犬流感病毒重组核蛋白抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立H3N2亚型犬流感病毒(CIV)血清学检测方法,本研究利用H3N2亚型CIV重组核蛋白(r NP)作为检测抗原,通过优化反应条件,建立了检测CIV核蛋白血清抗体的间接ELISA方法。通过检测10份SPF犬血清样品确定阴阳性临界值为0.288。该方法检测犬瘟热病毒、犬细小病毒、犬副流感毒、犬腺病毒Ⅱ型、狂犬病病毒、犬弓形虫、犬弓首蛔虫、犬复孔绦虫的阳性血清均为阴性,具有良好的特异性,但与H1N1、H3N8和H9N2亚型CIV有交叉反应。该方法检测H3N2 CIV血清抗体的灵敏度为血凝抑制试验(HI)的3~12.5倍;而且其批内批间变异系数为1.85%~6.57%,重复性良好。通过对H3N2 CIV攻毒犬血清进行分析,表明该检测方法具有滞后性,检测到CIV抗体的时间晚于HI试验。利用本研究建立的方法和以H3N2 CIV为诊断抗原的HI检测方法对450份血清样品进行检测,结果显示该方法对血清样品具有初筛作用,两者阳性符合率为58.3%,阴性符合率为100%。本研究可以结合其它血清学方法为CIV流行病学调查进行快速、高效的检测。     

H3N8亚型马流感病毒RT-LAMP检测方法的建立

为了建立检测H3N8亚型马流感病毒的RT-LAMP方法,根据H3N8亚型马流感病毒HA基因序列,设计了2对LAMP引物,经过优化反应条件,建立了RT-LAMP检测H3N8亚型马流感病毒方法。结果表明,RT-LAMP方法能够在63℃恒温条件下、75min内实现目的基因片段的大量特异性扩增,通过荧光显色就可直接用肉眼判断结果。对H7N7亚型马流感病毒、马动脉炎病毒、马鼻肺炎病毒的核酸无交叉反应,具有较好的特异性;方法的灵敏度比常规RT-PCR的高10倍;该方法操作简便快速、省时省力,而且灵敏度高、特异性强,对H3N8亚型马流感病毒的检测具有实际的应用价值。     

H3N2亚型犬流感病毒重组HA1蛋白间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立一种H3N2亚型犬流感病-毒(CIV)血清学检测方法,本研究利用CIV重组HA1蛋白作为检测抗原,建立H3N2亚型CIV抗体的间接ELISA检测方法,并优化反应条件.通过检测阴性血清样本30份确定其临界值为0.228.该方法与抗猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2、H6N6、H9N2的阳性血清和犬瘟热病、犬细小病、犬副流感的阳性血清均无交叉反应.变异系数在1.01％～7.52％之间,具有较好的重复性.通过对150份临床样品进行检测并与血凝抑制试验检测结果比较,总符合率为98.6％.本研究为CIV流行病学调查提供了一种快速、方便、敏感的抗体检测方法.     

H7亚型和N9亚型禽流感病毒RT-LAMP可视化检测方法的建立

应用反转录环介导等温扩增技术(RT-LAMP),建立一种H7亚型和N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)可视化快速检测方法。根据GenBank中H7亚型和N9亚型AIV HA和NA基因序列,在其保守区域设计筛选出H7亚型和N9亚型AIV的特异性LAMP引物各一套,优化反应条件,建立能检测H7亚型和N9亚型AIV RT-LAMP方法,并进行特异性和敏感性检验。结果显示,该法用实时浊度仪63℃反应1h,能特异性地检测H7亚型和N9亚型AIV,而对其他15个H亚型和8个N亚型的AIV和禽类呼吸道病原体均无扩增,最低能检出10拷贝·μL-1目的基因。所建立的H7亚型和N9亚型RT-LAMP方法特异性强、敏感性高,结果可视化,操作简便、快速,为H7、N9和H7N9亚型AIV的有效防控提供技术支撑,具有较好的应用前景。     

H3N2亚型犬流感病毒血凝及血凝抑制试验的研究

为优化H3N2亚型犬流感病毒(CIV)的血凝抑制(HI)试验方法,本研究应用不同种类红细胞进行CIV的血凝(HA)试验,应用不同种类红细胞和不同血清处理方法进行CIV的HI试验,评价其对HA和HI试验的影响。结果表明,H3N2亚型CIV对鸡和犬红细胞的凝集性最好,对小鼠、猪和牛红细胞的凝集性较差。HI试验应用鸡红细胞悬液效果最好,受体破坏酶(RDE)和高碘酸钾处理可以有效去除犬血清中非特异血凝抑制素,但高碘酸钾对血清特异性抗体有损耗。本研究筛选出H3N2亚型CIV HI试验的最佳方法,为犬流感的血清学诊断提供技术支持。     

