复合微生物对奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

为探讨相同日粮条件下添加不同水平复合微生物添加剂对奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,选用产后(87.4±6)d的中国荷斯坦奶牛70头,采用随机区组试验设计,分为5组。试验期67 d,预饲期7 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、试验Ⅱ组产奶量显著提高(P<0.05);试验Ⅳ组乳脂率显著提高(P<0.05)。添加微生物制剂对乳蛋白率、乳糖率、总固形物无显著影响,乳中体细胞数(SCC)显著下降(P<0.05);血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与对照组相比,试验Ⅲ提高11.55%(P<0.05),试验Ⅳ提高11.98%(P<0.01);对血液中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)含量无显著影响(P>0.05);丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。     

日粮中添加生物素对奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究生物素对泌乳早期中国荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响.选择8头泌乳早期的初产中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组2头,采用4×4重复拉丁方设计.4组中,A组为对照组,仅饲喂基础日粮;B、C和D组在饲喂基础日粮的基础上分别添加20、30和40 mg/d生物素.研究结果表明:1)添加生物素组显著提高奶牛的产奶量,其中B、C和D组奶牛的产奶量比分别比A组高1.69、2.19和1.56 kg/d(P<0.05);2)日粮中生物素的添加提高了乳的乳蛋白率,A、B、C和D组乳蛋白率分别为2.77%、2.96%、2.89%和2.86%,其中,B组较对照组显著提高(P0.05).综合分析得出,本试验条件下,奶牛日粮中添加生物素可提高生产性能和乳品质,以30 mg/d的添加量为宜.     

复合益生菌对泌乳中后期奶牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

选用48头产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次相近的泌乳中后期奶牛进行配对设计,分为4组,即对照组(复合益生菌0g/d)、试验1组(复合益生菌10g/d)、试验2组(复合益生菌20g/d)和试验3组(复合益生菌30g/d),试验期60d,其中预饲期7d。结果表明:与对照组相比,复合益生菌能够提高泌乳中后期奶牛的产奶量,同时能够显著提高乳蛋白率、乳糖率和总固形物(P<0.05);对血液生化指标无显著影响(P>0.05);复合益生菌能显著提高瘤胃中NH_3-N和微生物蛋白(MCP)含量(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验2组的粗蛋白(CP)和粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率均显著提高(P<0.05);试验1,2,3组比对照组每头奶牛每天分别获益2.28,4.80和4.09元。以产奶性能、瘤胃发酵参数、营养物质表观消化率和经济效益为主要衡量指标,以每头奶牛日喂20g效果最佳。     

烟酸对高温环境中奶牛生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究烟酸对高温环境中奶牛生产性能和血清生化指标的影响。试验选用3头泌乳早期的中国荷斯坦牛,采用3×3拉丁方设计。在基础日粮中分别添加0、6、12 g/d烟酸,试验期为75 d。结果表明:(1)添加烟酸对热应激奶牛直肠温度和呼吸频率无显著影响(P>0.05)。(2)添加6、12 g/d烟酸可使产奶量分别提高13.20%(P<0.05)、9.39%(P<0.05),而4%标准乳量无显著差异(P>0.05);添加烟酸不影响乳蛋白和乳脂率(P<0.05)。(3)添加烟酸使血清胆固醇含量降低,但未达显著水平(P>0.05);添加烟酸6、12 g/d使血糖含量提高37.89%(P<0.05)、51.93%(P<0.05),但两添加组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);添加烟酸12 g/d可显著降低奶牛血清尿素氮含量(P<0.05);添加6、12 g/d烟酸使游离脂肪酸含量降低23.89%(P<0.01)、10.39%(P<0.01)。综合分析试验奶牛的生产性能和血清生化指标变化,夏季给奶牛补饲烟酸有助于缓解热应激,适宜的添加量为6 g/d。     

双益素对奶牛生产性能及血液理化指标的影响

为了验证双益素对奶牛生产性能及血液理化指标的影响,试验选择各项指标相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛24头,采用随机分组试验设计方案分为4组,即对照组和试验1,2,3组,每组6头奶牛,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加5,10,15 g/(d·头)双益素,预试期7 d,正试期35 d,测定奶牛的产奶量、乳成分、血液理化指标并进行相关分析。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验3组奶牛产奶量显著增加(P0.05);试验组乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率均有所提高,但差异不显著(P0.05);试验2,3组乳中体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);各组间血常规指标差异均不显著(P0.05);试验2,3组球蛋白(GLO)含量显著提高(P0.05)。说明奶牛日粮中添加双益素能显著提高产奶量,改善乳品质,显著降低乳中体细胞数,有效预防奶牛乳房炎,提高血液GLO含量,增强免疫功能,综合投入产出比以双益素10 g/(d·头)的添加剂量为宜。     

三聚氰胺对黄羽肉鸡生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

选择1日龄健康黄羽肉鸡500 ,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复25只鸡.在5个处理组基础日粮中分别添加0、0.25%、0.5%、0.5%、3.0%的三聚氰胺,进行为期42d的饲养试验,研究三聚氰胺对肉仔鸡生长性能和血液生化指标的影响.试验结果表明:在基础日粮中添加三聚氰胺可显著降低黄羽肉鸡的平均体重(P<0.05).在血液生化指标方面,总蛋白与白蛋白含量各试验组间无显著差异(P>0.05);3.0%三聚氰胺添加组黄羽肉鸡血液中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶及尿酸含量与对照组相比显著提高(P<0.05);尿素氮含量3.0%添加组高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05).以上结果初步表明三聚氰胺对黄羽肉鸡的生长有一定的危害性.     

丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺对哲罗鱼仔鱼生长和抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲喂丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gin)对哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)仔鱼生长和抗氧化能力的影响.试验分6个组,每组3个重复,每重复1 000尾鱼.各组饵料分别在基础饵料基础上添加0(对照组)、0.125%、0.250%、0.500%、0.750%和1.000%的Ala-Gin.试验共进行8周.结果表明:与对照组相比,0.125%组对哲罗鱼仔鱼的生长未产生显著影响(P>0.05);0.500%～1.000%组显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高增重率和特定生长率;当添加量大于0.125%时,成活率显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高;当添加量大于0.500%时,鱼体组织匀浆液中谷氨酰胺(Gln)含量显著升高(P<0.05);0.750%和1.000%组鱼体组织匀浆液中谷氨酸(Glu)含量显著提高(P<0.05);0.500%和0.750%组Na+,K+-ATPase活性显著升高(P<0.05);各添加组SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),MDA含量显著(P<0.05)或极显著降低(P<0.01);氨基酸含量无显著变化(P>0.05).由此可知,添加Ala-Gin可提高哲罗鱼仔鱼的生长性能和抗氧化能力,适宜的添加水平为0.750%.     

大力士甜高粱与扁穗牛鞭草饲喂奶牛效果试验

选择18头中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛分成3组:对照组、试验1组和试验2组.试验1组和试验2组分别替换对照组50%干草料基础上添加扁穗牛鞭草和大力士甜高粱,结果表明:扁穗牛鞭草和大力士甜高粱均能提高奶牛日产奶量.日产奶量试验1组与试验前相比差异显著(P<0.05);试验2组与试验前相比差异极显著(P<0.01),与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05).同时,各组的乳脂率、总乳固体均无差异(P>0.05);试验1组与对照组间的乳蛋白率无差异,试验2组与对照组间、与试验1组间的乳蛋白率均是差异显著(P<0.05);试验2组与对照组间的乳糖差异显著,其他组间无差异.     

日粮中添加油料籽实对奶牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本文旨在研究在日粮中添加油料籽实对中国荷斯坦奶牛乳脂肪酸组成及生产性能的影响,为提高奶牛乳脂中共轭哑油酸(CLA)含量,改善乳品质寻找合适的途径.试验选取16头泌乳前期(62±11)d、胎次一致(3胎)、泌乳量相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组(对照组、菜籽组、亚麻籽组、葵花籽组),每组4头.试验共进行40 d(预试期10 d,正试期30 d),分别在正试期第1天、第15天和第30天测定乳产量、分析乳成分,用气相色谱仪分析乳脂肪酸组成.结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮中添加油料籽实,显著提高了奶牛的泌乳性能(P<0.05),降低了乳脂率(P<0.05),对乳中其他常规成分影响差异不显著(P>0.05);日粮中添加葵花籽后乳脂中CLA含量提高98.28%(P<0.05).菜籽组、亚麻籽组、葵花籽组的乳脂中C14:0和C16:0的含量分别比对照组降低了17.86%和26.75%、15.99%和27.18%、21.99%和21.74%.乳脂中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量分别比对照组提高40.83%、47.06%和41.52%(P<0.05).乳脂中的t11-C18:1(x)与CLA(y)的比例(%)存在正相关性,y=0.34x 0.20,R<'=0.696 2(P<0.01).日粮中添加植物油籽显著提高了乳脂中CLA、PUFA的比例,降低了C14:0和C16:0的比例,改善了乳脂的构成,提高了乳品质.     

饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼抗氧化性能及脂质代谢的影响

选取来源一致、体质健康、尾均重约248.70±1.31 g的黄河鲤鱼750尾,采用单因子完全随机设计,设5个处理,3个重复,分别在基础饲粮中添加0%(对照组)、5%(试验Ⅰ组)、10%(试验Ⅱ组)、15%(试验Ⅲ组)和20%(试验Ⅳ组)的苜蓿草粉,以探讨苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼抗氧化性能及脂类代谢的影响.结果显示,1)添加5%和10%的苜蓿草粉能显著或极显著提高黄河鲤鱼血清和肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力,同时也能显著或极显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,说明苜蓿草粉能有效地提高黄河鲤鱼的抗氧化能力.2)血清、肝胰脏和肌肉中总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量都随着苜蓿草粉添加量的增加依次降低.其中,在血清中,试验Ⅳ组2指标含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但另外3个试验组和对照组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);在肝胰脏中,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的总胆固醇和试验Ⅳ组甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在肌肉中.试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的总胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05).但苜蓿草粉的添加对血清中高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白含量并未形成显著性影响(P>0.05).     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.