Interactions Between Sediments and Water Summary of the 7th International Symposium

The interactions between sediments and water have received increased emphasis over the last two decades, leading to a greater understanding of physical, chemical and biological processes in a wide range of aquatic systems including river, lake, estuarine and coastal systems. This new understanding has fostered research and assessment projects, and focused awareness on the implications of sediment/water interactions for policy and regulation. The international symposium on “The Interactions Between Sediments and Water” held in Baveno, Italy from 22–26 September 1996 was the seventh in a series of symposia held since 1976. All focused on issues relating to processes which occur near the sediment/water interface as well as responses to interactions between sediments and water. Previous symposia were held in Amsterdam in 1976, Kingston (Canada) in 1982, Geneva in 1984, Melbourne in 1986, Uppsala in 1990 and Santa Barbara in 1993. Almost 200 oral and poster presentations were made by attendees representing 27 nations, including dozens of participants from developing countries. The scientific sessions were organized around the following themes: sediment/water dynamics, contaminant interactions, sediment/nutrient relationships, sediments as historical records of deposition, sediment/water science in remote areas, sediment/organism interactions, and novel methods and analytical quality control. This paper attempts to summarize the key highlights of the various sessions.     

参加第13届国际水土保持大会的一些体会

第13届国际水土保持大会的主题是“为人类社会保护水土———共享解决办法”。代表们交流的内容广泛,体现了水土保持多学科交叉的特点,其中以“水土流失模型与控制”、“农业系统管理战略”、“流域管理”这3个专题的论文最多,说明传统水土保持技术研究仍是主流;而经济和社会问题也日益引起水土保持工作者的关注。今后,中国应根据本国的条件和特点选择我们的水土保持发展道路;提倡“土地爱护”、“土地免耕”等土地可持续利用理念和技术,进一步深化中国的水土保持工作;积极主动地参与国际合作和学术活动,持续跟踪国际水土保持动态;加强人才培养,扩大中国水土保持在国际社会的影响力;加强水土保持监测预报模型和评价体系研究,逐步缩小与发达国家之间的差距。     

20世纪中苏土壤科学的交流

文章着重论述了20世纪50~60年代中苏土壤科学交流的过程及其影响。首先,介绍了中苏土壤科学交流的启始;然后,评述了俄罗斯-苏联与中国交流中比较重要的几位土壤学家,论述了交流的一些成果;在此基础上,提出了几点相关建议。     

Sediment and society: an approach for assessing management of contaminated sediments and stakeholder involvement in Norway

Introduction

Management options for large-scale contaminated sediment remediation projects can be challenging with regard to competing stakeholder interests. This has become apparent during the Oslofjord sediment remediation project (2005–2009) which caused considerable public discussion.

Background

To learn from this project, the ‘Sediment and society’ project was initiated to develop a collaborative approach that will incorporate local and scientific knowledge in order to achieve mutual gains, win-win outcomes for the stakeholders, in the management of contaminated marine sediments.

Method development

The project focuses on two Norwegian harbours: Oslo Harbour and Bergen Harbour. The Oslo Harbour case has been analysed ex-post, using elements of risk governance: participation, communication, information/knowledge and risk perception. The Bergen Harbour case is focused on the establishment of a citizens' jury as well as a stakeholder panel in Bergen Harbour.

Preliminary results and observations

Thus far, the results suggest three important commonalities or challenges for stakeholder involvement: (1) how to include people who have important management information and local knowledge, but not much influence in the decision-making process; (2) how to secure resources to ensure participation and (3) how to engage and motivate stakeholders to participate early in the sediment remediation planning process.     