H3亚型犬流感病毒的荧光定量PCR方法建立及其增殖特性研究

旨在建立H3亚型犬流感病毒(canine influenza virus,CIV)荧光定量PCR方法,利用该方法对病毒在犬肾细胞(MDCK细胞)上增殖特性进行研究.根据CIV的血凝素(HA)片段上的HA2基因保守区设计并合成特异性引物,构建CIV-HA重组质粒作为标准品,经过条件优化,建立H3亚型CIV荧光定量检测方法...     

H3N8亚型禽流感病毒实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立简便、快速检测H3N8亚型禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)的方法,本研究根据H3和N8亚型AIV的HA和NA基因保守序列,设计合成了2对特异性引物和2条Taq Man探针,通过优化反应条件建立了H3N8亚型AIV一步法实时荧光定量RT-PCR。结果表明:该方法敏感型好,对H3N8亚型AIV检测敏感性达100个模板拷贝数。该方法特异性强,仅对H3和N8亚型AIV检测为阳性;应用该方法对96份临床样品进行检测,结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。因此,本研究建立的H3N8亚型AIV一步法实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法具有简便、快速、敏感和特异等优点,可为H3N8亚型AIV感染的有效防控提供技术支撑。     

犬流感病毒RT-LAMP快速检测方法的建立

为了建立一种便捷、灵敏的犬流感病毒(CIV)检测技术,本研究根据CIV相对保守的M片段设计3对特异性引物,建立CIV的RT-LAMP检测方法,对反应体系中的MgSO4、Betaine、Bst DNA PoLymerase、dNTP、引物浓度等分别进行了优化,并进行敏感性和特异性试验。结果表明:所建立的反应体系在恒温水浴锅中作用45min即可得到其特有的阶梯状条带,而且对犬细小病毒、犬瘟病毒和犬副流感病毒的扩增结果均为阴性。该方法对CIV RNA的最小检测限为0.1pg,灵敏性高于一步RT-PCR方法。RT-LAMP和普通RT-PCR方法检测临床样品的符合率为93.02%。该方法为犬流感病毒的临床检测提供了一种简便、实用的方法,为基层检疫提供了方便。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒二重荧光RT-LAMP检测方法的建立

根据H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的HA和NA基因的保守序列,设计2套特异性LAMP引物和2条探针引物,同时在2条探针的5′端分别标记不同的荧光基团,在3′端都标记猝灭基团,然后使用多色荧光成像仪观察反应后是否有荧光产生来判断反应管里是否有阳性扩增,通过荧光颜色的不同来分析阳性扩增产物的类型。特异性试验结果显示该方法能特异性扩增H9亚型和N2亚型AIV,对其他15个HA亚型和其余8个NA亚型AIV以及禽类常见病原体均无扩增;干扰性试验结果显示H9和N2两种亚型AIV可以在同一反应管中独立完成扩增,二者互不干扰;敏感性试验显示其最低检测限度为100拷贝/μL。试验结果表明本试验建立的二重荧光RT-LAMP检测方法具备反应快速、灵敏、特异性强同时可以用肉眼直接观察辨别扩增产物的优点,对H9N2亚型AIV临床快速检测具有较好的应用前景。     

H3N2亚型禽流感病毒双重实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速、简便检测H3N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,根据H3和N2亚型AIV HA、NA基因保守序列,分别设计筛选了特异性引物和用不同荧光基团标记的TaqMan探针。通过优化反应条件,建立了H3N2亚型AIV双重实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。结果显示该法特异性强,不与其他亚型AIV和常见禽病病原体发生交叉反应,敏感性达100拷贝/μL;组内组间重复性好,平均变异系数均小于3%;应用该法对96份临床样品检测,结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。表明本研究建立的H3N2亚型AIV双重实时荧光定量RT-PCR具有快速、特异、敏感、重复性好等优点,可用于H3N2亚型AIV的快速诊断和监测。     

