Growth and yield response of wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) to phosphobacterial inoculation

In this study growth and yield response of wheat crop to phosphobacterium inoculum was observed under sandy loam conditions. The investigations were carried out at field experiment. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments were; 120-0-0 NPK kg/ha⁻¹ (T ₁), 120-50-0 kg/ha⁻¹ (T ₂), 120-100-0 NPK kg/ha⁻¹ (T ₃), T ₁ + Phosphobacterium inoculum (T ₄), T ₂ + Phosphobacterium inoculum (T ₅) and T ₃ + Phosphobacterium inoculum (T ₆).The results showed that bacterial strain (Pseudomonas spp.) was able to effect on yield and its attributes in wheat crop. The crop showed significant positive results. The inoculation significantly stimulates the germination count (m⁻²), number of tillers and spikes (m⁻²), 1000 grains weight (g) and grain yield (kg/ha⁻¹). We suggest that application of 120-100-0 kg/ha⁻¹ NPK along with coating of seed with phosphobacterium (Pseudomonas spp.) all the way through inoculation is a better practice to reduce the exploit of phosphatic fertilizers which are much costly.     

我国典型省份小麦和玉米农田化学氮肥施用与生产运输过程的温室气体排放量估算

基于相关统计数据,通过文献调研方法,估算了我国河南、河北和山东3个典型省份在小麦和玉米上消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量,包括化学氮肥施用产生的土壤N_2O直接排放、通过挥发沉降和淋溶径流途径损失的氮素导致的N_2O间接排放以及不同种类化学氮肥在生产和运输过程中的温室气体排放。结果表明:河南、河北和山东3个典型省份在小麦上消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量分别为1536万、847万、1153万t CO_2–eq·a–1,单位播种面积温室气体排放量分别为2.85、3.61、3.09 t CO_2–eq·hm–2·a–1,单位产量温室气体排放量分别为0.46、0.60、0.51 t CO_2–eq·t~(–1)·a~(–1);相应省份在玉米上消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量分别为717万、720万、912万t CO_2–eq·a–1,单位播种面积温室气体排放量分别为2.19、2.27、2.92 t CO_2–eq·hm–2·a–1,单位产量温室气体排放量分别为0.40、0.43、0.46 t CO_2–eq·t~(–1)·a~(–1)。研究表明,化学氮肥消费带来的温室气体排放主要来自于化学氮肥在生产过程中的温室气体排放以及化学氮肥施用导致的土壤N_2O直接排放这两部分。     

污泥堆肥部分替代化肥对铬污染耕地玉米生长的影响

为探索污泥堆肥在铬污染耕地上的资源化合理利用,本研究通过田间试验,设置了空白对照、常规施肥、单施污泥堆肥以及不同比例污泥堆肥替代化肥配施处理,并将其与有机肥替代化肥进行效果对比,从玉米生物量、铬吸收、土壤铬含量及其有效性等方面探讨污泥堆肥施用对作物生长和土壤铬累积的影响。结果表明:相比于对照,不同用量污泥堆肥均能促进玉米生长,显著提高玉米产量,增产范围为15.24%~36.65%,其中污泥堆肥替代20%化肥配施对玉米的增产效果最好,相较于常规施肥增产了7.16%。各替代化肥处理下玉米籽粒中重金属铬含量均低于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2022)中的限值,其中污泥堆肥30%替代化肥处理玉米籽粒降铬效果最好。污泥堆肥施用量在750~1 500 kg·hm^-2时玉米地上部分对铬的携出量大于污泥铬的携入量。当季施用污泥堆肥对土壤总铬含量无显著影响,且各替代化肥处理下土壤有效态铬含量相较对照降幅为5.59%~12.68%。施用污泥堆肥不会对作物产生盐害并且能够缓解土壤酸化、提高土壤有机质、全氮以及速效氮磷钾含量。综合来看,在铬污染耕地,污泥堆肥替代化肥施用不仅有利于提高玉米产量,还能显著降低籽粒铬含量,并且施用量为1 500 kg·hm^-2时即能保障玉米安全、高产,且不会对土壤造成富集铬的风险,并能有效提高土壤各养分指标。     

