Effect of water management on soil respiration and <Emphasis Type="Italic">NEE</Emphasis> of paddy fields in Southeast China

Water management is an important factor in regulating soil respiration and the net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE) between croplands and atmosphere. However, how water management affects soil respiration and the NEE of paddy fields remains unexplored. Thus, a 2-year field experiment was carried out to study the effects of controlled irrigation (CI) during the rice season on the variation of soil respiration and NEE, with flooding irrigation (FI) as the control. A decrease of irrigation water input by 46.39% did not significantly affect rice yield but significantly increased irrigation water use efficiency by 0.99 kg m^?3. The soil respiration rate of CI paddy fields was larger than that of FI paddy fields except during the ripening stage. Natural drying management during the ripening stage resulted in a significant increase of the soil respiration rate of the FI paddy fields. Variations of NEE with different water managements were opposite to soil respiration rates during the whole rice growth stages. Total CO₂ emission of CI paddy fields through soil respiration (total R _soil) increased by 11.66% compared with FI paddy fields. The increase of total R _soil resulted in the significant decrease of total net CO₂ absorption of CI paddy fields by 11.57% compared with FI paddy fields (p < 0.05). There were inter-annual differences of soil respiration and the NEE of paddy fields. Frequent alternate wetting and drying processes in the CI paddy fields were the main factors influencing soil respiration and NEE. CI management slightly enhanced the rice dry matter amount but accelerated the consumption and decomposition of soil organic carbon and significantly increased soil respiration, which led to the decrease of net CO₂ absorption. CI management and organic carbon input technologies should be combined in applications to achieve sustainable use of water and soil resources in paddy fields.     

Rice yield and soil carbon dynamics over three years of applying rice husk charcoal to an Andosol paddy field

Rice husk charcoal (RC) produced from the pyrolysis of rice husk (RH) can be one of the cost-effective biochars for use in rice-based farming systems. This study investigated changes in rice yield and soil carbon sequestration over three years of RC application to an Andosol paddy field. The treatments were RC application at 0.02, 0.2, and 2 kg m^?2 (RC0.02, RC0.2, and RC2, respectively), RH application at 0.2 kg m^?2 (RH0.2), and a control with no RC or RH application (CONT). The results showed that RC2 increased culm length by 4% and straw weight by 14% on average over the three years. These increases in plant growth coincided with a higher level of silicon uptake by the rice plants, although they did not significantly affect grain yield. The soil carbon content was progressively increased by RC2 over the three years, whereas it was not significantly affected by RC0.02 or RC0.2. A considerable amount (>72%) of the applied carbon with RC2 remained in the soil by taking account of its downward movement below the 10 cm layer of the paddy field after three consecutive years of RC application. We conclude that rice husk charcoal application to Andosol paddy fields is an effective option for increasing carbon sequestration. Furthermore, the increase in silicon uptake by rice plants suggests that rice husk charcoal can also be functioning as a silicon fertilizer.     

Effect of added organic matter on soil fertility after stripping-off Cs-contaminated top soil at Iitate village in Fukushima Prefecture

The agricultural fields were contaminated by the radionuclides ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs after the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima. Prior to the accident, local farmers had successfully established sustainable agriculture in Iitate Village using natural farming practices and recycling. Since 2011, decontamination work such as stripping-off the top soil has been ongoing on agricultural land. Although decontamination is essential, it could cause an unfortunate decrease in soil fertility. Here, we examined the use of organic matter as a means to quickly recover the fertility of the agricultural top soil. We transplanted rice crops into three paddy plots: one received rice straw that had been harvested there last year, another received composted manure, and the third (control) received no additives after decontamination. We applied 40 kg/10a of basal fertilizer and 20 kg/10a of KCl each plot. The rates of Cs concentration in unhulled rice/rice straw were around 0.001. Tendency of plant heights increase and leaf chlorophyll content decrease were similar in the three treatment plots. However, the numbers of stems on 111 days after the transplant were 21, 15, and 19, unhulled rice yield were 513, 462, and 310 g/m², in the rice straw, cattle manure compost, and control plots, respectively. Soil properties of three plots were similar. Radioactive Cs concentrations in the new rice from each treatment plots were lower than the maximum allowed level set by the Japanese government. These results revealed that treating soil with rice straw might have great potential to aid the recovery of a paddy field after stripping-off the top soil. Notably, this treatment significantly improved the yield of rice and supplied organic matter without additional labor.     

