5%唑啉草酯EC防除大麦田中禾本科杂草药效研究

5%唑啉草酯EC是目前防除大麦田中禾本科杂草十分优秀的茎叶除草剂,冬前制剂用1 200 g/hm2,施药后30 d它对禾本科杂草的株防效可达72.99%,药后120 d它对禾本科杂草的株防效可达91.92%,鲜重防效可达94.89%,明显高于同期用50%异丙隆制剂1 875 g/hm2的株防效和鲜重防效;春季制剂用5%唑啉草酯EC 1 500 g/hm2,施药后30 d它对禾本科杂草的株防效可达82.18%,药后60 d它对禾本科杂草的株防效可达96.26%,鲜重防效可达97.61%,同样明显高于同期用50%异丙隆3 750g/hm2的制剂株防效和鲜重防效.     

百农思对稻田玉米杂草的防除效果

为防除稻田玉米杂草,在湖南省浏阳沙市镇进行了百农思等除草剂防除稻田玉米杂草试验.用百农思等芽前除草剂,在玉米播种后1d按推荐剂量喷雾,每公顷喷药液900kg,施药后第20d和第40d调查各处理的除草效果.结合产量性状,按"意见集中评分模糊决策原理”的方法评价除草效果,结果表明,以施用百农思180g/hm2的防除效果最好,药后40d对稻田玉米杂草的株防效和鲜重防效达80.69%和98.60%;其次为百农思150g/hm2+乙草胺1200mL/hm2混用,药后40d的株防效和鲜重防效78.62%和93.89%.百农思对玉米安全.     

15%麦极对小麦的安全性及防除禾本科杂草药效研究

15%麦极可湿性粉剂是目前防除小麦田中禾本科杂草十分理想的茎叶处理剂,冬前每公顷施用300 g,施药后30 d,它对小麦田中禾本科杂草的株防效可达82.00%,药后90 d,它对小麦田中禾本科杂草的株防效可达92.21%、鲜重防效可达95.86%,高于用900 m l/hm216.9%骠马的同期株防效80.38%、鲜重防效86.33%,并且它对小麦田中禾本科杂草除草速度明显比每公顷用750 m l/hm26.9%骠马除草速度快。     

6%精喹·嗪酸乳油防除花生田杂草

田间试验结果表明,6%精喹.嗪酸乳油作茎叶处理对马唐、牛筋草、稗草、反枝苋、藜等杂草均有较好的除草效果。推荐应用剂量为有效量45~54 g/hm2(商品量750~900 mL/hm2),药后20 d对杂草的鲜重防效在95%以上。在推荐剂量范围内对花生安全,一次施药即能有效防除花生田全生育期的杂草,除草效果好。     

50％吡嘧·二氯喹啉酸WP防除水稻田杂草效果研究

50％吡嘧·二氯喹啉酸WP是目前防除移栽水稻田中一年生杂草十分优秀的茎叶除草剂，制剂用600g／hm2，施药后15d它对一年生杂草的株防效可达92．26％，施药后30d它对一年生杂草的株防效可达92．03％，施药后45d它对一年生杂草的株防效可达91．85％，鲜重防效可达93．28％，比同期用10％吡嘧磺隆WP300g/hm2的株防效分别高12．20％、13．00％、12．80％，鲜重防效高12．75％；比同期用50％二氯喹啉酸WP600g/hm2的株防效分别高59．89％、60．68％、61．83％，鲜重防效高57．47％。     

不同除草剂防除稻田杂草试验

通过对不同药剂防除稻田杂草试验效果研究,结果表明,施药剂的各处理均对水稻安全,并且对杂草均有一定的防除效果,防效为92%～100%。综合分析,于插秧前5～7 d水整地后施入50%瑞飞特70 ml/667 m2,防效最好,并且节约成本,可推广应用。     

60%新马歇特EC防除旱直播稻田杂草药效研究

试验研究结果表明:60%新马歇特EC是当前防除盐城市旱直播稻田中禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草较为理想的除草剂,用60%新马歇特EC 1 800 ml/hm2+10%苄嘧磺隆WP 450 g/hm2施药后30 d,它对旱直播稻田中禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草防效分别为95.71%、98.03%;用60%新马歇特EC 1 800 ml/hm2+10%吡嘧磺隆WP 300 g/hm2施药后30 d,它对旱直播稻田中禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草防效分别为98.30%、98.69%。     

35%丁噁乳油防除夏花生田间杂草效果研究

为明确35%丁噁乳油对夏花生田杂草的防除效果及对花生的安全性和增产效应,采用土壤封闭喷雾法进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,35%丁噁乳油850.0~1312.5g.a.i/hm2对花生田牛筋草、马唐草、稗草、狗尾草等一年生禾本科杂草及阔叶草苋、马齿苋有较好的防除效果。药后40d,总株防效为85.34%~93.51%,鲜重防效为95.93%~97.76%;对花生安全性较好,增产率为2.53%。     

嘧啶肟草醚防除直播稻田杂草试验

2012年进行了嘧啶肟草醚防除直播稻田杂草试验。药后35 d调查结果表明,嘧啶肟草醚对鳢肠防除效果达100%,对千金子株防效、鲜重防效均在60%以下。用药区稻苗表现瘦、黄、矮,叶片出现铁锈斑与出叶慢等药害症状,于施药15 d后开始转绿。施药35 d后稻苗已经全部恢复生长。     

济宁市区夏播大豆田杂草的发生与防除研究

研究结果表明,济宁市夏播大豆田杂草有8科20种,优势种群为马唐和醴肠。田间有二个出草高峰,一峰在大豆播种后的5~15 d,二峰在播种后的40~45 d。茎叶处理方法防除禾本科和阔叶混生的大豆田杂草,以5%盖草双单1 500 ml/hm2为最好,总株防效和鲜重防效均在86%以上。以禾本科杂草为主的大豆田,以8.8%精喹禾灵600 ml/hm2防效最好,株防效在83%以上。以阔叶杂草为主的大豆田,24%克阔乐450 ml/hm2防效最好,株防效在82%以上。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.