Impact of Residual Soil Nitrate on In-Season Nitrogen Applications to Irrigated Corn Based on Remotely Sensed Assessments of Crop Nitrogen Status

Spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply together with temporal variability of plant N demand make conventional N management difficult. This study was conducted to determine the impact of residual soil nitrate-N (NO₃-N) on ground-based remote sensing management of in-season N fertilizer applications for commercial center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in northeast Colorado. Wedge-shaped areas were established to facilitate fertigation with the center pivot in two areas of the field that had significantly different amounts of residual soil NO₃-N in the soil profile. One in-season fertigation (48 kg N ha⁻¹) was required in the Bijou loamy sand soil with high residual NO₃-N versus three in-season fertigations totaling 102 kg N ha⁻¹ in the Valentine fine sand soil with low residual NO₃-N. The farmer applied five fertigations to the field between the wedges for a total in-season N application of 214 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen input was reduced by 78% and 52%, respectively, in these two areas compared to the farmer’s traditional practice without any reductions in corn yield. The ground-based remote sensing management of in-season applied N increased N use efficiency and significantly reduced residual soil NO₃-N (0–1.5 m depth) in the loamy sand soil area. Applying fertilizer N as needed by the crop and where needed in a field may reduce N inputs compared to traditional farmer accepted practices and improve in-season N management.     

京津冀化肥投入特征与污染防控对策研究

为有效缓解京津冀区域种植业化肥源污染,亟需摸清其投入现状及存在问题,提出减施增效的污染防控对策。基于统计数据和实地调查数据,从宏观层面分析2010—2018年期间,北京市、天津市、河北省氮、磷、钾肥和复合肥(折纯量,下同)投入变化、京津冀区域化肥使用总量(氮、磷、钾和复合肥总折纯量,下同)变化、单位面积施用量变化以及施肥行为等特征。结果显示,2010—2018年期间京津冀区域的化肥施用量以2014年为转折点,呈现先逐年增加后转为下降趋势,2018年降至336.65万t。氮肥和复合肥是主要的肥料品种。2010—2018年期间N、P2O5用量整体呈下降趋势,2013年以后K2O用量由升转降,复合肥用量总体呈现上升趋势。2018年N、P2O5、K2O和复合肥施用量分别为123.12万、26.34万、25.70万t和161.50万t。北京市单位面积化肥施用量由2010年的358.45 kg·hm^-2提高到2017年的504.03 kg·hm^-2,增幅为40.61%。2018年降至485.58 kg·hm^-2,下降了18.45 kg·hm^-2。天津市单位面积化肥施用量呈明显下降趋势,从2010年的516.51 kg·hm^-2下降到2018年的370.16 kg·hm^-2,减少了28.33%。河北省单位面积化肥施用量维持在330.07~360.11 kg·hm^-2,总体变化较为平缓。京津冀地区整体单位面积化肥施用量为339.72~363.73 kg·hm^-2,平均348.66 kg·hm^-2。北京市、天津市单位面积化肥施用量明显高于全国平均水平,河北省单位面积化肥施用量接近全国平均水平。综上,2010—2018年期间,京津冀化肥投入呈现先升高后降低趋势。单位面积化肥施用量偏高,存在下调空间。北京市单位面积化肥施用量呈现增加趋势,更为值得关注。针对京津冀化肥投入存在的问题,文章提出了化肥减施增效的污染防控对策。     

Long-term effect of fertilizer application on rice yield,potassium uptake in plants,and potassium balance in double rice cropping system