Effect of surface cover on the reduction of runoff and agricultural NPS pollution from upland fields

In this study, two types of simulations were performed. First, indoor rainfall simulation revealed that runoff ratio (0–63.3 %) decreased dramatically with surface cover, compared with no surface cover condition (55–85.3 %), and sediment load and concentration also decreased. With additions of PAM, sawdust, and rice hull to rice straw mat, the runoff ratio decreased to 52.8, 36.6, and 53.2 %, compared with only rice straw mat condition (runoff ratio of 63.3 %). When gypsum was added, no runoff was observed in case of rainfall intensity of 30 mm/h. Under 60 mm/h rainfall condition, 50 % or more runoff reduction was observed. These could be explained in that surface cover reduces detachment of soil particles and keeps infiltration rate by reducing surface sealing with detached soil particle which could happen under non-surface cover condition. Second, when rice straw mat was applied to soybean field, no runoff was observed until rainfall intensity of 5.8 mm/h or greater, while runoff was observed with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/h at no surface covered soybean field. In addition, 89.7–99.4 % of pollutant reductions were observed with rice straw mat at the soybean field. When rice straw mat with additions of wood shaves was applied to Chinese cabbage and radish fields, 4.3–75.8 % of runoff reductions and 28–80.8 % of pollutant reductions were observed. In case of Chinese cabbage, 122.1 % yield increase was observed and 153.4 % yield increase in case of radish.     

Rice husk biochar application to paddy soil and its effects on soil physical properties,plant growth,and methane emission

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of rice husk biochar on selected soil physical properties, rice growth, including root extension, and methane (CH₄) emissions from paddy field soil. Three replication experiments were conducted using outdoor pot experiments utilizing commercial rice husk biochar mixed with paddy soil at a rate of 0 (control), 2, and 4 % (weight biochar/weight soil) in which the rice was cultivated for 100 days under a continuously flooded condition. The physical properties of soils were analyzed before and after the growing periods. Some parameters of rice growth and CH₄ emissions of paddy soils were monitored weekly during the experiment. Root extension was also analyzed after harvesting. The experiments showed that the application of rice husk biochar improved the physical properties of paddy soils. It led to a decrease in bulk density and an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, including the total pore volume as well as the available soil water content. The shoot height of rice plants was significantly higher in soil amended with 4 % biochar than that in the control soil. However, other plant growth parameters and root extension were only slightly affected by the application. It was also found that amending soil with biochar led to a reduction of the total CH₄ emissions by 45.2 and 54.9 % for an application rate of 2 and 4 %, respectively, compared with the control. Our results showed that the higher the application rate, the stronger the effect of biochar was observed. More research is still necessary for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.     

Mechanical insights into the effect of fluctuation in soil moisture on nitrous oxide emissions from paddy soil

Paddy fields are subjected to fluctuating water regimes as a result of the alternate drying and wetting water management, which often incurs a sensitive change in N₂O emissions from paddy soils. However, how the soil moisture regulates the emission of N₂O from paddy soil remains uncertain. In this study, three incubation experiments were designed to study the effects of constant and fluctuating soil moisture on N₂O emission and the sources of N₂O emission from paddy soil. Results showed that the N₂O emission from paddy soil at 100 % WHC (water-holding capacity) was higher than that at 40, 65, 80, 120, and 160 % WHC, indicating that 100 % WHC was the optimum soil moisture content for N₂O emission under the incubation experiment. Small peak of N₂O flux appeared when the soil moisture content from 250 % WHC decreased near to 100 % WHC, lower than that triggered by nitrogen (N) fertilization, which was mainly owing to the low NH₄ ⁺ concentration at this period. Nitrification dominated the emissions of N₂O from paddy soil at 250 % WHC (54.96 %), higher than that of nitrification-coupled denitrification (6.74 %) and denitrification (38.3 %). The contribution of denitrification to N₂O emissions (44.10 %) was equivalent to that of nitrification (44.45 %) in soil at 100 % WHC, which was higher than that of 250 % WHC treatment. In conclusion, the finding suggested that the peak of N₂O in paddy soils during midseason aeration could be attributed to the occurrence of optimum soil moisture under sufficient N availability, favorable for the production and accumulation of N₂O.     

