猕猴病毒性肝炎流行病学研究

人类病毒性肝炎(viral hepatitis)是由多种病毒引起的人类以肝细胞肿胀、汇管区水肿和炎性细胞浸润导致肝肿大为特征的一组传染病,是世界上流行久远、广泛、危害极大的传染病之一〔1,2〕。自1963年Blumberg发现乙型肝炎病毒(HBV),由于新方法的不断建立,大约每5～10年发现一种新的肝炎病毒,1973年Feninstone用免疫电镜法发现甲型肝炎病毒(HAV),1977年Rimeto用免疫荧光法发现丁型肝炎病毒(HDV),1983年Balayan用免疫电镜法发现戊型肝炎病毒(HEV),1978年Alter等发现了丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)〔3,4〕,1995年     

科学家在犬身上发现与丙肝病毒相似的新型病毒

最常见的肝炎病毒包括甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)。其中丙型肝炎病毒最为凶险,目前医学界对这种病毒尚无全面认识,更没有预防感染此病毒的抗病毒药物和疫苗。然而,最近科学家在狗身上发现了一种和此病毒非常相似的一种新型病毒CHV,为未来攻克HCV带来了希望……     

雏鸡接种超抗原SEB和MDV后免疫细胞TNF-α的体外诱生

超抗原由某些细菌、病毒、支原体和寄生虫产生，其中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(SE)中SEB具有代表性；已知超抗原(SAg)可大量激活人和小鼠T细胞(CD4^ 和CD8^ )和抗原递呈细胞(APC)，并诱导IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、TNF、IFN-γ等Th-1细胞因子，乃至免疫无反应、细胞凋亡和免疫抑制；超抗原SEB诱导CD8^ T细胞成为细胞毒性T细胞，启动NK细胞的细胞因子产生，有研究发现，SEB具有双相激活作用，高剂量诱导迅速，低剂量诱导长期而长期的激活状态。     

科学家正犬身上发现与丙肝病毒相似99新型病毒

最常见的肝炎病毒包括甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）。其中丙型肝炎病毒最为凶险，目前医学界对这种病毒尚无全面认识，更没有预防感染此病毒的抗病毒药物和疫苗。然而，最近科学家在狗身上发现了一种和此病毒非常相似的一种新型病毒CHV，为未来攻克HCV带来了希望……     

贫血病雏鸡Lasota疫苗免疫后免疫器官组织T细胞亚群变化

应用微波间接酶标抗体染色法(WIEAS)对鸡贫血病毒(CAV)感染雏鸡Lasota疫苗免疫后免疫器官组织的CD4^ 、CD8^ T细胞数量及CD4^-与CD8^ T细胞比值的变化进行了动态研究，结果发现，CAV感染1日龄雏鸡Lasota疫苗免疫后，其胸腺、脾脏和盲肠扁桃体的CD4^ 、CD8^ T细胞数量及CD4^ 与CD8^ T细胞比值均程度不同地低于CAV未感染Lasota疫苗免疫对照雏鸡。表明，CAV感染雏鸡免疫器官组织对Lasota疫苗的细胞免疫应答机能降低或减弱。     

外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg在绵羊接种布鲁氏菌M5-90弱毒疫苗后的动态变化

为研究绵羊接种布鲁氏菌弱毒M5-90株后外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的动态变化规律,本研究选择11只健康绵羊,每10 d免疫一次,共免疫3次,分别在免疫前、免疫后10d、20 d、30 d利用流式细胞术检测外周血中CD4+、CD8+T、CD4+CD25+Treg淋巴细胞亚群.在免疫后的第20 d,CD4+T、CD8+T细胞百分含量达到最高水平(P＜0.05)后均缓慢下降;在第10d,CD4+CD25+Treg细胞缓慢升高,至20 d、30 d均显著升高(p＜0.05);在布鲁氏菌M5-90疫苗免疫应答过程中CD4+CD25+Treg细胞参与了机体的免疫反应调控,对CD4+T、CD8+T淋巴细胞的比例进行调节,并且维持CD4+/CD8+比值稳定,起到平衡Th1/Th2细胞间反应的作用.     