中国科协青年科学家论坛第110次活动——农产品质量与安全无损检测和溯源技术

会场气氛活跃,青年学者们展示了农产品无损检测和溯源技术的研究成果。分析了存在的问题和发展方向,主要包括近红外光谱、RFID、声学、太赫兹、机器视觉、高光谱成像、电子鼻、生物传感器等技术在水果、蔬菜、食品、饲料、粮食、纤维、动物制品的内部品质、外观、质地、生物信息、生长环境检测中的应用。NickSigrirhis教授、YudrenChen教授等著名专家有关本研究领域国际前沿动态的报告,给青年学者以极大的启示。与会学者普遍认为,虽然中国农产品产量在世界名列前茅,但是由于检测技术与装备的落后,缺乏对每个环节的监控,质量管理部门对药残、毒素、微生物等的污染状况,缺乏应有的监测资料,标准体系也不健全,导致农产品品质优劣不均、安全隐患十分突出、重大和突发事件多。没有农产品质量与安全的检测技术和溯源信息管理系统及相应的数据库作为基础,就无法真正确保农产品的质量与安全。因此,与会学者建议★加强农产品质量与安全检测和溯源技术的基础研究,积极开展机器视觉、近红外光谱、RFID、声学、太赫兹、电子鼻、生物传感器等技术的应用基础研究和应用研究,尽快突破本领域的关键技术问题,并希望国家自然科学基金委员会和国家的各类科技计划给予足够的关注和支持。★加快农产品质量与安全检测和溯源的相关标准体系建设,制订和完善相应的检测标准。★积极探索并尽快建设农产品质量安全溯源机制与追溯平台,建立农产品质量与安全及造成相关危害的监测、溯源和预警机制,提高对农产品质量与安全的溯源能力和对重大突发事件的处理能力,推进中国农产品质量与安全管理工作逐步与国际接轨。★建立农产品质量与安全检测和溯源技术的学术组织,探索本领域青年学者之间的合作机制,建立农产品无损检测专业网站,集全国本领域青年学者的力量,共同推进本领域的基础与应用研究。与会学者还认为,确保农产品的质量与安全是一项公益事业,影响着中国建设和谐社会的步伐,而且其研究、检测和管理需要大量人力物力的投入,在短期内难以产生较大的直接经济效益,建议政府采取特殊的产业政策,扶植相关产业的发展。中国科协青年科学家论坛第110次活动的闭幕之日正值《农产品质量安全法》实施的第一天,论坛为本领域前沿的一批青年科学家提供了展示、探讨、争鸣的平台,必将有利于促进中国农产品质量与安全无损检测与溯源技术的快速发展。     

盐碱地排水沟蓄水后底泥与水体盐分交换试验

因长期累积效果,盐碱地排水沟内盐分含量不断升高,危及排水沟系统的生态功能,利用淡水定期进行稀释可延缓盐分累积过程。该文以陕西富平县卤泊滩盐碱地改良区为例,通过实验室土柱试验,研究了排水沟蓄集淡水、水体保持静态条件下,底泥与上覆水体的盐分交换规律,揭示了底泥盐分释放的内在机理。研究结果表明,在分子扩散作用下底泥-上覆水界面之上10cm的范围内存在一个高盐分渐变区(即扩散边界层),10cm以上的水体盐分基本一致;分子扩散是边界层内盐分运移的主要机制;扩散边界层对底泥盐分释放具有一定的阻滞作用,并且随着边界层厚度的增加,阻滞效应也显著增强;底泥盐分释放通量符合负的幂指数形式。     

Interactions between flavonoids and proteins: effect on the total antioxidant capacity

Flavonoids are potent antioxidants. It is also known that flavonoids bind to proteins. The effect of the interaction between tea flavonoids and proteins on the antioxidant capacity was examined. Their separate and combined antioxidant capacities were measured with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. It was observed that the antioxidant capacity of several components of green and black tea with alpha-, beta-, and kappa-casein or albumin is not additive; that is, a part of the total antioxidant capacity is masked by the interaction. This masking depends on both the protein and the flavonoid used. Components in green and black tea, which show the highest masking in combination with beta-casein, are epigallocatechin gallate and gallic acid. The results demonstrate that the matrix influences the efficacy of an antioxidant.     

不同水土保持措施下径流小区降雨与产流产沙关系研究

冀北山区生态环境脆弱,水土流失严重,因此在该区域开展水土保持研究非常有必要。通过在河北滦平县平坊小流域布设荒草地、山杏、刺槐、油松4种径流小区,并分析了2004-2005年降雨、小区产流量、产沙量、入渗率变化。结果表明:该区次降雨多为小雨和中雨,次降雨强度主要集中在<10 mm/h范围内;4种小区中产流产沙总量大小为:荒草地小区>山杏小区>刺槐小区>油松小区,且相同降雨条件下,荒草地产流产沙量明显高于其它3种小区,4种小区平均入渗率依次为65.07%,88.36%,90.16%,90.03%。说明鱼鳞坑整地,然后种植山杏、刺槐、油松等措施能够有效拦蓄径流泥沙。     

Clean water: Factors that influence Its availability,quality and its use: Summary of the International Water Conference

The International Water Conference held in La Jolla, California during 28–30 November 1995, had an objective to provide an opportunity for international information exchange on new research applications and timely policy issues effecting the availability, use and quality of water for power generation. This Conference included the topical areas, the use of water and the management of chemical quality in process wastewaters; physical and biological transformation due to discharges in open surface waters, watersheds and wetlands; the role of risk and cost-benefit assessments; and discussion of the Clean Water Act containments. This Conference Summary contains an overview of the present state of the knowledge regarding the use of water by the electric utility industry and potential future issues as discussed in papers presented at the Conference and a summary of the most important findings and conclusions.     