High-yield SRI in West Java by decomposing straw in waterlogged paddy field

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) often achieved higher yield than conventional practice. We identified the high-yielding farmers from the yield records of 1909 paddy fields belonging to an organic farmers’ association. Farmers whose yields were from 8.4 to 10.4 t ha^?1 were interviewed and their fields surveyed. Their yields had increased by an estimated average of 40% following the adoption of SRI practices. They applied 2–12 t ha^?1 of compost. Compared to the conventional practice, they shortened seedling age at transplanting from 27.4 to 17.6 days and reduced the number of seedlings per hill from 4–6 to 2–3, while hill spacing remained unchanged. Instead of intermittent irrigation which is recommended in standard SRI, they kept shallow flooding of 1–2 cm. Although they applied a lot of compost, no correlation was found between the amount of compost application and the yields. Instead, high-yielding farmers returned rice straw into waterlogged paddy after harvest, which presumably is an ideal condition for biological nitrogen fixation. This may occur around rice straw during decomposition under waterlogged condition and might supplement the negative nitrogen balance, thereby enabling the high yield as compared with conventional practices where the fresh rice straw is removed and/or burned.     

添加秸秆和黑炭对水稻土碳氮转化及土壤微生物代谢图谱的影响

 通过向水稻土中添加秸秆和黑炭进行水稻盆栽实验（秸秆的添加量为2 g/kg和10 g/kg,黑炭的添加量为5 g/kg和25 g/kg）,分别在孕穗期和成熟期取样研究土壤碳氮转化及微生物代谢剖面的变化。对土壤有机碳、全氮、铵氮等含量的测定结果显示,秸秆和黑炭均能于一定程度上促进土壤碳氮转化,提高水稻产量;Microresp方法检测的微生物代谢图谱表明,秸秆和黑炭的添加量越大,对微生物的代谢影响越大。造成这些差异的主要原因是添加秸秆和黑炭后微生物对果糖、丙氨酸、乙酰葡萄糖胺和赖氨酸盐酸盐的利用率上升。另外,秸秆对微生物碳和净碳矿化速率的影响显著高于黑炭,而黑炭对水稻产量和土壤固碳的影响更大。     

玉米秸秆不同还田方式下腐解菌剂的应用效果研究

试验设置3种秸秆还田方式和2种剂型腐解菌剂处理,以秸秆离田和秸秆还田无菌剂为对照.在玉米收获后测定不同处理的秸秆腐解率、土壤养分含量、单株生物量和产量,研究还田方式对秸秆降解效果、土壤养分含量和玉米产量的影响,比较不同秸秆还田方式下腐解菌剂对秸秆腐解效果.结果表明,旋耕和深耕还田的秸秆腐解率要显著高于浅旋还田.秸秆深耕...     

Arsenic in irrigated water,soil, and rice: perspective of the cropping seasons

Arsenic contamination of shallow groundwater and related health problems are threats for the millions in endemic regions of West Bengal. Contamination of rice grain creates the food chain pathway of mineral arsenic besides drinking water contamination. Present study concentrated on association of arsenic concentration in irrigated water, paddy field soil and rice with the cropping seasons. Irrigated ground water arsenic concentration decreased significantly (p = 0.007) from summer (median 0.42 mg l^?1) to winter (median 0.35 mg l^?1). Carried over effect created significant decrease (p = 0.03) of paddy field soil arsenic concentration from summer (median 8.35 mg kg^?1) to winter (median 6.17 mg kg^?1). Seasonal variation was observed in rice straw (p = 0.03) but not in husk (p = 0.91). Arsenic concentration decreased significantly (p = 0.05) in the rice grains collected in winter season (median 0.23 mg kg^?1) than the samples collected in the summer season (median 0.30 mg kg^?1). In conclusion, seasonal effects need to be considered in case of human health risk assessment from arsenic consumption.     