A 27 years field experiment was conducted on a Fe-Accumli Stagnic Anthrosol to evaluate the effects of long-term application of fertilizer, pig manure (PM), and rice straw (RS) on rice yield, uptake, and usage efficiency of potassium, soil K pools, and the nonexchangeable K release under the double rice cropping system in South Central China. Common cropping pattern in the study was early rice-late rice-fallow (winter). The field treatments included CK (no fertilizer applied), NP, NK, NPK, and NK + PM, NP + RS, NPK + RS. The pig manure and rice straw was applied in both the early rice and late rice cropping season. The ranking order of 27 years average annual grain yield were the CK<NK<NP<NK + PM<NP + RS<NPK<NPK + RS treatments. The negative yield change trends were observed in the CK and NP and NK treatments of unbalanced nutrient application in the case of omitted-K and P-omitted. The positive yield change trends were observed in balanced applications of NPK and combined application of fertilizer (NPK) with pig manure (NK + PM) or rice straw (NP + RS and NPK + RS). The application of K fertilizer (NPK) increased grain yield by 56.7 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ over that obtained with no K application (NP). The combined application of pig manure with fertilizer (NK + PM) increased by 82.2 kg·hm⁻² per year compared with fertilizer application alone (NK). The combined application of rice straw with fertilizer (NP + RS and NPK + RS) increased on the average of 34.4 kg·hm⁻² per year compared with fertilizer application alone (NP and NPK). In all fertilizer, pig manure and rice straw combinations, K uptake change trends in rice plants of the early rice was positive except for CK and NP treatments. The results showed that the total removal of K by the rice plants exceeded the amounts of total K applied to the soil in all treatments, which showed a negative K balance. This ranged from 106.3 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ in CK treatment to 289.6 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ in the NPK + RS treatment. Continuous annual application of 199.2 K kg·hm⁻² to rice resulted in an accumulation (58 kg·hm⁻²) of exchangeable K (1 mol NH₄OAc extractable K) in 0–45 cm soil depth over the study period, despite the higher average annual uptake of K by the system (225.7 kg·hm⁻²). However, nonexchangeable K increased substantially from 1090 kg·hm⁻² to 1113 kg·hm⁻² and 1140 kg·hm⁻² in the 0–45 cm soil layer in NPK + RS and NPK treatments after 27 years of the continuous double rice cropping system, respectively. Thus, long-term rational application of K fertilizer may increase sustainable K fertility of the continuous double rice cropped system.     

Estimation of economic and environmental potentials of variable rate versus uniform N fertilizer application to spring barley on morainic soils in SE Norway

Spring barley was grown for 4 years (2001–2004) in field trials at two sites on morainic soil in central SE Norway, with five N level treatments: 0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha^-1. Regression analyses showed that a selection of soil properties could explain 95–98% of the spatial yield variation and 47–90% of the yield responses (averaged over years). A strategy with uniform fertilizer application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (U _N120) was compared with two variable-rate (VR) strategies, with a maximum N rate of either 150 kg N ha⁻¹ (VR_N150) or 180 kg N ha⁻¹ (VR_N180). These strategies were tested using either Norwegian prices (low price ratio of N fertilizer to yield value; P_N/P_Y), or Swedish prices (high P_N/P_Y). The VR_N180 strategy had the highest potential yield and net revenue (yield value minus N cost) at both sites and under both price regimes. Using this strategy with Norwegian prices would increase the profit of barley cropping as long as at least 40 and 31% of the estimated potential increase in net revenue was realized, respectively. Using Swedish prices, uniform application appeared to be as good as or even better economically than the VR methods, when correcting for extra costs of VR application. The environmental effect of VR compared with uniform application, expressed as N not accounted for, showed contrasting effects when using Norwegian prices, but was clearly favourable using Swedish prices, with up to 20% reduction in the amount of N not accounted for.     

Use of soil nitrogen parameters and texture for spatially-variable nitrogen fertilization

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential importance of using soil texture to modify fertilizer N recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine (i) if surface clay content can be used as an auxiliary variable for estimating spatial variability of soil NO₃–N, and (ii) if this information is useful for variable rate N fertilization of non-irrigated corn [Zea mays (L.)] in south central Texas, USA across years. A 64 ha corn field with variable soil type and N fertility level was used for this study during 2004–2007. Plant and surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected at different grid points and analyzed for yield, soil N parameters and texture. A uniform rate (UR) of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2004 and variable rates (VAR) of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2005 through 2007 were applied to different sites in the field. Distinct yield variation was observed over this time period. Yield and soil surface clay content and soil N parameters were strongly spatially structured. Corn grain yield was positively related to residual NO₃–N with depth and either negatively or positively related to clay content depending on precipitation. Residual NO₃–N to 0.60 and 0.90 m depths was more related to corn yield than from shallower depths. The relationship of clay content with soil NO₃–N was weak and not temporally stable. Yield response to N rate also varied temporally. Supply of available N with depth, soil texture and growing season precipitation determined proper N management for this field.     

