大豆亚麻酸含量的QTL分析

由于亚麻酸的高度不饱和性,导致大豆油的稳定性和耐贮性降低,并严重影响豆奶的商品价值。因此降低大豆种子亚麻酸含量是当今大豆育种的一个重要目标。本研究利用正常亚麻酸含量的品种合丰25与亚麻酸含量仅为3％的突变品系L-14杂交所得的F9代和F3代群体,对500多对SSR引物进行筛选,共有90个SSR标记被分配到1999年Cregan定义的20条染色体中,QTL分析表明有3个分子标记Satt066、Satt424、Satt476与大豆亚麻酸含量密切相关,分别定位在连锁群MLGB2、MLGA2、MLGC1上,且变异贡献率分别为8．7％、4．99％和5．3％。并用这些分子标记对F3代家系进行了验证。     

分子标记在大豆种质和分离群体中对SMV抗性基因的选择效果研究

大豆花叶病毒(Soybean mosaic virus,SMV)病是我国大豆生产上最主要的病毒病害之一。本研究用与SMV株系SC15和SC18抗病基因Rsc15和Rsc18紧密连锁的5个分子标记(Satt246、Satt286和Satt634、BARCSOYSSR-02-0667和Satt266)对来自国内外的50份大豆种质以及杂交组合"科丰1号×RN-9"后代进行了针对SC15和SC18株系的抗病性评价和选择。经接种验证后结果表明:Sat-246和Satt286对抗病基因Rsc15的选择平均符合率分别为63.89%和66.67%;Satt634、BARCSOYSSR-02-0667和Satt266对Rsc18选择的平均符合率分别为67.92%、68.09%和63.10%;共选出抗SC15的材料34份,抗SC18的材料27份,对SC15和SC18均抗病的材料25份。通过对杂交组合"科丰1号×RN-9"衍生的F_2、F_3和F_4代分离群体进行标记选择和接种SMV的表型验证,发现标记Sat-246和Satt286在3个分离世代对SC15抗性基因筛选的符合率分别为72.13%、68.83%和84.25%。用与Rsc15和Rsc18连锁的5个分子标记,对F_2、F_3和F_4代分离群体进行抗性基因的选择,在F4就筛选到18个对SC15和SC18均为抗病且标记带型完全纯合的抗病家系。本研究结果表明这些分子标记可有效用于种质资源和杂交后代群体对SMV抗性的选择。     

东北地区大豆主栽品种油份蛋白含量的关联分析

为探寻与大豆油份含量、蛋白含量相关的关键位点,本研究选取中国东北地区92份大豆主栽品种及常用种质资源品种群体基于蛋白含量和油份含量的Meta分析,进行基于数学模型的类群划分评价,估测样本群体的结构,应用简单线性模型分析与大豆油份含量、蛋白含量相关的的位点。结果表明,通过多次迭代测试,当K=5时,即该资源群体可以分为5个亚群时,为最稳定的分类结果,并在显著水平下（p<0.05）,贡献率大于1%的标记中,得到与大豆油份含量相关标记有Sat_412,Sat_195,Satt317,Sat_187,Sat_195,Satt255,Satt713,Satt468,Satt267,Satt686,Sat_294和AZ302047,对油分含量的总贡献率为39.54%。蛋白质含量相关标记有Satt683,Sat_311,Satt578,Satt181,Satt317,Satt700,Satt713,Satt255,Sat_242和Satt720对蛋白质含量总贡献率为48.39%。这些重要的标记位点为大豆油份含量和蛋白含量的分子辅助育种提供重要基础。     

大豆细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的SSR标记

大豆细胞质雄性不育系的获得,为大豆杂种优势利用奠定了基础.在确认RN型大豆细胞质雄性不育系属单基因配子体不育,恢复性是由显性单基因控制的遗传模式的基础上,开展恢复基因的分子标记研究,旨在找到与恢复基因紧密连锁的分子标记,为进一步克隆恢复基因及恢复系的分子标记辅助育种奠定基础.研究选用412对SSR引物,利用RN型不育系YA与恢复系167杂交的F2分离群体,获得了与恢复基因连锁的两个标记Satt414和Satt596,遗传距离分别为16.4和14.6 cM.为了找到更近的分子标记,分析了Satt414和Satt596附近的所有SSR引物,并利用两个遗传差异较大的亲本重新构建了分离群体,从而获得了与恢复基因连锁比较紧密的标记Satt547,遗传距离为7.56 cM.根据Cregan等构建的大豆分子遗传连锁图,将恢复基因定位于J连锁群上.     

大豆脂肪酸Fad3a基因HRM检测体系优化研究

高分辨率熔解曲线分析法可准确检测单核苷酸多态性,具有稳定性和高效性的特点.建立基于HRM的SNP检测方法,确立最佳的反应体系和反应条件是后续基因分型研究的前提和基础.Fad3a基因为大豆脂肪酸合成的关键酶基因,以Fad3a基因为研究对象,通过测序获得大豆品种合丰25(亚麻酸含量5.94％)和L-5(亚麻酸含量2.75％)在Fad3a基因序列上的单核苷酸多态性位点,根据这2个品种的Fad3a基因测序结果,利用Lighter scanner primer design软件设计产物长度不同的SNP突变引物5对,探索PCR产物长度和不同的退火温度对HRM分型结果的影响.结果表明:HRM分型的扩增子适宜长度应小于150 bp,且在扩增成功的基础上使用相对较高的退火温度可使待测PCR产物熔解峰单一,熔解曲线平稳.     