不同耕作方式对瘠薄型黑土区土壤结构的影响

通过深松和玉米秸秆粉碎直接覆盖、秸秆粉碎0～20 cm耕层混拌方式,分析深松和秸秆不同还田方式对土壤容重、孔隙度、三相比及硬度的影响,研究秸秆添加腐解剂快速腐解后土壤物理特性的变化。结果表明,通过深松和秸秆还田后土壤结构均较未深松对照(CK)明显改善,土壤三相比较试验播种前趋于合理,田间持水量和孔隙度较CK明显提高,田间持水量提高3.30～6.78个百分点,孔隙度提高2.90～5.63个百分点,其中秸秆粉碎耕层混拌+腐解剂处理表现最好;其次是秸秆粉碎覆盖+腐解剂。土壤硬度变化表明,收获期秸秆粉碎覆盖+腐解剂和秸秆粉碎耕层混拌+腐解剂处理土壤硬度在地表0～10 cm较CK降低74.4%和65.1%;11～20 cm土壤硬度较CK降低58.6%和56.1%;秸秆粉碎覆盖和秸秆粉碎耕层混拌处理土壤硬度在地表0～10 cm较CK降低80.3%和43.7%,11～20 cm土壤硬度分别较CK降低56.7%和15.5%。试验表明,深松+秸秆粉碎还田处理明显降低土壤硬度,改善土壤结构,腐解剂在雨水充沛时期发挥效果明显。     

培养条件下秸秆还田对水稻土微生物活性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,以秸秆不还田为对照,通过监测土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、矿质氮、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)含量和主要微生物类群数量,研究了水稻秸秆直接还田(SF0)与氯仿熏蒸预处理后还田(SF1)稻田土壤微生物活性变化及其差异。结果表明,与对照相比,经过28 d恒温培养,秸秆还田处理(SF0和SF1)的土壤可溶性有机碳含量显著增加,矿质氮含量显著降低;SF0和SF1处理的土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与对照相比显著增加,而且微生物量氮对秸秆介入的响应更为敏感;与不还田相比,秸秆还田促进了土壤微生物的繁殖,SF0和SF1处理的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量显著增加;SF0处理的土壤DOC含量、细菌和放线菌数量显著高于SF1处理,与秸秆直接还田相比,熏蒸预处理后还田的土壤微生物活性及秸秆腐解程度均显著降低。     

Simulating the effects of chemical and non-chemical fertilization practices on carbon sequestration and nitrogen loss in subtropical paddy soils using the DNDC model

Understanding the long-term and quantitative effects of different fertilization practices on carbon sequestration and nitrogen loss is important when establishing the best fertilization regime. In this study, the DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model was validated first for the change of soil organic carbon (SOC) at the site mode and at the regional mode, and then it was used to simulate the effects of three fertilization practices including rice straw (RS) returning, chemical fertilizer application (CF), and green manure planting (GM) on C and N dynamics in paddy soils from a subtropical area of China. The prevailing fertilization practices in the study area were set as the baseline scenario, and alternative scenarios were assigned by varying only one of the three fertilization practices. All three fertilization practices increased SOC content but had different effects on rice yield, N₂O emission, and nitrate leaching loss. Compared with a baseline RS rate of 15 %, the SOC contents less than RS rates of 30, 50, and 80 % were increased on average by 12.84, 29.48, and 53.50 %, respectively. SOC content also increased as the CF rate rose from 70 to 130 % of the baseline scenario and then leveled off from 130 to 160 %. SOC contents under GM were higher than that without GM by 35.74 %. Both the N₂O emissions and the nitrate leaching were increased with the increasing CF rate, while they decreased under GM treatment. However, RS increased the N₂O emissions but decreased the nitrate leaching. The polygon-based modeling method with the DNDC could accurately evaluate the general trend of SOC dynamics and nitrogen loss from paddy soils.     

Long-term evaluation of the BMPs scenarios in reducing nutrient surface loads from paddy rice cultivation in Korea using the CREAMS-PADDY model