Development and validation of fuzzy logic inference to determine optimum rates of N for corn on the basis of field and crop features

A fuzzy inference system (FIS) was developed to generate recommendations for spatially variable applications of N fertilizer. Key soil and plant properties were identified based on experiments with rates ranging from 0 to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ conducted over three seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007) on fields with contrasting apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a), elevation (ELE) and slope (SLP) features. Mid-season growth was assessed from remotely sensed imagery at 1-m² resolution. Optimization of N rate by the FIS was defined against maximum corn growth in the weeks following in-season N application. The best mid-season growth was in areas of low EC_a, high ELE and low SLP. Under favourable soil conditions, maximum mid-season growth was obtained with low in-season N. Responses to N fertilizer application were better where soil conditions were naturally unfavourable to growth. The N sufficiency index (NSI) was used to judge plant N status just prior to in-season N application. Expert knowledge was formalized as a set of rules involving EC_a, ELE, SLP and NSI levels to deliver economically optimal N rates (EONRs). The resulting FIS was tested on an independent set of data (2008). A simulation revealed that using the FIS would have led to an average N saving of 41 kg N ha⁻¹ compared to the recommended uniform rate of 170 kg N ha⁻¹, without a loss of yield. The FIS therefore appears to be useful for incorporating expert knowledge into spatially variable N recommendations.     

Agroecological Efficiency of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers under Frozen Soil Conditions

Investigations were carried out on permafrost taiga soil in Central Yakutia in a field factorial experiment with a wide range of rates and combinations of cattle manure and mineral fertilizers. The advantage of an organo-mineral fertilizer system in N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ rates was shown against a background of 40 t of manure per hectare, which provides, under watering conditions, potato tuber yields of 18 t per hectare with starch content of 13.9%, which is 47.8% higher than in the control without fertilizer use. The yield of potatoes under the organic system with annual manure rate of 40 t per hectare was at the same level with the mineral system, but tubers contained more starch, 12.8%. It has also been established that organo-mineral and organic systems have a positive effect on the agrochemical properties of the soil, optimize its humus state and phosphate and potassium regimes. For the mineral fertilizer systems in rates of N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀, the yield increment was significant, but it did not exceed 17.8% with a lower starch content in tubers, 11.5%, and a negative balance of humus, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil.     

Influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on radish yield, nutrition quality, and nitrogen recovery efficiency

Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) were grown in plastic pots in a screenhouse to investigate the influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rates (NFAR) on yield, nitrate content, nitrate reductase activity (NR), nutrition quality, and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) at commercial mature stage. Five N-rate treatments, 0.644, 0.819, 0.995, 1.170, and 1.346 g·pot⁻¹, were set up in the screenhouse pot experiments, and nitrogen fertilizer (unlabeled N and ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer) was applied as basal dressing and topdressing, respectively. The results indicated that the fresh and dry weight yields of radish increased with the increase of NFAR at the range of 0.099 to 0.180 g N·kg⁻¹ soil, decreased at 0.207 g N·kg⁻¹ soil, and accordingly there was a significant quadratic relationship between the fresh and dry weight yields of radish and the NFAR. At the high addition of urea-N fertilizer, the nitrate content accumulated in the fleshy roots and leaves due to the decline in NR activity. From 0.644 to 0.819 g N·pot⁻¹ NR increased most rapidly, the highest NR activity occurred at 0.819 g N·pot⁻¹, and the lowest NR activity happened at 1.346 g N·pot⁻¹. Soluble sugar and ascorbic acid initially increased to the highest value and then decreased, and, contrarily, crude fiber rapidly decreased with the increase of NFAR. Total N uptake (TNU), N derived from fertilizer (N_dff), and N derived from soil (N_dfs) in radish increased, except that N_dfs relatively and slightly decreased at the rate of 0.207 g N·kg⁻¹soil. The ratio of Ndff to TNU increased, but the ratio of Ndfs to TNU as well as NRE of N fertilizer decreased with the increase of NFAR. Therefore, the appropriate NFAR should be preferably recommended for improving the yields and nutrition qualities of radish and NRE of N fertilizer. These authors contributed equally to this work     

