A simple specimen preparation method for histopathological evaluation of vestibular organs

Vestibular organs consist of the maculae staticae, which are located in both the utricle and saccule, as well as the semicircular ducts and their ampullas. There have been no reports on specimen preparation methods for vestibular organs, including maculae staticae or semicircular ducts. In this study, we investigated highly reproducible methods of preparing vestibular organ specimens for histopathological examinations. We established a method that allows researchers to observe the utricle and saccule, including otoliths, the ampulla of a semicircular duct, and parts of semicircular ducts. This highly reproducible method is useful for histopathological analysis of mice with symptoms of abnormal equilibrium caused by medical toxicity and genetic modification.     

白香猪消化器官乳酸脱氢酶同功酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对成年白香猪的肝、胰、小肠和大肠等脏器组织的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）进行分离,结果显示：它们均舍有5条LDH同功酶谱带。经生物图像处理系统扫描定量,得出LDH1、LDH2、LDH3、LDH4和LDH,各组分在肝脏中的百分含量顺序为：LDH5〉LDH2〉LDH1〉LDH3〉LDH4。M亚基：H亚基为49．52％：50．48％;在胰脏中的百分含量顺序是：LDH1〉LDH2〉LDH5〉LDH3〉LDH4,M亚基：H亚基为32．86％：67．14％;小肠中的百分含量排列依次是：LDH5〉LDH4〉LDHI〉LDH2〉LDH3,M亚基：H亚基为63．18％：36．82％;大肠中的百分含量次序是：LDH1〉LDH5〉LDH2〉LDH4〉LDH3,M亚基：H亚基为42．00％：58．00％。以上LDH同功酶在不同消化器官组织中各谱带及亚基的组成与含量的不同,反映了相应组织中的乳酸和丙酮酸问转化代谢过程的差异,由此保证了机体糖代谢中LDH所催化的反应的正常协调进行。     

二次制粒工艺对断奶仔猪消化器官的影响

选用360头21日龄断奶仔猪,按饲喂试验日粮的制粒工艺、原料预处理不同,分成4个处理组,研究断奶仔猪采食二次制粒颗粒饲料对主要消化器官的影响。处理1组饲粮普通一次制粒并使用未膨化玉米及豆粕;处理2组饲粮一次制粒、使用膨化玉米及豆粕;处理3组采用二次制粒工艺、使用未膨化玉米及豆粕;处理4组二次制粒、使用膨化玉米及豆粕。主要消化器官统计结果(相对指标)显示:处理4组仔猪小肠重显著大于处理1和3组(P<0.05);小肠长度和空肠黏膜重指标,处理4组显著大于其他3个处理组。小肠形态测定结果显示:处理4组仔猪空肠绒毛高度显著大于其他3个处理组;空肠肠壁厚度指标,处理4组仔猪显著大于处理1组,而处理2组和3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,在选择膨化玉米与膨化豆粕原料的基础上,采用二次制粒工艺,先将鱼粉与膨化玉米、膨化豆粕进行第一次高温制粒所生产的饲料,饲喂断奶仔猪有效促进小肠器官发育,从而改善生长性能。     

Positional strategy of trunk muscles among aquatic,semi-aquatic and terrestrial species in Urodela

Clarification of the trunk structure in Urodela is important in understanding the locomotive evolution of basal tetrapods. The components of the muscular trunk wall among Urodela using different modes of locomotion were compared. Since the whole trunk may be used for swimming and the effect of limbs may be small in the more aquatic species, they showed smaller differences in the trunk muscles among anterior, middle and posterior sections of the trunk. By contrast, in the more terrestrial species, the dorsal and abdominal muscles are larger in the middle section than those in the anterior and posterior sections. High compressive stresses occur in the supporting limbs and their insertion at the trunk on the ventral side, and spread from the forelimbs along the back to the supporting hindlimbs on the dorsal side. Tensile stresses occur in the middle ventral part. The components of the trunk muscles among the three sections may reflect differences in stresses occurring in the trunk of the more terrestrial species. The findings also suggest that in the middle section, larger dorsal muscles for stiffening the back to maintain posture and larger abdominal muscles are responsible for balancing the body weight while it is supported by the limbs in the more terrestrial species.     

Immunohistochemical analysis for G protein in the olfactory organs of soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis

In turtles, the epithelia lining the upper and lower chambers of the nasal cavity project axons to theventral and dorsal parts of the olfactory bulbs, respectively. In a semi-aquatic soft-shelled turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis, more than 1,000 odorant receptor genes have been found, but it is notknown where they are expressed. In this study, we aimed to clarify the distribution of cells expressing thesegenes in the olfactory organs of soft-shelled turtles. Immunoreactions for the Gαolf, the α subunit of Gprotein coupled to the odorant receptors, were detected on the surface of epithelia lining both the upper andlower chambers of the nasal cavity. The receptor cells in the epithelium of both chambers possessed cilia onthe tip of their dendrites, whereas microvillous, non-ciliated, receptor cells were not found. These datasuggest that the odorant receptor genes are expressed by the ciliated receptor cells in the upper and lowerchamber epithelia. Precise location of the vomeronasal epithelium is not known at present.     