Curbing nutrient loads from rice cultivation has been an issue for the water quality management of surface water bodies in the Asian monsoon region. The objectives of this study were to develop paddy BMP scenarios and to evaluate their effectiveness on nutrient loads reduction using long-term model simulation. Totally five BMP scenarios were developed based on the three paddy farming factors of drainage outlet height, fertilizer type, and application amount and were compared with conventional practices. CREAMS-PADDY model was chosen for the paddy nutrient simulation, and two-year field experimental data were used for the model calibration and validation. The validated model was used to evaluate the developed BMP scenarios for the 46 years of simulation period. The observed nutrient loads were 15.2 and 1.45 kg/ha for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, and mainly occurred by early season drainage and rainfall runoff in summer. The long-term simulation showed that the soil test-based fertilization and drainage outlet raising practice were the two most effective methods in nutrient loads reduction. The combination of these two resulted in the greatest loads reduction by 29 and 37 % for T-N and T-P, respectively (p value < 0.001). Overall the effectiveness of the BMP scenarios was decreased in the wet season. As the conclusion, outlet height control and soil nutrient-based fertilization were suggested as the effective practices in paddy loads reduction and their combination can be a practicable BMP scenario for the paddy nutrient management.     

Effects of rice straw,biochar and mineral fertiliser on methane (CH<Subscript>4</Subscript>) and nitrous oxide (N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O) emissions from rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) grown in a rain-fed lowland rice soil of Cambodia: a pot experiment

We studied the effects of water regimes and nutrient amendments on CH₄ and N₂O emissions in a 2 × 3 factorial, completely randomised growth chamber experiment. Treatments included continuously flooded (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and three organic amendments: no amendment-control, rice straw (RS) and biochar (BC). Compound fertiliser was applied to all treatments. Rice was grown in columns packed with a paddy soil from Cambodia. Results revealed faster mineralisation of organic carbon (RS and BC) when applied in water-saturated conditions lasting for 2 weeks instead of flooding. This resulted in lower total CH₄ emissions in treatments under AWD than those under the CF water regime, namely 44 % in RS treatments and 29 % in BC treatments. Nitrous oxide fluxes were generally non-detectable during the experimental period except after fertilisation events, and the total N₂O–N emissions accounted for on average 1.7 % of the total applied mineral fertiliser N. Overall, the global warming potentials (GWPs) were lower in treatments under AWD than those under the CF water regime except for the control treatment with only mineral fertiliser application. Grain yields were slightly higher in treatments under AWD than the CF water regime. Hence, the yield-scaled GWP was also lower in the treatments under the AWD water regime, namely 51 % in RS, 59 % in BC and 17 % in control treatments. Control treatments had the lowest GWP, but provided the highest yield. The yield-scaled GWP under these treatments was therefore lower than under the other treatments.     

氮磷钾肥对红壤区水稻增产效应的影响

通过红壤区水稻试验,分析了长期使用氮磷钾肥条件下双季水稻的生物量（包括稻谷产量和秸秆量）、养分增产效应和土壤肥力的变化。氮磷钾肥的配合施用对双季水稻生物量的影响顺序为NPK>NP>PK>NK>CK。N、P、K对水稻的增产效应系数分别为41.2%~54.8%、66.3%~88.2%和10.3%~10.9%。N、P和K增产效应的变异系数规律与其增产效应相反,说明养分对双季水稻增产效应越高,其稳定性越好。双季水稻的增产效应及其稳定性均表现为早稻优于晚稻。氮磷钾肥的配施可显著提高土壤有机质和全氮含量。磷肥的使用明显增加了土壤全磷和有效磷含量。钾肥使用提高了土壤全钾和交换性钾含量,然而水稻生物量的输出却与之相反,两者的平衡决定着土壤全钾和交换性钾含量的变化。氮磷钾肥对土壤pH值影响则不一致,氮肥（尿素）的长期使用降低土壤pH值,而磷肥（钙镁磷肥）的使用减缓了土壤pH值的降低。     

不同时期秸秆还田对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

通过在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站长期定位试验,研究了不同时期秸秆还田对水稻生长发育的影响。秸秆还田提高水稻分蘖数、叶面积指数和地上部干物质量,增加了水稻每1 m2穗数和每穗实粒数,从而提高了水稻产量。但秸秆还田对早稻生长发育的影响明显大于对晚稻生长发育的影响。在施用氮、磷、钾肥条件下,秸秆还田使早稻产量增加1288%（2005年）和1003%（2006年）,效果显著;而晚稻仅增加133%（2005年）和261%（2006年）,增产作用不明显。造成秸秆还田对早晚稻生长发育及产量的影响有明显差异的主要原因是早晚稻生育期的温度等气候条件对还田后秸秆腐解及养分释放影响的不同及秸秆还田到水稻移栽这段时间的长短会对有机酸和CO2等物质的浓度产生影响。还对合理利用秸秆资源提出了建议     

