贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉林地被物分布及其水文效应初步研究

贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉林在湿季内每月每公顷约产生69～89 kg凋落物.峨眉冷杉林的顺向演替能增加苔藓与枯落物的贮量并促进它的发育,峨眉冷杉林不同演替阶段的林分中凋落物的成分所占总量的比例有差异,苔藓层及枯落物L亚层、F亚层和H亚层含量与比例也不同.贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉林内地表地被物的一次性最大持水量可达3.93 mm,即使有效持水量也可以达到3.23 mm.随峨眉冷杉林演替的发展,林内地被物调节水量的作用逐渐增加.     

凋落物类型及覆盖厚度对杉木幼苗出土与早期生长的影响

以南方主要造林树种杉木为研究对象,通过室内模拟试验研究凋落物不同覆盖厚度(0、200、400和800 g·m~(-2))和类型(针叶杉木和阔叶木荷)对杉木幼苗出土及早期生长的影响.结果表明:凋落物覆盖厚度和类型显著影响出苗率和幼苗存活率.两类型凋落物的浅层(200 g·m~(-2))覆盖对出苗率均有促进作用,但深层(800 g·m~(-2))覆盖对出苗率和存活率则表现出抑制作用.相同覆盖厚度下,覆盖阔叶凋落物的出苗率和存活率均大于覆盖针叶凋落物.覆盖浅层针叶凋落物下的幼苗根生物量、叶生物量和总生物量均达到最大,深层覆盖下则最小.覆盖中层(400 g·m~(-2))阔叶凋落物下的幼苗根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量和总生物量均达到最大.随着针叶和阔叶凋落物覆盖厚度的增加,杉木幼苗的根生物量比及根冠比逐渐减小,而茎生物量比逐渐增加.研究表明,凋落物覆盖对幼苗出土和早期生长的影响与凋落物类型密切相关,阔叶凋落物对幼苗出土和早期生长可产生正影响(浅层和中层覆盖)和无影响(深层覆盖),而针叶凋落物覆盖可产生无影响(浅层覆盖)和负影响(深层覆盖),两种凋落物对幼苗出土影响的抑制作用均大于对早期生长的影响.     

贡嘎山峨眉冷杉成熟林凋落物量动态研究

研究了贡嘎山高山生态系统定位研究站8年(2001-2008年)来对峨眉冷杉成熟林凋落物量监测所积累的资料,分析了该群落凋落物量动态变化及组成特征.结果表明,贡嘎山峨眉冷杉成熟林在8年间的年凋落物量波动范围为125.84～377.17g/m2,平均凋落量为285.77g/m2,年际波动较大,凋落量总体呈逐年上升趋势;叶凋落量占凋落总量的77.99%,枯枝和花果杂物凋落量占凋落总量的分别19.55%和2.46%,叶凋落量高于枯枝和花果杂物凋落量所占比例;与多数森林凋落物一样,峨眉冷杉成熟林凋落物各组分比例由高到低依次为叶、枯枝、花果杂物.     

峨眉冷杉幼苗对P的吸收利用特征及潜在机制

采样盆栽试验的方式,从不同形态磷作用下峨眉冷杉(Abies fabiri)幼苗生物量的响应,根区土壤速效磷含量变化特征及其与土壤p H和根系分泌有机酸间的关系的角度探讨了峨眉冷杉幼苗对P的吸收利用特征及潜在机制。结果表明,磷的添加促进了峨眉冷杉幼苗生物量的累积,但累积量随磷形态而不同(F=27.1,P0.001)。添加Ca-P时生物量最低,其次是Al-P、Fe-P、Py-P和K-P。磷形态(F=30.5,P0.001)对峨眉冷杉幼苗对磷的需求效率具有显著影响。峨眉冷杉幼苗的磷需求效率在K-P处理下最高,在Ca-P和Fe-P处理下最低,磷利用效率则相反。峨眉冷杉幼苗根际土壤速效磷含量高于非根际土壤,且根际-非根际土壤有效磷含量差值随着磷添加浓度的增加而增加。根区-非根区速效磷含量差值与p H具有显著相关关系,说明根区p H下降是导致峨眉冷杉幼苗根区土壤速效磷含量增加的直接原因之一。根区-非根区草酸含量差值与根区-非根区p H差值具有相关关系,说明根系分泌的有机酸尤其是草酸是导致根区p H下降的直接原因,因而是峨眉冷杉幼苗利用土壤难溶性磷的主要机制。     