Influence of maize straw amendment on soil-borne diseases of winter wheat

A field experiment was conducted during the 2006–2007 wheat growing season at Baoding, Hebei Province, China, aiming at exploring the influence of different amendment rates of maize straw on winter wheat soil-borne diseases induced by Rhizoctonia cereali, Gaeumannomyces graminis and Bipolaris sorokiniana in field conditions. Wheat root vitality, ion infiltration, SOD activity, MDA content and microbial population of the tillage layer were measured. The results showed that the occurrence of three soil-borne diseases tested was significantly different under different amendment rates. During the greening stage and jointing stage, the disease indexes of three soil-borne diseases were reduced significantly by treatments at the maize straw amendment rates of 7500 kg · hm⁻² and 3750 kg · hm⁻². However, disease indexes of wheat common rot and sharp eyespot increased dramatically when the amendment rate increased to 15000 kg · hm⁻². At the amendment rate of 15000 kg · hm⁻², wheat root vigor and SOD activity decreased, and ion infiltration and cell membrane-lipid peroxidation level increased, respectively. In the meantime, higher amounts of bacteria and actinomycetes were recorded in the 7500 kg · hm⁻² amendment rate treatment, while a higher amount of fungi was recorded in the 15000 kg · hm⁻² amendment rate treatment.     

农业废弃物还田对黑土温室气体排放及全球增温潜势的影响

【目的】研究牛粪、鸡粪、玉米秸秆与化肥配施还田,对黑土温室气体排放及全球增温潜势的影响。【方法】采用静态箱法,试验共设5个处理,分别为:空白对照,单施化肥,牛粪还田配施50%化肥氮(化肥中氮的质量分数为肥料中总氮量的50%),鸡粪还田配施50%化肥氮,秸秆还田配施90%化肥氮。除对照外各处理总施氮量为240kg·hm~(-2)。【结果】各处理中秸秆还田处理的CO_2平均排放通量及总排放量最高,分别达388.96 mg·m~(-2)·h-1和14 718.97 kg·hm~(-2),且追施氮肥明显增加CO_2的排放;单施化肥处理CH_4平均吸收通量及总吸收量最高,分别达0.042 mg·m~(-2)·h-1和1.36 kg·hm~(-2);单施化肥处理N_2O平均排放通量及总排放量最高,分别达0.153 mg·m~(-2)·h-1和5.75 kg·hm~(-2)。秸秆还田处理的全球增温潜势显著高于其他处理,牛粪还田处理较单施化肥处理全球增温潜势降低,但差异不显著。【结论】秸秆覆盖会增加黑土中的CO_2的排放,旱田土壤是大气中CH_4的重要吸收汇,有机无机肥配施对比单施化肥能减少土壤中N_2O的排放,各农业废弃物还田处理对大气变暖贡献程度不同。     

Identifying the limiting factors driving the winter wheat yield gap on smallholder farms by agronomic diagnosis in North China Plain

North China Plain(NCP) is the primary winter wheat production region in China, characterized by smallholder farming systems. Whereas the winter wheat average yield of smallholder farmers is currently low, the yield potential and limiting factors driving the current yield gap remain unclear. Therefore, increasing the wheat yield in NCP is essential for the national food security. This study monitored wheat yield, management practices and soil nutrient data in 132 farmers' fields of Xushui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province during 2014–2016. These data were analyzed using variance and path analysis to determine the yield gap and the contribution of yield components(i.e., spikes per hectare, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight) to wheat yield. Then, the limiting factors of yield components and the optimizing strategies were identified by a boundary line approach. The results showed that the attainable potential yield for winter wheat was 10 514 kg ha~(–1). The yield gaps varied strongly between three yield groups(i.e., high, middle and low), which were divided by yield level and contained 44 farmers in each group, and amounted to 2 493, 1 636 and 814 kg ha~(–1), respectively. For the three yield components, only spikes per hectare was significantly different(P0.01) among the three yield groups. For all 132 farmers' fields, correlation between yield and spikes per hectare(r=0.51, P0.01), was significantly positive, while correlations with grain number per spike(r=–0.16) and 1 000-grain weight(r=–0.10) were not significant. The path analysis also showed that the spikes per hectare of winter wheat were the most important component to the wheat yield. Boundary line analysis showed that seeding date was the most limiting factor of spikes per hectare with the highest contribution rate(26.7%), followed by basal N input(22.1%) and seeding rate(14.5%), which indicated that management factors in the seeding step were the most important for affecting spikes per hectare. For desired spikes per hectare(6.598×10~6 ha~(–1)),the seeding rate should range from 210–300 kg ha~(–1), seeding date should range from 3th to 8th October, and basal N input should range from 90~(–1)80 kg ha~(–1). Compared to these reasonable ranges of management measures, most of the farmers' practices were not suitable, and both lower and higher levels of management existed. It is concluded that the strategies for optimizing yield components could be achieved by improving wheat seeding quality and optimizing farmers' nutrient management practices in the NCP.     

