甘肃省奶牛养殖业现状、问题及对策

甘肃省奶牛养殖业经过多年发展,存栏量及产奶量得到较大提升,已形成较完善的饲草料种植、奶牛养殖、乳制品加工及销售的产业链,成为乡村振兴与产业扶贫的重要手段,充分带动了周边农户的就业。然而,甘肃省奶牛养殖业也面临着饲料成本不断增加、种公牛良种体系不健全、后备牛饲养不够科学规范、高产奶牛占比低等问题。为此,本文提出了一系列对策建议,旨在为奶牛健康养殖和科学发展提供参考建议。     

利益联结机制：中国奶业发展的症结与出路（二）

2现象：奶业的种种问题与利益联结机制缺失之间的关系 2.1奶业产业链源头廉价、质优的牧草资源匮乏 牧草种植和饲料加工是产业链的首要环节，奶牛养殖大国都有丰富的牧草和饲料资源。澳大利亚和新西兰大面积的草场资源使其可以选择奶牛放牧饲养的方式，北美大面积的土地资源使其可以通过种植苜蓿和玉米觎决奶牛的饲料问题，加之发达的机械化设备减少了人力成本。     

奶牛饲喂苜蓿草块的效果

随着奶牛集约化养殖业的蓬勃发展,蛋白质、维生素饲料更显短缺。用高产优质豆科牧草产品补充蛋白质及维生素饲料资源的不足,已成为世界畜牧业持续发展中普遍应用的关键措施之一。过去,我国奶牛饲养过程中使用豆科牧草数量很少,大多数奶牛场仍沿用传统的饲养方式,将秸杆等劣质粗饲料与玉米、油渣等精饲料简单混合后饲喂,满足不了奶牛对营养物质的需要,营养代谢病时有发生,牛奶产量与质量都不高,奶牛的生产潜力得不到发挥。近几年,国家重视发展奶牛业,奶牛饲养管理的科技含量也随之提高,尤其是苜蓿和青贮饲料的种植面积逐年扩大,给奶牛饲养创…     

云南剑川县奶牛养殖现状与发展对策

本文主要介绍云南省剑川县奶牛养殖发展过程、农村散养奶牛现状和存在的主要问题,并结合养殖实际提出种植优质牧草、大力推广青贮饲料、按产奶量制定饲料配方、改放牧奶牛为舍饲奶牛等措施,以期提高奶牛的产奶性能,从而提高养殖奶牛的经济效益。     

苜蓿的缺陷及其补救措施

苜蓿是世界栽培历史最长、栽培面积最广的优良牧草,有"牧草之王"的美称.它既是奶牛、肉牛、奶羊、肉羊、鹿、家兔等草食动物的优良饲料,也是猪、鹅、鸡、鱼等非草食动物的优良饲料.种植苜蓿,不但可满足本场本地发展养殖业的需求,还可外销及出口,拓宽致富门路.     

苜蓿的十大缺陷及其补救措施

苜蓿是世界栽培历史最长、栽培面积最广的优良牧草，有“牧草之王”的美称。它既是奶牛、肉牛、奶羊、肉羊、鹿、家兔等草食动物的优良饲料，也是猪、鹅、鸡、鱼等非草食动物的优良饲料。种植菖蓿，不但可满足本场本地发展养殖业的需求，还可外销及出口，拓宽致富门路。     

种草养畜应把握六大环节

种草养畜已成为近年来农村产业结构调整的热门话题。农民要靠发展畜牧养殖业增收致富,只有大力发展种植优质牧草,以草代粮,有效地降低饲料成本,畜牧养殖业才能稳步向前发展。农民朋友要种植牧草,面对名目繁多的牧草供种广告宣传,究竟什么牧草适合于自己种植,怎样种植牧草,牧草种植后什么时候刈割饲用,种草如何与养畜配套等一系列问题犹豫不定。为帮助农民朋友对种草养畜有一个科学的认识,促进种草养畜健康发展,笔者结合近年来农民种草养畜的经验,谈谈种草养畜应把握的六大要点。1选择优良牧草种植,避免引进劣质草种农民种植牧草是要种植那些…     

山东省奶牛养殖业发展现状与转型思路

本文从奶牛养殖规模、区域结构、成本与收益等方面分析了山东省奶牛养殖业的发展现状和存在的问题,并探索性地提出山东省奶牛养殖业发展转型的思路。具体来看,为推动山东省奶牛养殖业持续发展,下一步应着力提高牛奶产量和奶品质;大力生产优质饲料;加强奶牛疫病防治体系的建设;加大环境保护力度,促进奶牛养殖业与环境保护协调发展;不断提升奶牛规模化、标准化水平。     

种草养畜应把握六大环节

种草养畜已成为近年来农村产业结构调整的热门话题。农民要靠发展畜牧养殖业增收致富,只有大力发展种植优质牧草,以草代粮,有效地降低饲料成本,畜牧养殖业才能稳步向前发展。农民朋友要种植牧草,面对名目繁多的牧草供种广告宣传,究竟什     

奶牛饲养中的牧草种植模式与注意事项

1牧草种植模式 1．1牧草品种的选择 奶牛饲养中可选择的牧草品种主要有多年生牧草如欧洲菊苣、苜蓿、多年生黑麦草等。这些多年生牧草的优点在于1次种植可利用多年,并减少了每年栽培种植的麻烦和每次种植的人力物力的投入。但存在种植当年产草量不高,当年提供青绿饲料数量少的问题。1年生牧草如墨西哥玉米、高丹草、     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …