相思类树种引种初报

为丰富宜昌市的树种资源，同时为速生丰产林和短周期工业原料林建设选择合适的造林树种，宜昌市林科所１９９８年１０月从中国林科院热带林业研究所选择６个中亚热带相思类树种种子进行引种试验，１９９９年８月又从湖北省林木种苗管理站引进黑荆（Ａ．ｍｅａｒｎｓｉｉ）、灰木相思（Ａ．ｉｍｐｌｅｘａ）、黑木相思（Ａ．ｍｅｌａｎｏｘｙｌｏｎ）等３个耐寒相思类树种种子进行引种试验，经过１９９９年秋季及２０００年春季两季育苗，共培育合格苗木７５００多株，苗木年平均高１．０ｍ，地径１．２ ｃｍ，２００１年春营造试验林１．３３ｈｍ２。初步证明：亚热带耐寒相思类树种在宜昌市能够正常生长，但幼苗越冬困难，宜春季容器育苗，初夏上山造林。     

残次阔叶林改造为菇木林试验初报

在１９９１年冬被皆伐的残次阔叶林中，１９９３年进行抚育间伐、补植造林、封山等措施试验表明，抚育间伐试验林生长快，１９９４年平均树高３．２ｍ，改造后１９９３￣１９９４年两年树高生长量１．８ｍ，与集约经营的１９９２年新造菇木林相近，菇木产量高，１９９１年鲜重２００００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，超过封山林和新造林。封山林生长良好，总生物量大，林木生长量和菇木产量次之，枫香适应性强，生长较快，是菇木林建设的先锋树种     

蓝桉、直干桉综合丰产技术试验示范

试验林采用正交设计，因素为树种、整地方式、密度、施肥，各因素取３个水平，３次重复。用生长量、生物量与投入产出进行评价。试验结果：３．５年生蓝桉、直干桉幼林最佳处理平均高９．５ｍ，平均胸径８．９ｃｍ，每ｈｍ２蓄积量７０．５１２６ｍ３，最佳处理比最差处理树高大２８．４％，胸径大３４．９％，蓄积量大１８３％。用已取得的技术成果营造的示范林，３．５年生平均高９．８ｍ，平均胸径６．５ｃｍ，累计产桉叶２．４３万ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，３年生左右，通过桉油及薪柴的收入可以回收全部造林及加工成本。     

油麦吊云杉人工林生长量分析

油麦吊云杉，是四川盆地西缘山地主要优质用材造林树种之一，２８年生人工林主要林分因子胸径１３．４ｃｍ、树高１２．５ｍ、蓄积２８５．７９ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，其林分胸径、树高和蓄积年平均生长量分别达到０．４８ｃｍ、０．４５ｃｍ和１０．２ｍ＾３／ｍ＾２．２８年生人工林林分养木层生物量为１７４．９６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，平均净生产量达７８８０．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，ｙｅａｒ。这表明该树种人工林具有较高生产 在适生地区大力     

优良菇木树种选择试验初报

通过3年的多树种、多点造林试验和不同菇木树种材料袋栽香菇试验，初步表明南酸枣、麻栎、银荆、杜英、马褂木、桤木共6个树种具有繁殖容易、生长快、成材早等特点，用于袋栽香菇产量较高且质量好，是营建短轮伐期菇木林的较好树种。     

鹅掌楸人工林的丰产特性

闽北山地多种阔叶树的对比造林试验和鹅掌楸人工林经营研究表明,鹅掌楸具有适应性强、早期速生等丰产特性,是南方基地造林的优良阔叶树种。造林后第３年鹅掌楸即进入速生阶段,在较好的立地上,８年生时平均树高１２．６ｍ,平均胸径１２．４ｃｍ,立木蓄积年生长量超过１６ｍ＾３．ｈｍ＾２。可利用较好的立地纯林经营,并根据培育目标设计不同的安植密度。在较差的立地上与桤木、木荷、杉木、建柏等混交效果较好。鹅掌楸叶大量多,不论纯林还是混交林对土壤培肥作用都很明显。     

闽东北高海拔山区阔叶树人工育苗技术

经１９８９～１９９１年３年对培育食用菌常用原料树种闽粤栲等１３个树种的育苗试验，模索和掌握了闽粤栲、丝栗栲、米槠等８个树种在闽东高海拔（８００ｍ以上）山区培育大田苗，容器苗的关键技术，共成功地育苗２．８７ｈｍ￣２，苗木１３９．８万株，合格率９０．９％，其中容器苗１１．７万株，成苗率７３．８％。     

闽东北高海拔山区阔叶树人工育苗技术

经１９８９～１９９１年３年对培育食用菌常用原料树种闽粤栲等１３个树种的育苗试验，模索和掌握了闽粤栲，丝栗栲，米槠等８个树种在闽东高海拔（８００ｍ以上）山区培育大田苗，容器苗的关键技术，共成功地育苗２．８７ｈｍ＾２，苗木１３９．８万株，合格率９０．９％，其中容器苗１１．７万株，成苗率７３．８％。     

杨柳无性系短轮伐期纸浆林培育技术研究

研究结果表明，黑杨派南方型无性系与苏柳无性系可作为我省在海涂、河滩地发展短轮伐期纸浆林的主要栽培树种，３年生高密度林分平均胸径大于５ｃｍ，树高８ｍ，蓄积１００ｍ３／ｈｍ２以上，纯收入１０００元／ｈｍ２，杨树造林密度可选择（１×３）、（２×２）ｍ，柳树（１×１．５）、（１×２）ｍ，３年生林分已达到工艺成熟和经济成熟。     

菇耳专用林定向培育──人工促进阔叶林伐后更新试验

对参试的３５．６ｈｍ２天然阔叶林伐后迹地进行菇耳专用林定向培育，通过树种选择、清杂、去高桩、补植、抚育、施肥等措施，４年后，幼树密度由２２５０株／ｈｍ２增加到７５００株／ｈｍ２以上；活立木蓄积由１．５ｍ３／ｈｍ２增加到４２ｍ３／ｈｍ２，平均生长量达１０．１ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.