增温和增氮对红杉(Larix potaninii)新鲜凋落物矿质元素释放的影响

【目的】研究在增温和增氮条件下,川西亚高山森林高寒树种红杉(Larix potaninii)新鲜凋落物中矿质元素释放动态。【方法】采用凋落物分解袋法,对增温和增氮不同处理下(对照T1、增氮T2、增温T3、增温+增氮T4)凋落物中矿质元素K、Ca、Mg、Cu的释放动态进行原位研究。【结果】增温显著影响红杉凋落物K、Ca、Mg、Cu的释放,且主要表现在实验初期;Mg释放过程中,增氮与增温交互作用显著(P<0.05);其他处理下,增氮无显著效应;红杉凋落物中矿质元素释放能力为Mg>Cu>K>Ca。【结论】高寒红杉凋落物中矿质元素释放动态与其本身初始含量和移动能力有关,初始含量高、移动能力强则有利于释放。增温显著影响红杉凋落物分解和矿质元素释放,尤其表现在低温季节,而增氮无显著影响。气候变暖对红杉凋落物矿质元素释放的影响远大于氮沉降。     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林凋落物特征

通过西藏东南部色季拉（山）急尖长苞冷杉（Abies georgei var. smithii）原始林不同胸径级立木的凋落物调查,以树冠投影面积推算林地凋落物量,分别对凋落物组成、年输入量与月动态变化等特征进行分析。结果表明,色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林年平均凋落量为3.42T hm-2 year-1。凋落物主要由针叶、树枝、球果、树皮、花序和碎屑六种组分构成,其中,针叶凋落量最大2 097.15 kg,针叶所占凋落量比率为61.5%,其次是枝682.87 kg占比为20.0%;球果436.48 kg和树皮103.62 kg分别所占比例为12.8%和3%,花序和碎屑68.2 kg的凋落量所占比率约为2%左右。针叶和枯枝是冷杉林凋落物最主要的组分,占凋落物总量81.5%。急尖长苞冷杉林的凋落物年动态总体呈双峰型曲线,10-11月是凋落的高峰期,该期凋落量占全年凋落总量的37%;4月会出现一个小峰期,凋落物量占15%;1-3月、8-9月是凋落的峰谷期,其中1月的凋落量仅占2.7%。不同径级立木的凋落量有显著性差异,凋落量排序依次为：径级Ⅰ>径级Ⅲ>径级Ⅱ>径级Ⅳ>径级Ⅴ;立...     

青稞幼苗对Cd2+胁迫的生理响应

采用水培方式,以青稞幼苗为材料,研究了30 mg/L Cd2+胁迫对青稞幼苗相对含水量(RWC)、叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、水溶性蛋白质含量与电导率的影响。结果显示,在30 mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,青稞幼苗叶片的RWC、叶绿素a和b、蛋白质含量不断降低,电解质外渗率、MDA和脯氨酸含量不断升高。表明30 mg/L Cd2+胁迫对青稞幼苗造成了严重的生理伤害。     

低温胁迫下澳洲坚果幼苗的某些生理生化特征

以2年生澳洲坚果A4品种盆栽幼苗为试材,研究了低温胁迫对幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫1 d,澳洲坚果幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量均显著升高;随着低温胁迫时间的延长(2~3 d),丙二醛(MDA)含量呈下降趋势,可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量呈升高趋势,而脯氨酸(Pro)含量则是处理2 d继续升高,处理3 d后下降;胁迫解除后,各生理指标趋向于处理前水平。     

丛枝菌根对高温胁迫下牡丹生理生化的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了高温胁迫下AM真菌对牡丹幼苗生理生化指标的影响.结果表明在相同高温下,接种真菌的幼苗根系活力、叶绿素(a+b)含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量均高于对照,相对电导率、丙二醛含量均低于对照;随温度的升高,接种AM真菌处理的叶绿素(a+b)含量、可溶性蛋白含量下降幅度均低于对照,相对电导率、丙二醛含量增加幅度低于对照,游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量增加幅度高于对照,说明AM真菌提高了牡丹抗热性.     