黑龙江省大豆推广品种农艺和品质性状优异等位变异的发掘

发掘推广品种的农艺和品质性状优异等位变异和载体材料可为培育优质大豆品种提供遗传信息和育种资源。本研究以200份黑龙江省近年大豆推广品种为试验材料,利用187对SSR标记进行全基因组扫描,分析群体结构,采用TASSEL软件的GLM方法对标记与3个农艺性状、蛋白质含量及油分含量进行关联分析。结果表明：10 个SSR标记与百粒重关联,其中表型效应值最大的优异等位变异为Sat-149-192,载体材料为东农57;8个SSR标记 与株高关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt413-206,载体材料为赤豆1号;13个SSR标记与生育期关联,表型 效应值最大的等位变异是Satt631-180,载体材料为黑农61;5个SSR标记与油分含量关联,表型效应值最大的等位 变异是Satt234-138,载体材料为合丰55;9个SSR标记与蛋白质含量关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt632- 293,其载体材料为东农43。上述等位变异的信息为培育提供了亲本选配和后代等位条带辅助选择的依据。     

黑龙江省大豆推广品种农艺品质性状优异等位变异发掘

发掘推广品种的农艺和品质性状优异等位变异和载体材料可为培育优质大豆品种提供遗传信息和育种资源。本研究以200份黑龙江省近年大豆推广品种为试验材料,利用187对SSR标记进行全基因组扫描,分析群体结构,采用TASSEL软件的GLM方法对标记与3个农艺性状、蛋白质含量及油分含量进行关联分析。结果表明:10个SSR标记与百粒重关联,其中表型效应值最大的优异等位变异为Sat-149-192,载体材料为东农57;8个SSR标记与株高关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt413-206,载体材料为赤豆1号;13个SSR标记与生育期关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt631-180,载体材料为黑农61;5个SSR标记与油分含量关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt234-138,载体材料为合丰55;9个SSR标记与蛋白质含量关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt632-293,其载体材料为东农43。上述等位变异的信息为培育提供了亲本选配和后代等位条带辅助选择的依据。     

大豆油分含量位点主要等位基因挖掘

应用241份国内外大豆资源和18个SSR引物,卡方检验及t检验鉴定出3个与大豆油分含量正向相关的重要位点,分别为Satt343,Sat₂95和Satt598,每一位点各含1个与油分相关的重要等位基因,分别为Satt343₃,Sat₂95₆和Satt598₇,这3个等位基因对油分含量呈正效应,并在分别在引物Satt343和Sat₂95附近发现已定位的与油分含量相关的基因。     

大豆胞囊线虫抗性基因的SSR标记研究

大豆胞囊线虫病是世界大豆产区危害最重的病害之一.本文以高抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的黑豆品种小粒黑豆为父本,以高感大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的品种辽豆10号为母本配制杂交组合.利用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)对辽豆10号×小粒黑豆杂交组合的F2代大豆材料的基因组DNA进行了SSR分析,供试的204对SSR引物有15对具有多态性,从中筛选到一个与大豆胞囊线虫抗性基因相关的分子标记Satt187,其片段大小为172 bp和176 bp,为共显性标记,在F2代分离群体中的分离比为1∶2∶1,呈孟德尔式遗传.应用该标记对辽豆10×小粒黑豆F2代分离群体进行分子标记鉴定和辅助选择,在抗病单株中均检测到标记带Satt187-176 bp的存在,而在感病单株中检测到有Satt187-176 bp和Satt187-172 bp两种标记带或仅有Satt187-172 bp的标记带存在,分析表明该标记具有抗胞囊线虫分子标记辅助选择应用的前景.     

利用选择回交导入群体定位大豆蛋白质含量QTL

大豆是重要的植物蛋白来源,定位大豆蛋白质含量QTL,可为分子标记辅助育种和基因挖掘提供依据。本研究以我国综合性状优良的黄淮海主栽品种中黄13为轮回亲本,日本品种东山69为供体亲本,构建了BC2F2回交导入系群体;利用性状–标记间的单向方差分析和卡方测验检测BC2F2随机群体(RP)及选择回交导入群体(BSP、PSP和NSP)中影响大豆蛋白质含量的QTL。2种方法在4个群体中定位到蛋白质含量相关的QTL 42个,5个位点在随机群体和极端选择群体中被多次重复检测到,分别为Sat_202、Satt170、Satt282、Sat_074、和Satt146;单向方差分析在随机群体和双向选择群体中同时检测到Sat_077、Sat_202、Satt282、Satt146和Satt712等5个效应值较大(10%)的蛋白质含量QTL,分别位于C1、C2、D1b、F和J连锁群上,位于D1b和J连锁群上的Satt282和Satt712效应最大,F值达到8.77、7.80和9.01、11.61,与其连锁的QTL能解释的表型变异分别达13.55%、21.40%和13.85%、28.82%;卡方测验在极端选择群体中检测到的8个QTL与单向方差分析在随机群体中检测到的位点一致,其中双向选择群体检测到4个(Sat_202、Satt301、Sat_074和Satt146)、正向选择群体检测到2个(Satt250和Satt485)、负向选择群体检测到5个(Sat_202、Satt170、Satt282、Sat_074和Satt146)。定位到42个蛋白质相关QTL,结果表明单向方差分析对双向选择群体有一定的应用价值,卡方测验更适合单向选择群体的QTL检测。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).