IL‐12p40 gene expression in lung and hilar lymph nodes of MPS‐resistant pigs

Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) is caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M.hp) and is a common chronic respiratory disease of pigs. Recently, a genetically selected variant of the Landrace pig (Miyagino L2) has a lower incidence of pulmonary MPS lesions. We investigated the pathological and immunological characteristics of MPS resistance in these pigs (n = 24) by comparing with the normal landrace pig (control: n = 24). The pathological MPS lung lesion score in MPS‐selected landrace pigs was significantly lower than in the control. The gene expression of interleukin (IL)‐12p40, which acts as a chemoattractant and a component of the bioactive cytokines IL‐12 and IL‐23, was significantly higher at the hilar lymph nodes, lung, and spleen in MPS‐selected landrace pigs than in control landrace pigs, and these were negatively correlated with the macroscopic MPS lung lesion score. In summary, we demonstrate that resistance against MPS in Miyagino L2 pigs is associated with IL‐12p40 up‐regulation, in comparison with normal landrace pigs without the MPS vaccine. In addition, a comparative study of macroscopic MPS lung lesions and IL‐12p40 gene expression in lung and hilar lymph nodes may lead to beneficial selection traits for the genetic selection for MPS resistance in pigs.     

Immunogenic properties of Landrace pigs selected for resistance to mycoplasma pneumonia of swine

Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) lung lesions and immunogenic properties were compared between a Landrace line that was genetically selected for reduced incidence of pulmonary MPS lesions, and a non‐selected Landrace line. The MPS‐selected Landrace line showed significantly lower degrees of pulmonary MPS lesions compared with the non‐selected Landrace line. When changes in immunity before and after vaccination were compared, the percentage of B cells in the peripheral blood of the MPS‐selected Landrace line was significantly lower than that of the non‐selected line. Furthermore, the concentration of growth hormone and the mitogen activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the MPS‐selected Landrace line showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower increases after vaccination than the non‐selected line. Conversely, the concentration of peripheral blood interferon (IFN)‐γ and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) after Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination was significantly higher in the MPS‐selected Landrace line than in the non‐selected line. Gene expression of toll‐like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 was significantly higher in the MPS‐selected Landrace line in immune tissues, with the exception of the hilar lymph nodes. The present results suggest that peripheral blood IFN‐γ, salivary IgA TLR2, and TLR4 are important immunological factors influencing the development of MPS lesions.     

Immunological characterization of peripheral blood leukocytes using vaccine for mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) in swine line selected for resistance to MPS

This study was conducted to evaluate immunological changes in peripheral blood leukocytes in pigs that were genetically selected for their improved resistance to mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), using MPS vaccine as an antigen. Twelve castrated MPS‐selected Landrace pigs were compared with the same number of pigs from a nonselected line by using a time‐course analysis at the hematological level. After the second sensitization with MPS vaccine, the percentages of B cells, CD4⁺ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells in total leukocytes were lower in the selected line than in the nonselected line, whereas the percentage of granulocytes in total leukocytes increased in the MPS‐selected line. We also assessed the proliferative ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A, and found that although the proliferative ability of the PBMC was not different between the two lines at a steady state, the nonselected line showed a significantly higher proliferative ability after sensitization with MPS vaccine than the selected line regardless of antigens used. These results thus indicate that the selection of pigs on the basis of MPS resistance changes their immunophenotype, and would give us beneficial information for the prevention of MPS infection.     

Failure of lungworm-larvae-infected earthworms to transmit mycoplasmal pneumonia to swine

Two herds of swine, believed to be free from mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) based upon negative Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae microtiter complement fixation test (CFT) results, subsequently exhibited clinical signs of MPS.Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp.) were common to both herds. The possibility that lungworms could serve as a reservoir for M. hyopneumoniae was investigated. Lungworm-larvae-infected earthworms, collected from each of the farms, were fed to swine free of lungworms and MPS. This procedure resulted in lungworm infection in the recipient pigs, but failed to produce pneumonic lesions or CFT antibody titers against MPS.     

Histopathologic changes of the ear in canine models of mucopolysaccharidosis types I and VII

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types I and VII are inborn errors of metabolism caused by mutation of enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan catabolism, which leads to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. In children, severe forms of MPS I and VII are characterized by somatic and neurologic manifestations, including a poorly understood hearing loss. The purpose of this study is to describe the age-related histopathologic changes of the ear in spontaneous canine models of MPS I and VII. Pathologic changes in the ear were assessed in MPS I and VII dogs ranging from 1.6 to 9.3 months of age. Paraffin-embedded sections of the whole ear and Epon-embedded semithin sections of the cochlea were examined. The following lesions were blindly scored in the middle and inner ear: inflammation, cells vacuolization, thickening of osseous and membranous structures, perivascular vacuolated macrophages infiltration, and bone resorption. All dogs had lysosomal storage within cells of tympanic membrane, ossicles, tympanic bone and mucosa, cochlear bone, spiral ligament, limbus, and stria vascularis. The MPS I dogs mainly had progressive cochlear lesions. The MPS VII dogs had severe and early middle ear lesions, including chronic otitis media and bone resorption. The MPS I dog only partially recapitulates the pathology seen in humans; specifically, the dog model lacks inflammatory middle ear disease. In contrast, the MPS VII dog has severe inflammatory middle ear disease similar to that reported in the human. In conclusion, the canine MPS VII model appears to be a good model to study MPS VII-related deafness.     

The effects of methylprednisolone on normal and monocyte-conditioned medium-treated articular cartilage from dogs and horses

OBJECTIVE: To study in vitro (1) the dose-response relationships between proteoglycan metabolism in normal and corticosteroid-treated articular cartilage; (2) long-term proteoglycan metabolism after treatment of articular cartilage with corticosteroids; and (3) the effect of corticosteroids on proteoglycan metabolism in articular cartilage treated with monocyte-conditioned medium (MCM). STUDY DESIGN: Equine and canine articular cartilage explants were treated with corticosteroids and MCM. Proteoglycan synthesis and degradation were measured by radioactive labeling in short-term culture, and the long-term effect of corticosteroid treatment on proteoglycan metabolism was studied in normal explants. ANIMALS: Two young cross-breed horses and 3 young Labrador retrievers. METHODS: Equine articular cartilage explants were incubated in medium containing methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPS) at 0, .001, .01, .1, 1, and 10 mg/mL (final concentration) for 1 day and then in fresh medium without MPS. Proteoglycan synthesis was measured by incorporation of sodium [35S]sulfate at 1, 3, 7, 10, and 13 days after initial treatment with MPS. Proteoglycan release was measured from separate explants prelabeled with sodium [35S]sulfate and treated similarly. Equine articular cartilage explants were treated with equine MCM simultaneously with, and 24 hours before MPS, at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 5 mg/mL for 72 hours. Proteoglycan synthesis and degradation in these explants was compared. Proteoglycan synthesis and degradation were measured similarly in canine articular cartilage explants treated simultaneously with canine MCM and MPS at 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/mL for 72 hours. Equine articular cartilage explants treated with 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 5 mg/mL of MPS for 72 hours were evaluated histologically. RESULTS: Proteoglycan synthesis in normal equine articular cartilage was severely depressed by 10 mg/mL MPS for 24 hours, and proteoglycan synthesis failed to recover after 13 days of culture in medium without MPS. Cartilage treated with 5 mg/mL MPS had pyknotic chondrocyte nuclei and empty lacunae. Concentrations of 1 and 0.1 mg/mL MPS depressed proteoglycan synthesis in normal equine cartilage explants. For these 2 concentrations, proteoglycan synthesis recovered 2 days after MPS removal and increased significantly (P < .05) 7 days after treatment with MPS compared with controls without MPS. Concentrations of 0.001 and 0.01 mg/mL MPS did not significantly affect proteoglycan synthesis in normal equine cartilage explants. Cumulative proteoglycan loss over 13 days in culture from normal equine explants treated for 24 hours with different concentrations of MPS was not significantly different between treatment groups at any time point. MCM significantly depressed proteoglycan synthesis in both canine and equine articular cartilage explants and significantly increased proteoglycan release. These effects were prevented in the canine explants by simultaneous treatment with MPS at 1 and 0.1 mg/mL, and proteoglycan release induced by MCM in equine articular cartilage was inhibited by 1 mg/mL MPS. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of 1.0 and 0.1 mg/mL MPS alleviated articular cartilage degradation in MCM-treated articular cartilage in vitro. These concentrations of MPS in contact with normal cartilage explants for 24 hours are unlikely to be detrimental in the long term to proteoglycan synthesis. The response of articular cartilage to MPS was affected by treatment with MCM so that results of experiments with normal articular cartilage explants may not reflect results obtained with abnormal cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It may be possible to find an intraarticular concentration of corticosteroid that protects articular cartilage against cytokine-induced matrix degradation yet not have prolonged or permanent detrimental effects on chondrocyte matrix synthesis.     