铝胁迫对水稻幼苗生理变化的影响

用AlCl3溶液(60mmol·L-1,pH4.5)分别处理两个水稻品种A(铝敏感型)和B(耐铝型)后,测定了作物地上与地下部生理指标的动态变化。结果表明,铝胁迫显著抑制了水稻幼苗根系的伸长和生长。观察还发现,水稻幼苗鲜重不会因继续培养而加大,而且正常生长的水稻幼苗的根冠比值会随着生长而逐渐变小,而铝胁迫下的水稻幼苗的根冠比值上升,可见芽的生长明显受到抑制。铝胁迫处理后第3d和9d,两个品种的地上部和根系中丙二醛、过氧化氢、脯氨酸含量均不同程度地增加。铝敏感品种A的丙二醛MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)比耐铝品种B增加明显;但品种B的脯氨酸比A品种的脯氨酸增加明显。处理9d后品种A比品种B的蛋白质含量降低明显。铝胁迫后,根系吸收总表面积和活跃表面积均下降。与对照相比,品种A第8d根系活跃吸收比表面积降低了40.88%,第10d降低了56.12%,而且品种A铝处理第6d呼吸速率达到高峰,增加了1.6倍,第10d较对照仅增加67.97%,但呼吸商增加,表明根系的有氧呼吸受明显抑制,同时,短期处理根系活力达到峰值,之后逐渐下降,最终导致根系失活。     

川西亚高山典型森林生态系统截留水文效应

截留是水文循环的一个重要过程,水文功能是森林生态系统功能的重要方面,林冠和枯落物截留实现对大气降水的二次分配过程.为深入认识生态系统截留的水文效应,采用野外观测和人工降雨模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了2008年和2009年5-10月贡嘎山亚高山峨眉冷杉中龄林、峨眉冷杉成熟林和针阔混交林的冠层枯落物截留能力.结果表明,峨眉冷杉中龄林2008年林冠截留率为20.9％,针阔混交林2008年和2009年林冠截留率分别为23.0％和23.6％,林冠截留率的年际间变化不大,林冠截留主要受到降雨特征影响.3种林型枯落物饱和持水能力分别为5.1、5.1和5.7 mm,显著高于林冠的饱和持水能力,但由于冠层的截留蒸发速率较高,林冠截留蒸发仍是生态系统截留蒸发的主要组成部分.     

低温胁迫时间对4种幼苗生理生化及光合特性的影响

以盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、假连翘(Duranta repens)、老鸭嘴(Thunbergia erecta)和葛藤(Pueraria lobata)4种幼苗为试验材料,研究了人工模拟下的低温胁迫环境(6 ℃)对幼苗叶片生理生化及光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1) 随低温胁迫的延长,假连翘幼苗的叶绿素含量先升后降,其余3种幼苗持续下降,低温解除后均显著回升;4种幼苗的脯氨酸含量持续上升或波动;葛藤幼苗的可溶性蛋白质含量先升后降,其余幼苗显著上升, 且低温解除后有所增加;4种幼苗叶片可溶性糖含量以及丙二醛含量呈增加趋势,SOD活性持续上升或先升后降。低温解除后,盐肤木幼苗的SOD活性略有上升,其余幼苗显著下降。(2) 随低温胁迫的延长,4种幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)均持续下降,假连翘的胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)持续上升,其余幼苗先降后升。低温解除后4种幼苗叶片P_n、G_s、T_r均有不同程度的回升,C_i有不同程度的下降。低温胁迫和恢复48 h期间,4种幼苗的脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量的增加和SOD活性的稳定或增加,减轻了幼苗叶片细胞的膜脂过氧化程度, 维持了细胞膜的完整性,是幼苗对低温胁迫适应性反应的重要调节机制。恢复48 h时的P_n、G_s和Tr均有不同程度的回升,C_i有不同程度的下降,说明4种幼苗有一定的抗寒能力。(3)用主成分分析法分别对生理生化指标和光合生理指标进行分析,均得出4种幼苗的抗寒性顺序为葛藤>盐肤木>老鸭嘴>假连翘,这一结果可为采矿石废弃地生态恢复的植物筛选提供科学依据。     

Influence of drought hardening on the resistance physiology of potato seedlings under drought stress