Effect of arginine and threonine administered in ovo on digestive organ developments and subsequent growth performance of broiler chickens

This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of arginine (Arg), threonine (Thr) and Arg + Thr administered in ovo on growth performance, digestive organs and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. On day 14 of incubation, 400 fertile eggs were randomly allotted to five experimental treatments through injection in the amniotic fluid including: (i) control (none injected), (ii) sham (0.5 ml of 0.5% saline), (iii) Arg (35 mg/egg), (iv) Thr (25 mg/egg) and (v) Arg + Thr (35 + 25 mg/egg). After hatching, chicks were given a commercial corn–soya bean diet up to 42 days of age. Daily feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) of chicks were measured during different periods of the trial. Digestive organs were measured for their relative weight and intestinal length on days 11 and 42 of age. Intestinal morphometric traits were evaluated on day 11 of the experiment. Supplementing amino acids affected the performance of broiler chicks as Thr significantly increased FI and BW across starter, grower and finisher periods compared with sham and control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Arg + Thr injection increased jejunal weight compared with control on day 42 (p < 0.05). Moreover, Arg inclusion led to the greatest villus height and crypt depth among treatments in duodenum (p > 0.05); however, amino acid supplemented groups had lower villus height than control in jejunum (p < 0.05). Negative correlations found between digestive organs related to day 11 of age containing pancreas (r = ?0.484; p = 0.030), duodenal (r = ?0.577; p = 0.007) as well as ileal lengths (r = ?0.471; p = 0.035) and FI of entire period. Otherwise, positive relationships were observed between duodenum (r = 0.580; p = 0.007) and ileum (r = 0.582; p = 0.007) weights on day 42 and FI of chickens across the entire phase. In conclusion, Arg and particularly Thr injection into amnion can improve FI and post‐hatch growth performance of chickens which may be mediated by the development of digestive organs.     

酸枣仁皂甙对热应激肉用仔鸡生产性能、消化道和免疫器官的影响

为探明酸枣仁皂苷对肉仔鸡的抗热应激作用,将225只1日龄AA肉雏仔鸡公母混合随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每重复15只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1～4组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.5,1.0,1.5和2.0 mg/kg的酸枣仁皂苷。1～3周龄采用常规饲养管理,4周龄时开始进行为期1周的(34±1)℃热应激处理。结果:0.5和1.0 mg/kg添加水平极显著提高3周龄肉仔鸡日增重(P<0.01),4个水平的酸枣仁皂苷对热应激肉仔鸡的平均日增重、采食量和饲料转化率均有改善作用,以0.5和1.0 mg/kg添加水平最佳(P<0.01)。饲粮中添加0.5 mg/kg酸枣仁皂苷显著提高热应激肉仔鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率(P<0.05),极显著降低皮下脂肪厚(P<0.01)。酸枣仁皂苷对热应激肉仔鸡的腿比例、腿肌率、胸肌率、腹脂率、腺胃率、肌胃率、脾脏率、十二指肠率、空肠率、回肠率、盲肠率、法氏囊率和胸腺率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。总之,1～3周龄肉仔鸡饲粮中添加酸枣仁皂苷,可提高采食量和日增重;34℃热应激下添加酸枣仁皂苷,可提高平均日增重、采食量和饲料转化率,改善胴体品质;酸枣仁皂苷较理想的添加水平为0.5～1.0 mg/kg。     

北京白鸡5—18日龄胚胎消化器官的显微结构

以组织学方法研究了孵化第５，９，１２，１８天鸡胚的胃、肠、肝、胰的显微结构，探讨了鸡胚胃、肠、肝、胰的形态发生。观察到腺胃粘膜深层的复管状腺比腺胃粘膜浅层和肌胃粘膜中的单管状腺结构复杂，肌胃的肌层比腺胃和肠管的肌层发达。诸如此类，器官中结构较复杂或较发达的部分需要较长的发育时间，往往发育较早；复腺的发育中先有腺管然后有腺管分支和腺泡；吞食蛋白羊水对消化器官的发育具有重要影响     

The Incidence of Lymphoplasmacytic Gastritis in the Fundus and Antrum of Cynomolgus Monkey ( Macaca fascicularis ) Stomachs

Lymphoplasmacytic gastritis is a concern for toxicological pathologists reading preclinical, non-human primate toxicity studies because subtle gastric changes which could be treatment-related may be masked and gastritis lesions may be confused with treatment-related effects and thus a gastric finding may be incorrectly assigned as a treatment-related lesion. This paper discusses the incidence of lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in cynomolgus monkeys at a contract research organization. The incidence of lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in the fundus and antrum of control cynomolgus monkeys on 18 non-gastric compound studies, was scored. The average fundus score ranged from 0.3 to 1.5 and the average antral score ranged from 0.9 to 3.5 in the cynomolgus monkey stomachs examined. The number of affected control animals in a study ranged from 0 to 5 control animals. No correlation between the route of vehicle administration and the severity or incidence of the lesions was noted. The percentage incidence of affected animals ranged from 0 to 100%. An increased incidence lymphoplasmatic gastritis from 2000 to 2004 was noted. The implications of lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in cynomolgus monkeys used for acute toxicity studies are discussed.     