寄生虫免疫中的免疫细胞和细胞因子

从目前研究来看,寄生虫免疫着重由免疫效应细胞和细胞因子承但[1].参与的免疫效应细胞有T细胞、巨噬细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和杯状细胞,其中,T细胞作用最突出.它的2个亚群CD8+、CD4+分别发挥了不同的作用:CD8+发挥细胞毒性作用,直接杀伤驻虫细胞;CD4+分泌淋巴因子参加反应.针对不同的寄生虫感染,CD4+分化为TH1或TH2细胞.TH1细胞分泌IFN-γ、TNF-a、IL-2,以这类淋巴因子为主导的免疫途径称TH1途径.它以IFN-γ的作用为中心,主要作用寄生于细胞内的虫体,如球虫.     

猪瘟免疫猪接种PRRSV Nsp2Δ1882-2241弱毒疫苗后免疫应答及T细胞表型变化特征

选择17头28日龄的CSFV和PRRSV抗体均为阴性的仔猪,于试验的第1天和第14天分别对其进行猪瘟耐热保护剂活疫苗（兔源）和高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征Nsp2A1882—2241弱毒疫苗免疫。在免疫后的第28、42天采集外周血液,分析特异性抗体表达量和外周血T淋巴细胞表型的变化,评估猪瘟免疫对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征免疫的影响。结果显示,在CSF免疫后第28、42天,CSFV高抗组中的CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋、CD4^＋CD8^＋和CD4-CD8数目均比CSFV低抗组高,CD3^＋和CD8^＋细胞数量比CSFV低抗组低;PRRS高抗组中,CD4CD8-细胞含量高于PRRS低抗组;在CSF免疫后第28天,CSFV抗体产生较高（阳性比率为73．33％）,PRRSV抗体产生较低（阳性比率仅为6．67％）。在CSF免疫后的第42天,CSF高抗组中PRRSV抗体阳性比率较CSF低抗组高8．33％。结果表明,CSFV特异性抗体产生高时能增加PRRSV特异性细胞免疫应答,增加CD4^＋细胞、CD4^＋CD8^＋细胞数量,提高机体免疫水平。CD3＋和CD4CD8-细胞应答作用值得重视。     

巨型艾美耳球虫偏菱形样蛋白EmRP免疫原性分析

在前期研究中,从巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)cDNA文库中筛选到了免疫保护性抗原偏菱形样蛋白EmRP,本研究为揭示该抗原的免疫保护机理,进一步检测了其免疫原性。以E.maxima卵囊cDNA为模板,用RT-PCR技术扩增EmRP,并构建真核表达质粒pVAX1-EmRP,将其经腿部肌肉注射2周龄的雏鸡,3周龄加强免疫。分别于首次免疫后和加强免疫后1周,采集血清,用ELISA方法检测血清特异性IgG水平,用荧光定量PCR方法(qPCR)检测细胞因子水平,用流式细胞术检测CD4^+T淋巴细胞和CD8^+T淋巴细胞的比例,分析EmRP诱导的免疫反应。序列分析表明,EmRP含有偏菱形样蛋白超家族成员保守区域,为非跨膜蛋白,分子量约为28.4 kD。真核表达质粒pVAX1-EmRP免疫鸡后,与对照组相比,鸡体IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-10和IL-17等细胞因子转录水平显著提升;CD8^+和CD4^+ T细胞比例显著提高,而血清特异性IgG水平与对照组差异不显著。结果表明,EmRP诱导的免疫保护作用主要是由其诱导的细胞免疫反应实现的,可以作为研制E.maxima新型疫苗的候选抗原。     

流式分析外周血CD4和CD8淋巴细胞样本制备及其分离培养方法

CD是英文cluster of differentiation的缩写,中文意思是“分化抗原”,是表达在细胞表面的分子。这些分子将免疫细胞分成不同的细胞群。细胞表面的标记抗体(例如CD4,CD8)可以用来识别和定量不同细胞群,在免疫毒理研究中,利用流式细胞技术对动物脾脏或外周血中T细胞亚群CD4+T(辅助性T细胞)和CD8+T淋巴细胞(杀伤性T细胞)进行检测,作为评价动物机体的免疫状态方法之一。在此类试验中对不同动物种类将使用合适的单克隆抗体。     