In this paper, the influence of drought hardening on the growth, development, resistance physiology, leaf microstructure and stomatal behavior of potato seedlings under drought stress was studied, and the mechanism of drought hardening improvement of potato seedling drought resistance was elucidated. We found that drought stress had several adverse effects on potato seedlings, yet drought hardening alleviated the decrease in relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and chlorophyll content and inhibited the increase in relative electric conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Compared with contrast seedlings, drought-hardened seedlings also had enhanced root vigor, increased antioxidant enzyme activity and higher levels of abscisic acid (ABA), proline (Pro), soluble sugars and polyamines (PAs) under drought stress. In addition, the stomatal density of potato seedling leaves increased significantly, while the leaf area, stomatal size and stomatal aperture decreased with drought hardening treatment. These changes led to reduced leaf transpiration rate (T_r) and improved water utilization efficiency (WUE). The changes in leaf microstructure also had a positive effect on the drought resistance of the drought-hardened potato seedlings. So it can be concluded that through increasing the content of some endogenous hormones, osmotic regulatory substances and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the resistance physiology of drought-hardened potato seedlings was enhanced.     

Effects of sodium benzoate on growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings under compound heavy metal stress

In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous sodium benzoate on wheat seedlings(Yangmai 16) grown under heavy metal stress. The results showed that 2.4 mmol kg~(–1) of heavy metals significantly inhibited growth and delayed emergence of wheat seedlings. Under compound heavy metal stress, application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate significantly increased(P0.01) chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o of wheat, compared to the control(water treatment). Further analysis showed that application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate alleviated osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble proteins and free proline, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and reduced malondialdehyde content(MDA). In contrast, higher concentrations of sodium benzoate solution(6 g L~(–1)) inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings and even caused damage to seedlings. Correlation analysis showed that when the sodium benzoate concentration was in the range of 1.97–3.12 g L~(–1)(2016) and 1.58–3.27 g L~(–1)(2017), values of chlorophyll and its components, root activity, SOD activity, soluble protein, and free proline content were the highest. When the sodium benzoate concentration was raised to 2.59 g L~(–1)(2016) or 3.02 g L~(–1)(2017), MDA content was the lowest. Ultimately, exogenous sodium benzoate(2–4 g L~(–1)) facilitates root development and improves the root activity of wheat seedlings grown under compound heavy metals stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of compound heavy metal stress in wheat seedlings.     

富氢水浸种增强黄瓜幼苗耐冷性的作用及其生理机制

【目的】氢气(H2)是近年来发现的一种新型气体信号分子,它参与植物对高温、干旱、盐害、重金属等多种逆境胁迫的响应。探讨外源氢气(H_2)对黄瓜幼苗耐冷性的调控作用及其生理机制,为增强日光温室黄瓜对低温的适应能力提供技术指导。【方法】以‘津优35号’黄瓜品种为试材,用饱和富氢水(HRW,H_2供体)浸种,蒸馏水浸种作对照(CK),常温下育苗。幼苗长至2叶1心时转移至光照培养箱中进行低温(昼/夜温度8℃/5℃)处理,分别于处理后0、1、3和5 d后测定相关生理指标。【结果】低温胁迫可使黄瓜幼苗叶片的电解质渗漏率(EL)、冷害指数、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧阴离子(O_2~-)产生速率持续升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(As A)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量先升高后降低,相对含水量呈下降趋势。与CK相比,低温胁迫下HRW处理的EL和冷害指数的增加幅度较小,H_2O_2和MDA含量及O_2~-产生速率较低,而SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性及GSH和As A含量较高。胁迫结束时(5 d),HRW处理的EL比CK低11.3个百分点,冷害指数较CK低15.9%,H2O2和MDA含量分别比CK低29.4%和9.9%,O_2~-产生速率较CK低54.3%;而SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性分别比CK高12.6%、20.1%、20.9%、53.0%和58.1%,GSH和As A含量分别较CK高24.0%和17.6%。低温下HRW处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片的相对含水量降低幅度明显小于CK,而脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量始终高于CK。胁迫5 d时,HRW的相对含水量比CK高6.4个百分点,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别比CK高23.0%和41.5%。【结论】富氢水浸种可增强黄瓜幼苗耐冷性,其主要作用机理是:(1)增强低温下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统活性,减少活性氧(ROS)积累,从而减轻膜脂过氧化伤害;(2)通过提高低温下黄瓜幼苗叶片的渗透调节能力,减缓幼苗失水速度,以较长时间地维持生理功能。     