降雨产沙资料整理方法对两者关系的影响

合理的水土流失资料整理方法是挖掘数据内在规律的基础,通过采集江西省赣县花岗岩次生马尾松林地不同植被恢复类型小区2010—2011年2 a的降雨产沙资料,研究了4种整理方法对降雨产沙关系的影响。结果表明:加大资料整理的时间尺度和降雨间隔时间,可以显著提高降雨产沙之间的相关性,同时整理方法对拟合曲线的性质产生影响,综合考虑拟合优度和曲线性质的一致性,可以采取周晴方法的幂函数来描述不同类型小区降雨产沙之间的内在关系;植被恢复减弱了产沙速率,随着降雨量的增加,纯林小区的产沙速率下降,百喜草恢复小区变化缓慢,低郁闭度胡枝子恢复小区增加迅速,因此侵蚀严重的林地应首先实施草本植被恢复,逐步实现乔灌草生态结构恢复。     

土坡面降雨水沙运移实验研究

黄土高原是我国植被破坏与水土流失最为严重的地区.本文基于室内坡地降雨实验,分析了(土娄)土坡面降雨入渗补给系数的变化,对比了不同雨强影响下径流泥沙含量和累积泥沙含量的时间变化趋势,并将侵蚀与入渗结合,分析了同时段产沙量和入渗率的变化关系,研究表明:入渗补给系数随雨强增大而逐渐减小,两者可描述为线性关系,雨强越小,入渗补给系数越高;降雨初始产沙值最大,在产沙10 min内变缓.雨强大的,初始产沙量和稳定沙量都稍大,但总体差异不大,产沙量分布曲线形状与入渗率曲线极为相似;不同雨强下累积泥沙量与降雨历时之间存在明显的幂函数关系,且幂函数的指数部分基本随降雨雨强增加而逐渐增加;不同雨强下入渗率和累积泥沙量的变化趋势相反,当累积泥沙量增加,相应的土壤入渗率减小,两者变化趋势随雨强增大而趋于明显.     

(土娄)土坡面降雨水沙运移实验研究

黄土高原是我国植被破坏与水土流失最为严重的地区。本文基于室内坡地降雨实验,分析了塿土坡面降雨入渗补给系数的变化,对比了不同雨强影响下径流泥沙含量和累积泥沙含量的时间变化趋势,并将侵蚀与入渗结合,分析了同时段产沙量和入渗率的变化关系,研究表明:入渗补给系数随雨强增大而逐渐减小,两者可描述为线性关系,雨强越小,入渗补给系数越高;降雨初始产沙值最大,在产沙10 min内变缓。雨强大的,初始产沙量和稳定沙量都稍大,但总体差异不大,产沙量分布曲线形状与入渗率曲线极为相似;不同雨强下累积泥沙量与降雨历时之间存在明显的幂函数关系,且幂函数的指数部分基本随降雨雨强增加而逐渐增加;不同雨强下入渗率和累积泥沙量的变化趋势相反,当累积泥沙量增加,相应的土壤入渗率减小,两者变化趋势随雨强增大而趋于明显。     

长江三峡水库蓄水运用对洞庭湖水沙特性的影响

依据实测水沙资料,运用比较分析法,系统分析了长江三峡水库蓄水运用对洞庭湖水沙特性的影响。结果表明:(1)荆江三口分流分沙比由18.5%,21.4%分别减少至11.7%,13.6%,导致三口占入湖总径流量、总输沙量比重,依次由41.5%,82.9%减少至21.6%,58.5%;(2)多年平均入湖水沙量分别减少了531×108 m3,4 715×104 t,湖盆泥沙淤积率由70.4%减少至39.5%,递减幅度为30.9%;(3)西、南、东3洞庭湖多年平均水位变幅分别降低了1.23,1.45,1.88m;(4)湖盆冲刷量大于淤积量,淤积泥沙颗粒趋于细化,西洞庭湖区与东南洞庭湖区的泥沙输出比均呈同步增大趋势。这些水沙特性的变化,对于延长洞庭湖寿命、减轻湖区洪涝灾害风险具有重大意义,同时也会给湖区造成一系列的生态环境问题。     

中国土地整治“十二五”研究重点评述与“十三五”研究展望

以CNKI中国期刊全文数据库作为数据源进行文献检索,对我国“十二五”期间土地整治研究进展进行系统梳理,展望“十三五”国内土地整治研究趋势,为土地整治学科发展及进一步研究提供参考和借鉴。采用文献综述与归纳对比分析法,对“十二五”期间公开发表的土地整治相关研究成果进行归纳分析综述。结果表明:在土地整治战略基础理论、土地整治潜力与绩效评价、土地整治规划设计模式、土地整治生态环境影响以及土地整治工程措施方面取得重要进展,“十三五”期间,应加强土地整治的景观生态效应、土地整治的多功能性、土地整治工程技术标准以及土地整治监管运行机制方面的相关研究,进一步发挥土地整治在提高农业生产能力与促进城乡统筹发展方面的作用。