Optimizing nitrogen levels combined with gibberellic acid for enhanced yield, photosynthetic attributes, enzyme activities, and artemisinin content of Artemisia annua

Artemisia annua L. is an aromatic-antibacterial herb that destroys malarial parasites, lowers fever, and checks bleeding, and from which the secondary compound of interest is artemisinin. It has become increasingly popular as an effective and safe alternative therapy against malaria, and its derivatives are effective against multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Nitrogen is required by the plants in the largest quantity and is most limiting where biomass production is desired. On the other hand, gibberellic acid plays an important role in flowering, growth, and development and also in other physiological and biochemical processes. The feasibility of foliar GA₃ (75 mg·L⁻¹) alone or with varying levels of soil applied nitrogen (40, 80, and 120 mg·kg⁻¹ soil) was tested on A. annua in the present study. The application of GA₃ proved effective in alleviating the growth, photosynthesis, and enzyme activities of A. annua. However, N levels combined with GA₃ showed better responses, and further improvement in these parameters was observed. Furthermore, the most important task we were interested in was to increase the artemisinin content and its yield on a per plant basis. The N combination (80 mg·kg⁻¹ soil) together with GA₃ augmented the content (21.8% more) and yield (55.8% more); this is true for both the treated plants, which were more than the control.     

保护性耕作农田固碳减排效应分析——以陕西户县、大荔和临渭区为例

为了分析保护性耕作的固碳减排效应,以陕西省关中平原麦玉两熟区为研究对象,选取西安户县、渭南大荔和临渭区3个具有代表性的地区进行调查研究,从土壤有机碳固定、土壤温室气体排放、物资投入造成的温室气体排放和避免秸秆焚烧造成的温室气体减排4个方面对该地区保护性耕作措施的固碳减排效应进行综合分析和估算。结果表明:与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作提高了土壤有机碳密度,每公顷农田每年碳固定量增加3 467.28kg CO_2当量,占总减排量的64.21%,对温室气体减排贡献最大;因减少物资投入和避免秸秆焚烧所产生的减排量分别为68.04kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和1 864.65kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) CO_2当量;因秸秆还田产生的N_2O抵消了5.67%的温室气体减排量。保护性耕作措施下每公顷农田每年可减少温室气体排放4 739.76~5 364.30kg CO_2当量,整个保护性耕作项目区每年产生的减排量约为2.0×10~4t CO_2当量。因此,保护性耕作技术在关中平原具有巨大的固碳减排能力,是一项经济且对环境友好的生产技术。     