蚕豆幼苗对NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫的生理响应

采用不同浓度的NaCl和NaHCO3处理蚕豆幼苗,处理7 d后分别测定蚕豆幼苗鲜重、蚕豆叶片MDA和脯氨酸含量、蚕豆叶片抗氧化酶活性。结果显示,随NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫浓度的增加,蚕豆幼苗鲜重先显著增加后显著下降(P<0.05);叶中MDA和脯氨酸含量显著上升(P<0.05),NaCl低于NaHCO3的上升幅度;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先显著增加(P<0.05)然后下降;过氧化物酶(POD)活性在NaCl胁迫下显著升高(P<0.05),NaHCO3胁迫下先升高后显著降低(P<0.05);过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增加(P<0.05)。蚕豆具有一定程度的抗盐碱性,碱胁迫大于同浓度盐胁迫的伤害。     

Physiological and Biochemical Changes of IrlVHA-c gene Transgenic Tobacco Seedlings and Self-crossed Progeny Under NaHCO3 Stress

In order to study the alkali resistivity of VHA-c in Iris lacteal. (IrlVHA-c), the transgenic tobacco seedlings harboring IrlVHA-c gene from Iris lactea (T0), the self-crossed progeny (T1), and the non-transgenic lines of tobacco seedlings were grown in Hoagland nutrient solutions supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 . The MDA content, CAT, POD and SOD activity, electrical conductivity, chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, proline content and polyphenol oxidase activity of the seedlings were determined. The results showed that the transgenic lines of tobacco maintained a high activity up to 200 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 , and activity was slightly lower at 300 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 . When the concentration of NaHCO3 was as high as 400 mmol·L-1 the seedlings were badly hurt. In addition, the activity of T0 and T1 transgentic tobacoo was maintained more or less. While the non-transgenic lines of tobacco could maintain viably up to 100 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 , and they could not survive at 400 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 . The conclusion was drawn that the alkali resistance of the tobacoo transformed IrlVHA-c was noticeably improved.     

Exogenous application of a low concentration of melatonin enhances salt tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seedlings

Melatonin is a naturally occurring compound in plants. Here, we tested the effect of exogenous melatonin on rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) grown under salt stress. Application of 30 μmol L~(–1) melatonin alleviated salt-induced growth inhibition, and the shoot fresh weight, the shoot dry weight, the root fresh weight, and the root dry weight of seedlings treated with exogenous melatonin increased by 128.2, 142.9, 122.2, and 124.2%, respectively, compared to those under salt stress. In addition, several physiological parameters were evaluated. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase(POD), catalase(CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase(APX) were enhanced by 16.5, 19.3, and 14.2% compared to their activities in plants without exogenous melatonin application under salt stress, while the H_2O_2 content was decreased by 11.2% by exogenous melatonin. Furthermore, melatonin treatment promoted solute accumulation by increasing the contents of proline(26.8%), soluble sugars(15.1%) and proteins(58.8%). The results also suggested that higher concentrations(50 μmol L~(–1)) of melatonin could attenuate or even prevent the beneficial effects on seedling development. In conclusion, application of a low concentration of exogenous melatonin to rapeseed plants under salt stress can improve the H_2O_2-scavenging capacity by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as POD, CAT and APX, and can also alleviate osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances such as soluble proteins, proline, and water soluble glucan. Ultimately, exogenous melatonin facilitates root development and improves the biomass of rapeseed seedlings grown under salt stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of salt stress in rapeseed seedlings.     

茶氨酸诱导烟草幼苗抵御干旱胁迫的研究

通过施用茶氨酸来减轻干旱胁迫对烟草幼苗的毒害,并从抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶来探讨其作用机理。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,0.25 mmol·L-1茶氨酸能显著改善烟草幼苗的生长情况,提高其存活率;外源茶氨酸预处理不仅能显著提高干旱胁迫下烟草幼苗谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,还参与调节烟草幼苗超氧化物酶(SOD)过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸还原酶(APX)活性,降低相对电导率、脯氨酸、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。茶氨酸诱导烟草幼苗抵御干旱胁迫是通过激发植物体抗氧化物质及抗氧化酶活性调节的综合结果。