS和NPKM可以改善黑土土壤有机氮和土壤有机碳的数量和品质,且NPKM的效果显著优于NPKS处理。     

长期有机培肥模式下黑土碳与氮变化及氮素矿化特征

土壤氮的矿化是土壤氮素肥力的重要指标,是影响作物产量至关重要的因素。本研究依托黑土长期定位试验,通过取样分析研究了32 a不同培肥模式下黑土碳、 氮及主要活性组分的变化,采用淹水培养法研究了不同施肥模式下黑土氮素的矿化特征。结果表明,施肥显著提高黑土可溶性碳（DOC）、 氮（DON）的含量及其比例。在氮、 磷、 钾化肥的基础上配施有机肥,显著降低了土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）占土壤总氮的比例,提高了土壤微生物量的C/N比值（SMBC/SMBN）,促进了土壤氮的生物固持。施肥32 a后,单施常量和高量有机肥处理的土壤氮的矿化量（Nt）显著提高,分别相当于不施肥的8.2倍和10.2倍,而单施氮或氮磷钾化肥对黑土氮素矿化量无明显影响。施用有机肥显著提高了土壤氮素的矿化率（Nt/TN）,但有机肥配施化肥（氮或氮磷钾）的处理与单施有机肥相比,黑土氮的矿化率显著降低,降低幅度分别为23.5%~32.1% 和14.1%~17.8%。土壤氮素矿化量与土壤有机质、 全氮储量、 活性碳、 氮组分均呈极显著线性相关,但氮素的矿化率随着有机质和全氮含量的提高而提高至0.4% 后基本稳定。表明尽管土壤氮的矿化与有机质的含量直接相关,但土壤有机质的品质同样决定着土壤氮素的矿化能力。施有机氮是提高土壤供氮能力的重要途径。     

我国东北黑土区耕地施肥和玉米产量的变化特征

根据1988～2006年东北黑土地区12个土壤肥力监测点的结果,统计分析了黑土区耕地施肥量、施肥结构和玉米产量的变化,阐明了黑土区19年玉米产量的演变趋势及施肥效果,为黑土持续利用提供理论依据.结果表明,常规施肥条件下耕作19年后,黑土区肥料总施用量(氮磷钾养分量)明显下降,从1988年的年均500 kg/hm~2下降到2006年的91 kg/hm~2.其中有机肥总养分量下降更明显,从1988年的269 kg/hm~2降至2006年的零投入;化肥总养分多年施用量变化不明显,年平均为247 kg/hm~2.不同监测点不施肥的玉米产量(基础地力)有较大的差异,基础地力高的土壤其相应的玉米施肥处理产量也较高,二者呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01).1988～1996年,黑土地区玉米增产率呈增加趋势,而基础地力贡献率由1988年的79%下降到1996年的42%;1997后变化不大,基础地力贡献率平均为63%.东北黑土地区较高的基础地力保证了玉米的高产和稳产,而施肥量的减少,特别是有机肥用量的减少降低了施肥的增产效果.     