Hepatic storage of glycosaminoglycans in feline and canine models of mucopolysaccharidoses I, VI, and VII.

Livers from normal cats and dogs, cats with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) I and VI, and dogs with MPS VII were analyzed biochemically and morphometrically to determine the lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in these animal models of human genetic disease. Analyses were performed on liver samples from seven normal cats ranging in age from 13 weeks to 15 months; six MPS I-affected cats ranging in age from 10 weeks to 26 months; four MPS VI-affected cats ranging in age from 9 months to 32 months; four normal dogs ranging in age from 1 month to 47 months; and three MPS VII-affected dogs, 5 days, 11 days, and 14 months of age. All of the animals were from the breeding colony at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine and were maintained in accordance with national standards for the care and use of laboratory animals. Each GAG subclass was quantitated, and total GAG concentration was determined. Liver from cats with MPS I had the highest total GAG concentration (5.7 times that of the control), followed by liver from dogs with MPS VII (1.8 times) and cats with MPS VI (1.5 times). These data were very closely correlated (R2 = 0.982) with the results of the morphometric analyses of hepatocyte and Kupffer cell vacuolation associated with lysosomal storage and support the validity of both methods. This is particularly important for the quantification of total and individual GAG concentrations in tissue preparations. The values obtained should prove useful in future assessments of therapeutic regimes, such as enzyme replacement, bone marrow transplantation, and gene therapy, for these genetic diseases.     

Correlated response of peripheral blood cytokines with selection for reduced mycoplasma pneumonia of swine lesions in Landrace pigs

Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry. We selected Landrace pigs for reduced MPS pulmonary lesions over five generations, and measured concentrations of the following cytokines: interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐13, IL‐17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interferon (IFN)‐γ to estimate their correlation with MPS lesions. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were injected twice intramuscularly at 70 and 95 kg body weight. Blood serum samples were collected after 1 week of secondary SRBC inoculation and cytokine concentrations were analyzed by ELISA. Genetic parameters and breeding values were estimated. The heritability estimates of IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐17, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ were 0.20 ± 0.06, 0.12 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.07, 0.20 ± 0.10 and 0.05 ± 0.03, respectively. Genetic correlations of IL‐17 and TNF‐α with pulmonary MPS lesions were high (‐0.86 ± 0.13 and 0.69 ± 0.29, respectively) and those of IFN‐γ and IL‐13 with MPS lesions were moderately negative (‐0.45). Through selection, the breeding values of IL‐17 and IFN‐γ increased substantially and those of TNF‐α decreased. These results suggest that innate and cellular immunity are more important for the suppression of pulmonary lesions in MPS than humoral‐mediated immunity, such as antibody response.     

混合感染背景下的猪气喘病控制

混合感染背景下的猪气喘病较难控制,介绍了猪气喘病的发病特点,常用药物的敏感度评价、疫苗效果评价和猪场猪气喘病的检查检测方法,结合作者实际经验强调了饲养管理要点,指出了种猪场净化猪气喘病的方法步骤,为混合感染下控制猪气喘病提供参考。     

Genetic selection for resistance to mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) in the Landrace line influences the expression of soluble factors in blood after MPS vaccine sensitization

We recently developed a Landrace line that is resistant to mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) infection by genetic selection for five generations, and we reported that the immunophenotype of this line is different from that of the non‐selected line in terms of changes in peripheral blood leukocyte population after MPS vaccination. This study followed up previous findings demonstrating changes in soluble factors in blood, namely, hormones, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae‐specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), and cytokines. These two lines were injected with MPS vaccine on days ?7 and 0 after blood sampling on those days, and blood samples were collected on days ?14, ?7, 0, 2, 7 and 14. We found changes in the levels of many hormones and cytokines in both lines. However, we found that only growth hormone (GH) and interferon (IFN)‐γ levels were statistically different between these two lines. GH concentration was reduced (day 0) and IFN‐γ concentration was increased (day 14) in the MPS‐selected line compared with the non‐selected line, despite unchanged IFN‐γ messenger RNA expression in blood cells. Although detailed mechanisms underlying these phenotypes remain unsolved, these traits would be useful to improve MPS resistance in pig production and provide an insight into MPS infection.