Localisation of swine hepatitis E virus in experimentally infected pigs

The distribution of intravenously inoculated swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) was assessed by in situ hybridisation for a period of 50 days. Evidence of apparent clinical disease was found in only one pig in the HEV infected group. The only gross lesion observed was mildly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes at 50 days post infection (dpi). Histopathologically, mild lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and focal hepatocellular necrotic lesions were found in HEV-infected pigs. Swine HEV nucleic acids were detected by RT-PCR in the faeces at 3 dpi in 100% of the 18 pigs infected with the virus. Thereafter, the number of positives declined.The most consistent and intense signal was found in the liver of infected animals using in situ hybridisation. The positive cells were hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, bile epithelial cells and interstitial lymphocytes. Swine HEV RNA was localised in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, with a slightly granular pattern of staining, but hybridisation signals were not observed in degenerative or vacuolated hepatocytes. HEV was much less frequently detected in extrahepatic tissues such as lymph nodes, tonsil, spleen and small and large intestine. It was concluded that swine HEV had replicated primarily in the hepatocytes and infection resulted in subclinical infection with minimal histopathological changes in the liver.     

丁型肝炎病毒ORF5基因片段的原核表达及在ELISA中的初步应用

为获得HDAg抗原,以含有ORF5编码区基因的pETHD质粒为模板进行PCR扩增得到500bp大小片段,经过BamHⅠ、HindⅢ双酶切,与载体pET-30a连接,构建重组表达质粒pET-30a/HDAg,再转入细胞BL21(DE3),经过IPTG诱导表达和SDS-PAGE分析,表达蛋白分子质量约27ku,经过Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化后,纯度达95%以上。将纯化的蛋白经HRP标记,初步建立ELISA捕获法,通过对24份标本检测和交叉反应试验,结果表明表达的抗原具有很好的反应原性和特异性,为建立丁型肝炎早期检测试剂盒提供材料。     

High hepatitis E virus antibody positive rates in dogs and humans exposed to dogs in the south‐west of China

Hepatitis E (HE) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV). The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HEV infection among dogs and humans exposed to dogs in the south‐west region of China. A total of 4,490 dog serum samples and 2,206 relative practitioner serum samples were collected from 18 pet hospitals and dog farms in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou province, and the anti‐HEV IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA. The results showed that the total positive rate of anti‐HEV antibodies was 36.55% with the highest rate in city stray dogs, and the differences in distinct species and growth phases were significant. The positive rate of anti‐HEV antibody in veterinarian and farm staff‐related practitioners was significantly higher than the general population. The finding of the present survey suggested that high HEV seroprevalence in dogs and humans exposed to dogs in the south‐west area of China poses a significant public health concern. It is urgent to improve integrated strategies to detect, prevent and control HEV infection in dogs and humans exposed to dogs in this area.     

动物戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)RT-nPCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)的4个基因亚型,寻找其保守序列ORF2,成功设计了一套以Ⅰ、Ⅳ型为主兼顾Ⅱ、Ⅲ型的通用简并引物,摸索条件,建立检测动物戊型肝炎病毒反转录套式聚合酶链反应(RT-nPCR)的方法,扩增片段为507 bp。该方法检测所需时间为5 h,灵敏度可达10 pg,特异性强、重复性好;经优化研制了动物戊型肝炎病毒RT-nPCR检测试剂盒,保存期半年以上,该试剂盒可用于动物粪便、胆汁HEV RNA的检测。     

Hepatitis E virus infection in swine workers: A meta‐analysis

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects both humans and animals. Swine has been confirmed to be the principal natural reservoir, which raises a concern that HEV infection would be substantially increasing among swine workers. The present study calculated the pooled prevalence of IgG antibodies against HEV among swine workers and the general population in previous cross‐sectional studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis comparing the prevalence of HEV infection between swine workers and the general population, including local residents, blood donors and non‐swine workers. Through searches in three databases (PubMed and OVID in English, and CNKI in Chinese) and after study selection, a total of 32 studies from 16 countries (from 1999 through 2018) were included in the meta‐analysis. A random‐effect model was employed in the study; an I ² statistic assessed heterogeneity, and the Egger's test detected publication bias. The comparative prevalence of anti‐HEV IgG was pooled from the studies. Compared to the general population, the prevalence ratio (PR) for swine workers was estimated to be 1.52 (95% CI 1.38–1.76) with the I ² being 71%. No publication bias was detected (p = 0.40). A subgroup analysis further indicated increased prevalence of anti‐HEV IgG in the swine workers in Asia (PR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.35–1.64), in Europe (PR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49–2.50) and in all five swine‐related occupations, including swine farmers, butchers, meat processors, pork retailers and veterinarians (PR ranged between 1.19 and 1.75). In summary, swine workers have a relatively higher prevalence of past HEV infection, and this finding is true across swine‐related occupations, which confirms zoonotic transmission between swine and swine workers.     

Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Prevalence in Wildlife in Poland

Hepatitis E is an important public health problem mostly in developing but occasionally also in industrialized countries. Domestic and wildlife animals are considered reservoirs of the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Since no information on the prevalence of autochthonous HEV infections in human and animal in Poland is available, the aim of the study was to investigate the HEV seroprevalence of different wildlife species as potential virus reservoirs in the country. No HEV antibodies were found in any of the sera collected from the red deer (Cervus elaphus), European bison (Bison bonasus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), elk (Alces alces), fallow deer (Dama dama), sika deer (Cervus nippon), Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica) or brown bear (Ursus arctos). HEV‐specific antibodies were detected in 44.4% (95% CI 38.3–50.7) serum samples originated only from wild boars. The percentage of seropositive wild boars differed significantly between the provinces and was positively correlated with the wild boar density and rurality of the area. This study showed that HEV circulates among wild boar population in Poland, and this species should be considered as an important reservoir of the virus.     

戊型肝炎病毒研究动态

戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)是引起戊型肝炎(hepatitis E,HE)的病原体,主要经粪口途径传播,呈全球分布,戊型肝炎病毒不仅可以感染人类,而且可以跨物种在多种动物中传播。作为一种新的人畜共患病,本文从病原学、流行病学、疫苗研制以及检测方法等方面进行了综述。     

上海地区多种动物戊型肝炎血清学调查

在上海地区收集血液样品(猪、牛、山羊、马、鸡、鸭、鸽、犬和部分珍禽等)964份,应用双抗原夹心酶联免疫法(DS-ELISA)检测抗HEV抗体。结果表明,猪抗HEV抗体的阳性率为72.18%(301/417),其中母猪阳性率最高,为82.53%(222/269),育成猪阳性率为52.54%(62/118),保育猪阳性率为50.00%(15/30);22个猪场均检测到抗HEV抗体阳性猪,阳性率高于60%的猪场有16个,占阳性猪场的72.72%。在牛、山羊、马、鸡、鸭、鸽等血清中也检测到了抗HEV抗体,阳性率分别为6.00%,24.00%,16.00%,1.90%,12.77%和4.44%,明显低于猪群的阳性率。在宠物犬中检测到了抗体阳性犬,阳性率为17.82%(18/101),说明犬对HEV易感。珍禽中野鸭、火烈鸟对HEV也有一定的敏感性,阳性率分别为6.60%(1/15)和10%(1/10),在孔雀和鸵鸟的血清标本中未检测到HEV抗体。猪群中戊型肝炎病毒存在较普遍,其他与人类密切相关的多种动物也对HEV敏感。     

Detection and characterization of potentially zoonotic viruses in faeces of pigs at slaughter in Germany

Pigs can harbour a variety of viruses in their gastrointestinal tract. Some of them are closely related to human viruses and are therefore suspected to have a zoonotic potential. Only little is known about the presence of those viruses in pigs at slaughter. However, by contamination of meat with zoonotic viruses during the slaughtering process, food-borne transmission to humans may be possible. Here we analyzed 120 faecal samples of pigs at slaughter from 3 different geographical regions of Germany for the presence of astrovirus (AstV), encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) and group A rotavirus (GARV). Using real-time RT-PCR, the most frequently detected virus was AstV, which was present in 20.8% of the samples, followed by NoV GII with a detection rate of 14.2%. EMCV, HEV and GARV were found only occasionally with detection rates of 4.2%, 2.5% and 0.8%, respectively. Analyses of partial genome sequences of the viruses indicated that the detected AstV and NoV GII mainly represented typical pig virus strains, which have not been detected in humans so far. However, the GARV and HEV strains were more closely related to human strains. The results indicate that enteric viruses, some of them with zoonotic potential, are present in pig faeces at slaughter. Application of good hygiene practice is necessary to minimize the risk of introducing these viruses into the food and to prevent virus transmission to highly exposed persons such as slaughterers and veterinarians.