长期有机无机肥配施对东北黑土真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】分析长期有机无机肥配施对土壤真菌丰度、多样性及其群落特征的影响,探讨东北黑土真菌群落变化与施肥的相关性,为进一步调节土壤微生物结构,改善其生态功能提供参考依据。【方法】依托黑龙江省农业科学院36年长期定位试验站,选取4个不同施肥处理:不施肥处理（CK）、有机肥处理（M）、氮磷钾无机肥处理（NPK）和有机肥配施无机肥处理（MNPK）的耕作层土壤为研究对象,以真菌ITS基因为分子标靶借助qPCR技术和Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台,研究不同施肥处理对黑土中真菌群落丰度、多样性和组成的影响,并与土壤化学性质进行偶联分析,揭示群落与施肥的相关性。【结果】长期施用无机肥显著降低土壤pH,而有机无机配施可以有效缓解土壤酸化。NPK处理的ITS基因丰度显著高于MNPK;MNPK处理的细菌/真菌比值（26.91104）显著大于NPK,各处理比值由高到低为MNPK M CK NPK。细菌/真菌比值与土壤pH正相关;MNPK处理的真菌多样性指数值略大于NPK。Ascomycota和Zygomycota为土壤中主要真菌门,不同施肥处理之间真菌组成的相对丰度存在显著差异,对照处理Ascomycota的相对丰度为45.35%,MNPK和NPK处理分别为50.93%和56.16%。有机肥有利于降低病原真菌相对丰度,具有高度侵染性的Cochliobolus在MNPK（0.41%）和M（0.39%）中的相对丰度显著小于CK（3.25%）和NPK（2.08%）。CCA分析表明,土壤理化性质共解释土壤真菌群落结构变化的73.3%,有效磷（贡献量为32.4%,P=0.002）、铵态氮（贡献量为14.8%,P=0.01）和硝态氮（贡献量为16.2%,P=0.048）是3个重要的影响因子。【结论】不同施肥条件下土壤真菌丰度、多样性,以及菌群组成特征不同。与无机肥相比,有机肥无机肥配施能够有效改善真菌群落结构,降低真菌的丰度,增加真菌多样性,并提高土壤pH,减缓土壤酸化。土壤有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量是影响黑土土壤真菌群落结构变化重要因素。     

Altering soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in intensively tilled two-year rotations

Information is needed on the ability of different crop management factors to maintain or increase soil C and N pools, especially in intensively tilled short crop rotations. Soil samples from field experiments in Maine were used to assess the effect of cover crop, green manure (GM) crop, and intermittent or annual amendment on soil C and N pools. These field experiments, of 6–13 years duration, were all characterized by a 2-year rotation with either sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) or potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), and primary tillage each year. Total, particulate organic matter (POM), and soil microbial biomass (SMB)-C and -N pools were assessed for each experiment. Total C and N stocks were not affected by red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) cover crop or legume GM, but were increased by 25–53% via a single application of papermill sludge or an annual manure and/or compost amendment. With the exception of continuous potato production which dramatically reduced the SMB-C and SMB-N concentration, SMB-C and -N were minimally affected by changes in cropping sequence, but were quite sensitive to amendments, even those that were primarily C. POM-C and -N, associated with the coarse mineral fraction (53–2,000 µm), were more responsive to management factors compared to total C and N in soil. The change in soil C fractions was a linear function of increasing C supply, across all experiments and treatments. Within these intensively tilled, 2-year crop rotations, substantial C and N inputs from amendments are needed to significantly alter soil C and N pools, although cropping sequence changes can influence more labile pools responsible for nutrient cycling.     

Earthworms and nitrogen applications to improve soil health in an intensively cultivated kiwifruit orchard

Integrated approaches which simultaneously consider how intensification affects soil biota and the processes they regulate assist in developing sustainable management practices. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of introducing an anecic earthworm (Lumbricus friendi), in combination with two nitrogen applications either via biological fixation (clover, +EC) or cattle manure (+EM) on the chemical properties of an horticultural soil (C release, N mineralisation, soil pH, cations and P availability) collected from a kiwifruit orchard where the fruit is intensively produced using conventional agriculture practices. The laboratory incubation study also included two controls with and without earthworms (+E and −E, respectively) replicated 15 times. Results from destructive sampling across 5 sampling occasions showed that the addition of an organic fertiliser had a positive effect on the earthworm biomass, C and N mineralisation, and nutrient availability (namely Mg, K and assimilable P), suggesting that the organic matter provided was very accessible to microorganisms and earthworms. In contrast, the inclusion of a N-fixing legume did not have similar positive effects on the health of these agricultural soils, which could be a reflection of an unsuccessful nodulation and P limitation. Importantly, up to 85% of the total amount of nitrogen leached from these treatments consisted of dissolved organic nitrogen, which represents a significant N pool and could have economic and environmental implications, but could be controlled by synchronising application rates with crop demands. These results suggest that the combined effects of earthworms and animal manures supply the soil with a good source of both nutrients and microbial populations and provide a more sustainable management of these agro-ecosystems than conventional agriculture.     