肠道营养保健剂对弱僵猪生长性能、免疫机能及消化酶活性的影响

试验旨在研究肠道营养保健剂通过改善弱僵猪肠道功能,提高弱僵猪的生产性能的作用机制。选取30日龄杜长大三元杂交断奶弱僵猪80头,随机分为2个组(每组4个重复,每个重复10头猪),对照组饲喂清水与基础饲粮按照2∶1比例配制成的粥拌料;试验组饲喂肠道营养保健剂水溶液(1 kg/100 kg水)与基础饲粮按照2∶1比例配制成的粥拌料。试验期为21 d,并于试验第15天屠宰取样。结果表明:在试验1~7 d,肠道营养保健剂显著提高了弱僵猪的平均日增体质量(P<0.05),降低料重比;在8~21 d,显著降低了腹泻率和死亡率(P<0.05);肠道营养保健剂能显著降低白球比和尿素氮(P<0.05)含量,提高血清球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG质量浓度(P>0.05)及肝脏和脾脏指数(P<0.05);肠道营养保健剂能降低弱僵猪胃pH值,提高胃蛋白酶的活性(P>0.05)。由此可见,肠道营养保健剂能提高弱僵猪的采食量、胃蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性、增强免疫机能、减少腹泻率和死淘率,从而提高了弱僵猪的生长性能。     

日粮纤维及其对幼龄单胃动物消化功能的影响

日粮纤维能提供大量的能量,而且有利于维持动物机体的正常消化功能。本文综述了日粮纤维的代谢及对幼龄单胃动物消化功能的影响。     

乌骨鸡日粮氨基酸消化率的研究

选用96只150日龄体重1．4kg的成年乌骨公鸡，进行代谢试验，测定了玉米、麸皮、豆粕、肉骨粉、菌糖蛋白等饲料氨基酸的表观消化率和真消化率，为乌骨鸡日粮的合理配制提供了科学依据。     

Localization of connexin 32 in spontaneous liver lesions of mice

We examined the localization of connexin 32 (Cx32), a component of gapjunctions, in 24-month-old male B6C3F1 mice with spontaneously occurring hepatocellularaltered foci or tumors. Immunohistochemically, Cx32-staining intensity in cell-to-cellmembranes of altered hepatocytes was decreased in eosinophilic foci and increased inbasophilic foci as compared to those in intact hepatocytes. These alterations wereenhanced in adenomas and carcinomas with both eosinophilic and basophilic cytoplasm. Incell membranes facing on the sinusoidal portions, the intensities increased in alllesions. Image analyses confirmed that the spot areas of Cx32 were decreased ineosinophilic foci, but increased in basophilic foci, adenomas and carcinomas. Theseresults demonstrate that Cx32 shows different expression in different types of hepaticlesions.     

Effects of ozonated autohemotherapy on the antioxidant capacity of Thoroughbred horses

The performance of horses undergoing regular intense exercise is adversely affected by oxidative stress. Thus, it is important to increase antioxidant production in horses in order to reduce oxidative stress. Ozonated autohemotherapy (OAHT) reportedly promotes antioxidant production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of OAHT on antioxidant capacity. Ten Thoroughbred horses were used in this study. After the OAHT, we collected serum samples and measured biological antioxidant potential (BAP). We found that BAP began to increase after the OAHT and was significantly higher in the OAHT group than at 3 (P<0.01) and 7 days (P<0.05) after OAHT than in the control group at 3 and 7 days after starting collection of blood samples. Therefore, it was shown that OAHT improved the antioxidant capacity of the horses.     

秦岭细鳞鲑消化系统的形态学观察

运用大体解剖和常规组织学方法对秦岭细鳞鲑消化系统的组织形态进行了系统观察。结果表明,秦岭细鳞鲑的消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃和肠等4部分组成,除口咽腔外,管壁由内向外分为黏膜、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜。口咽腔宽大,上颌、犁骨及腭骨等处布有细齿,黏膜衬以复层扁平上皮,间有较多的黏液细胞和少量的杯状细胞及味蕾;食管粗而短,黏膜向管腔突出形成多个纵行皱襞,上皮由复层扁平上皮逐渐向单层柱状过渡,上皮细胞间可见到数量较多的粘液细胞和杯状细胞,食管腺不发达;胃体积较大,呈“U”形,包括贲门部、胃体和幽门部,胃体部小凹及胃底腺结构明显,肌层发达;胃与肠相接处有63-65个幽门盲囊,肠道粗短而略微盘曲,黏膜上皮为单层柱状,未见明显的肠腺。以上结果显示,秦岭细鳞鲑消化道组织结构与其肉食性功能密切相关。肝小叶界限不清;双列肝细胞围绕中央静脉呈放射状走行,肝细胞个体大、呈多边形,核呈圆形或卵圆形,1-2个。胰脏大部分环绕前肠边缘、呈细长条索状,另可见分散于幽门盲囊及胃周围的弥散部分;其外分泌部为管泡状腺,腺细胞呈锥体形,胰岛结构明显。