Effect of imidacloprid and fipronil pesticide application on Sympetrum infuscatum (Libellulidae: Odonata) larvae and adults

The effect of imidacloprid and fipronil on Sympetrum infuscatum larvae and adults during the rice cultivation period was monitored using an experimental micro-paddy lysimeter (MPL) system. Twenty-two hatched larvae were laid on the soil surface of each MPL. MPLs were treated with imidacloprid, fipronil, and the control MPL was left untreated. The pesticide concentration, S. infuscatum larval and adult populations, and larval emergence time were monitored in each MPL. The maximum imidacloprid and fipronil concentration in paddy water was 52.8 μg/l at 1 day, and 1.3 μg/l at 6 h, respectively, after the pesticide application. Both pesticides dissipated quickly in paddy water, with half-lives of 8.8 and 5.4 days for imidacloprid and fipronil, respectively. The absence of S. infuscatum larvae and exuviae in the fipronil-treated MPL was remarkable. The larval survival decreased to 63.6 ± 18.2, 15.2 ± 2.6, and 0% in the control, imidacloprid-treated, and fipronil-treated MPLs, respectively, by 9 days after pesticide application. Emergence in the imidacloprid-treated MPL was also significantly lower than that in the control MPL. The observed decrease in the abundances of S. infuscatum larvae and adults in MPLs seems to be both directly and indirectly associated with nursery-box application of fipronil and imidacloprid.     

Tracing the fate of nitrogen with <Superscript>15</Superscript>N isotope considering suitable fertilizer rate related to yield and environment impacts in paddy field

While the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is believed to dramatically influence rice fields and improve the soil conditions in paddy fields, fertilization with low use efficiency and nitrogen loss may cause environmental pollution. In this paper, ¹⁵N-labeled urea was used to trace the fate of nitrogen at four rates (0, 75, 225 and 375 kg N/ha) of urea fertilizer over three split applications in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, in 2014. Plant biomass, the soil nitrogen content of different layers, NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions were determined using the ¹⁵N abundance to calculate the portion from nitrogen fertilizer. The results indicated that rice yields increased with the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer. NH₃ volatilization is the main nitrogen loss pathway, and N₂O emissions were significantly associated with nitrogen application rates in the paddy. The percent of nitrogen loss by NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions increased with the nitrogen application rate. This study showed that the suitable N fertilizer in a loam clay paddy, considering the yield requirements and environmental issues, is approximately 225 kg N/ha in Hangzhou, with a distribution of 50.06% of the residual in the rice and soil and 48.77% loss as NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions. The nitrate from fertilization mainly remained in the 0–20 cm level of the topsoil.     

麦/稻秸秆还田氮在后茬稻/麦植株中的分配去向探析

为探究秸秆还田氮在后茬稻/麦中的有效性及其去向,运用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,设置秸秆直接还田、秸秆添加腐熟剂还田两个处理,采用大田微区试验连续种植一季冬小麦和一季水稻,分析¹⁵N标记的水稻和小麦秸秆氮在后茬小麦、水稻不同生育时期植株各器官的分配及去向特征。结果表明,秸秆直接还田处理与秸秆添加腐熟剂还田处理下,稻田中小麦还田秸秆的当季腐解率分别为72.71%和80.18%,麦田中水稻还田秸秆的当季腐解率分别为58.53%和68.90%,水稻季显著高于小麦季;小麦季和水稻季植株吸收的氮素中,来自还田前茬秸秆¹⁵N 氮的比例不同,其中小麦季分别为3.13%~3.36%和3.72%~3.85%,水稻季分别为3.19%~3.84%和3.60%~4.20%,水稻季略高于小麦季。与秸秆直接还田处理相比,秸秆添加腐熟剂还田处理能显著促进秸秆腐解,增加小麦和水稻各时期植株对还田秸秆¹⁵N 氮的利用率,并提高还田标记¹⁵N 氮在土壤中的残留率,抑制还田秸秆中¹⁵N 氮的损失率,即采用秸秆添加腐熟剂还田能提高秸秆氮素转化率和有效性。