典型黑土区农田土壤碳库及其影响因子显著性变化特征研究

明确不同时期农田土壤碳库及其显著影响因子对农田土壤固碳具有重要意义。基于北安和克东地区20世纪80年代初全国第二次土壤普查资料,2010年测土配方施肥数据和实际补充采集样品分析数据,利用土壤类型GIS连接法研究土壤有机碳库及密度时空变化特征,并采用方差分析检验不同时期土壤有机碳密度空间变异的影响因子及其显著性差异。结果表明,研究区沟谷和低洼平地农田土壤有机碳密度及下降速率均高于漫岗高平原,表层和剖面的碳库年均下降速率为-0.14 t hm-2a-1和-0.13 t hm-2a-1,碳库储量呈现显著下降趋势。1980年农田表层土壤有机碳密度的显著性影响因子为土壤类型(亚类)、海拔、pH和全磷;2010年影响因子中土壤类型(亚类)和pH依然显著,海拔和全磷不再显著,坡度成为新的显著性影响因子。     

施肥对黑土土壤微生物生物量碳的作用研究

长期施肥对黑土耕地表层土壤微生物生物量碳 (MBC)的作用研究结果表明 ,NPK化肥配施可保持休闲地土壤微生物生物量碳含量至 1.6g/kg水平 ;高量有机肥与无机肥配施可比休闲地土壤微生物生物量碳含量提高 1.96～ 2 .75倍 ;长期耕种与施肥对土壤微生物生物量碳含量产生衰减影响 ;各处理土壤微生物生物量碳含量增加依次为M2 NPK( 14 1.2 5 % ,1990年始处理 ) >M4 NPK( 12 6 .88% ) >M2 NPK( 10 1.2 5 % ,1980年始处理 ) >M4 CK( 80 .6 3% ) >(M1 NPK)× 1.5 ( 13.13% ) >NPK( 8.12 % ) ,各处理土壤微生物生物量碳含量减少依次为M0 NPK(- 3.75 % ) >M1 NPK(- 17.5 0 % ) >M2 CK(- 30 .6 3% ) >CK(- 4 7.5 0 % ) >M0 CK(- 6 1.88% )。     

免耕秸秆还田和传统耕作方式下东北黑土氨基糖态碳的积累特征

以吉林德惠市中层黑土进行7年田间定位试验的小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕(NT)和传统耕作下(CT)耕层(0～20 cm)氨基糖态碳含量的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,实施免耕7年后整个耕层土壤中氨基糖态碳含量显著增加(p<0.05),以表层(0～5 cm)增加幅度最大,高达94.7%。说明在研究地区,免耕措施有利于微生物代谢物如细胞壁物质等作为潜在的碳源逐渐积累在土壤中。免耕土壤中不同微生物来源氨基糖态碳的含量均较传统耕作有显著增加,但是变化特征有所不同,其中免耕条件下真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖的积累量较传统耕作高出1倍多,而且氨基葡萄糖与细菌来源的胞壁酸的比值(6.9～7.3)显著高于传统耕作(4.7～5.4),暗示实施免耕秸秆还田7年后土壤中真菌已逐渐转为优势群体,而真菌占优势的农田生态系统具有更大的固碳潜力。     

Soil fauna community in the black soil of Northeast China under different tillage systems

Soil fauna is an important component in soil ecosystems. This study tested whether conservation tillage or conventional tillage of a black soil (Udic Mollisol) field in Northeast China could affect its soil fauna communities. Two different conservation tillage systems, no-tillage (NT) and reduced tillage (RT), as well as a conventional rotary tillage system (CT), were chosen for this study. There were 4562 individuals isolated from this study, which included two orders and 35 families. Acariformes was the most abundant family and represented 91.56% of the total faunal abundance. The abundance and the number of faunal families were higher in conservation tillage systems than in the CT. The RT system had the highest individual number of soil fauna among three tillage methods. The faunal accumulation in the soil surface also was significantly higher in the two conservation tillage systems than in the CT. Our results indicate that the conservation tillage systems could protect the soil fauna in the soil ecosystem better than the CT.     