有机无机肥配施对苹果园温室气体排放的影响

为研究有机肥代替化肥对苹果园温室气体排放的影响,本研究基于12 a的长期定位试验,采用静态暗箱-气象色谱法监测了果园温室气体(CH_4和N_2O)排放的动态变化。试验共设置4个处理:对照(CK)、有机肥(M)、化肥(NPK)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)。结果表明:果园年生活周期内CH_4以吸收为主;N_2O排放的高峰均出现在施肥后。各处理温室气体累积排放量差异显著(P0.05),其中M处理的CH_4累积吸收量最高,为9.95 kg·hm~(-2);MNPK处理的N_2O累积排放量显著高于NPK处理。相关性分析结果显示,土壤含水量、气温及硝态氮、铵态氮均为影响温室气体排放的因素。与NPK处理相比,MNPK处理可显著增加苹果产量,提高氮肥农学利用效率,增加CH_4吸收量、N_2O排放量和N_2O排放系数,降低综合温室气体排放强度。MNPK处理与NPK处理下单位产量CH_4的累积吸收量分别为0.04 kg·t~(-1)和0.06 kg·t~(-1),单位产量N_2O累积排放量分别为0.05 kg·t~(-1)和0.07 kg·t~(-1),两处理间差异不显著。研究表明,有机无机肥配施在保证产量的前提下更有利于苹果园的可持续发展。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and ratios of base and topdressing on wheat yield, soil nitrate content and nitrogen balance

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 168 kg·hm⁻² (A), and 240 kg·hm⁻² (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm⁻² and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO₃ ⁻-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]     

Application of the CSM-CERES-Rice model for evaluation of plant density and nitrogen management of fine transplanted rice for an irrigated semiarid environment

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM)-CERES-Rice to simulate growth and development of an aromatic rice variety under irrigated conditions in a semiarid environment of Pakistan and to determine the impact of various plant densities and nitrogen (N) application rates on grain yield and economic return. The crop simulation model was evaluated with experimental data collected in experiments that were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications and included three plant densities (one seedling hill⁻¹, PD₁; two seedlings hill⁻¹, PD₂; and three seedlings hill⁻¹, PD₃) and five N fertilizer regimes (control, N₀; 50 kg ha⁻¹, N₅₀; 100 kg ha⁻¹, N₁₀₀; 150 kg ha⁻¹, N₁₅₀; and 200 kg ha⁻¹, N₂₀₀). To determine the most appropriate combination of plant density and N levels, four plant densities from one seedling hill⁻¹ to four seedlings hill⁻¹ and 13 N levels ranging from 0 to 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (52 scenarios) were simulated for 35 years of historical daily weather data under irrigated conditions. The evaluation of CSM-CERES-Rice showed that the model was able to simulate growth and yield of irrigated rice in the semiarid conditions, with an average error of 11% between simulated and observed grain yield. The results of the stimulation analysis result showed that two seedlings hill⁻¹ along with 200 kg N ha⁻¹ (PD₂N₂₀₀) produced the highest yield as compared to all other scenarios. Furthermore, the economic analysis through the mean gini dominance also showed the dominance of this treatment (PD₂N₂₀₀) compared to the other treatment combinations. Thus, the management scenario that consisted of two seedlings hill⁻¹ and 200 kg N ha⁻¹ was the best for high yield and monitory return of irrigated rice in the semiarid environment. The mean monetary returns ranged from 291 US $ ha⁻¹ to 1 460 US $ ha⁻¹ to 1 460 US  ha⁻¹ among the 52 production options that were simulated. This approaching was demonstrated as effective way to optimize the density and N management for high yield and monetary return. It will help the rice production.     

Do Land Characteristics Affect Farmers' Soil Fertility Management?

Soil fertility management (SFM) has important implications for sustaining agricultural development and food self-sufficiency. Better understanding the determinants of farmers' SFM can be a great help to the adoption of effective SFM practices. Based on a dataset of 315 plots collected from a typical rice growing area of South China, this study applied statistical method and econometric models to examine the impacts of land characteristics on farmers' SFM practices at plot scale. Main results showed that in general land characteristics affected SFM behaviors. Securer land tenure arrangements facilitated effective practices of SFM through more diversified and more soil-friendly cropping pattern choices. Plot size significantly reduced the intensities of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application. Given other factors, 1 ha increase in plot size might reduce 3.0 kg ha⁻¹ P₂O₅ and 1.8 kg ha⁻¹ K₂O. Plots far from the homestead were paid less attention in terms of both chemical fertilizers and manure applications. Besides, plots with better quality were put more efforts on management by applying more nitrogen and manure, and by planting green manure crops. Significant differences existed in SFM practices between the surveyed villages with different socio-economic conditions. The findings are expected to provide important references to the policy-making incentive for improving soil quality and crop productivity.