Effects of land-use changes on soil organic nitrogen fractions in the black soil region of Northeast China

Soil organic nitrogen (SON) accounts for more than 90% of the total nitrogen (TN) in black soil and is one of the most important indicators of soil fertility. However, the effect of land-use changes on SON fractions is still unclear in black soil. Hence, natural grassland (uncultivated), farmland (converted from natural grassland), and artificial forestland (grain plots converted into forests) in the black soil region of Northeast China were selected for research. TN, available nitrogen (AN) and SON fractions (ammonia nitrogen (AMN), amino acid nitrogen (AAN), hydrolysable unknown nitrogen (HUN), acid insoluble nitrogen (AIN)) in the topsoil (0–20 cm), and subsoil (20–40 cm) were analysed and compared with elucidate the effects of land-use changes on SON fractions. The results showed that compared with natural grasslands, the contents of TN and AN in farmlands were 49.1%–67.4% and 48.0%–67.7% less, respectively, and the content of AAN decreased the most in SON fractions, by 52.2%–76.7%, followed by the content of AMN, which decreased by 46.9%–70.7%. The contents of TN and AN in the artificial forestland increased by 18.8% and 30.6%, respectively, compared with those in the farmland. Other than AAN, the content of the SON fractions in the artificial forestland soils was greater than that of the farmland, and the content of HUN increased the most in the SON fractions, by 29.6%, followed by the content of AIN, which increased by 25.8%. The proportions of AMN and AAN in the TN of the natural grassland were 1.2 and 1.7 times those of the artificial forestland, respectively. In conclusion, after natural grassland is converted to farmland, it will destroy the original soil structure, change the physical and chemical properties of the soil, significantly reduce the soil nitrogen supply potential, and significantly decrease nitrogen accumulation. The conversion of grain plots into forestland significantly improved the soil nitrogen storage capacity, but the potential nitrogen supply did not reach the levels of the uncultivated lands. Changes in land use types lead to changes in soil structure and vegetation cover, which in turn alter soil nitrogen cycling. These results provide a scientific basis for evaluating the nitrogen supply capacity of different land-use types. The study suggests that the land use structure in the area should be properly matched to restore soil nitrogen reservoirs and maintain and improve soil fertility, taking into account local environmental conditions.     

长期不同施肥下黑土和红壤团聚体氮库分布特征

为阐明长期不同施肥下土壤氮库的演变特征,揭示氮库稳定性不同的团聚体对不同施肥的响应,为化肥和有机物的合理施用提供科学依据。本研究通过对黑土和红壤22年的田间肥料定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥模式对土壤全氮、 微生物氮以及各级团聚体中氮贡献率的影响。结果表明,长期不施肥（CK）和施用化肥（NPK）,黑土土壤全氮含量以0.015 g/(kga)的速率显著下降（P 0.05）;而长期化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）,黑土全氮含量以0.025 g/(kga) 的速率显著上升（P 0.05）。在CK、 NPK、 NPKM和秸秆还田（NPKS）处理下,红壤全氮含量均没有显著变化。施肥22年后,NPKM处理下黑土和红壤微生物氮含量较NPK处理下分别增加了15% 和 43%,全氮含量分别增加了43% 和45%,差异均达到显著水平（P 0.05）。氮素在黑土上主要积累在253 m 微团聚体中,达到0.73~1.21 g/kg,在红壤上主要积累在2 m 微团聚体中,达到0.46~0.98 g/kg。与NPK相比,NPKM 处理下黑土和红壤 250~2000 m大团聚体中氮素贡献率均显著提高,分别增加了4.3% 和 5.1%。与NPK相比,NPKM 和 NPKS 处理下,红壤 253 m 微团聚体中氮贡献率分别降低了5.9% 和 9.7%,而黑土除大团聚体外的各级团聚体氮贡献率均没有显著变化。可见,不同土壤类型对施肥响应不同, 主要是253 m 微团聚体中氮素的响应不同,化肥配施有机肥可提高土壤250~2000 m 大团聚体中氮的贡献率,进而增加土壤对作物的氮素供给能力,是有助于提高土壤肥力和生产力的农业生产可持续性施肥模式。