蜜蜂线粒体DNA（mtDNA）研究进展

蜜蜂线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）研究进展王瑞武董捷乔广辉（中国农科院蜜蜂研究所,北京１０００９３）线粒体是细胞中进行能量代谢的重要细胞器。线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌＤＮＡ,ｍｔＤＮＡ）是线粒体中的遗传物质。长期以来,人们对ｍｔＤＮＡ的结...     

动物线粒体DNA特性及其多态性研究进展

本文在线粒体ＤＮＡ基因组特点的基础上，综述了ｍｔＤＮＡ多态性分析在动物起源进化、分类和育种等方面的研究进展，并给以简要的评述。     

家畜线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的研究

本文概述了家畜特别是牛和猪线粒体ＤＮＡ研究的概况和取得的成果，介绍了家畜线粒体ＤＮＡ的一些特征，限制性酶及限制性酶分析以及线粒体ＤＮＡ在家畜种间和品种间的多态性，并讨论了这种多态性，作为一个重要的母性遗传标记在考查家畜种及品种起源和演化上的意义。     

蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA研究进展

自Nass等于1962年发现线粒体DNA(mitochon--drial DNA,mtDNA)以来,众多学者对mtDNA的基因结构、组成、复制、转录以及基因表达调控等方面进行了深入的研究。动物mtDNA广泛存在于各种组织中,为共价闭合的双链DNA,分子大小为15～19.5kb左右,可自我复制、表达,并有核基因编码的蛋白质和酶从细     

线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的研究进展

本文概述了mtDNA的基本特征和研究方法；介绍了人及各种畜禽mtDNA的研究现状，并对mtDNA的研究作了展望。     

线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的研究进展

本文概述了mtDNA的基本和研究方法；介绍了人及各种畜禽mtDNA的研究现状，并对mtDNA的研究作了展望。     

原鸡线粒体DNA部分序列多态性分析

测定了分布于中国的红原鸡两个亚种(Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种、Gallus gallus jabouillei亚种)5个个体的线粒体细胞色素B(cytb)部分序列(289bp)和控制区(D环)的部分序列(539bp)，并结合GENBANK中已有的原鸡的相应片段进行分析，结果显示分布在中国的两个红原鸡亚种与在泰国等地分布的红原鸡亚种可归为一类，而与爪哇岛上分布的红原鸡亚种差异较大。我们的结果支持红原鸡可以分为陆地型和海岛型亚种，家鸡可能来源于陆地型红原鸡，并经受了多次独立驯化。     

梅花鹿角的生药学研究

本文对药材梅花鹿角进行了生药学方面的研究。结果表明 ,梅花鹿角具有独特的性状特征 ,其公式为 A1P1,A2 P2 ,A3P3。梅花鹿角的显微结构由颓废层、骨密质和骨疏质组成。颓废层均有向内凹陷的窝和管。骨密质由哈佛氏系统组成 ,观察到了暗色带。骨疏质的网眼及骨小梁上首次发现棕色球形物 (直径 1 5～ 50 μm)。粉末中有菊花状等不同形状的骨板碎片、骨疏质碎片和颓废层碎片 ,及成群的棕色球形物     

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA protein-coding region in the Yeso Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

In the present study, mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Yeso Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were studied. Specifically, protein‐coding genes as mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunits (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4L, ND4, ND5 and ND6), cytochrome c oxidase subunits (CO I and CO III), ATP synthase subunits (ATPase8 and ATPase6) and cytochrome b. Also, phylogenetic analyses on eight mammalian species were performed, including the Muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). The rate of amino‐acid substitution was lowest (3.74%) between Yeso Sika deer and Muntjac deer, and the values between Yeso Sika deer and other species (sheep, cattle, horse, pig, mouse, human and chimpanzee) were 6.63%, 7.30%, 12.55%, 13.03%, 23.59%, 24.82% and 25.04%, respectively. Among them, the highest value of divergence was recognized in ATPase8, and the second structure of ATPase8 showed a difference between the Yeso Sika deer and Muntjac deer as a result of the substitution of 34His→Tyr and 49Thr→Ile. In addition, we identified a substitution of an amino‐acid sequence (19Thr→Ala) between the Yeso Sika deer and Yakushima Sika deer (C. n. yakushimae). From these results, ATPase8 was also a variable region in Cervidae.     

Detection of Ehrlichia muris DNA from sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Hokkaido, Japan

Ehrlichia muris DNA was detected in the blood of sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) by species-specific PCR based on the citrate synthase gene, which was shown to be more sensitive than species-specific PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. Among 102 deer examined, one deer was positive. Deer may be a possible mammalian reservoir of E. muris.     

Sex determination based on fecal DNA analysis of the amelogenin gene in sika deer (Cervus nippon)

A sex determination method using DNA extracted from feces has been developed for sika deer (Cervus nippon). We determined a partial sequence of the amelogenin gene of sika deer, which exists on both X and Y chromosomes with a deletion region on the Y chromosome. Based on the sexually dimorphic sequences, we designed a pair of primers which could amplify DNA fragments the lengths of which are different between males and females. PCR products were detected in 34 out of 37 fecal samples collected from captured deer and the sexes estimated by the present method were perfectly matched with the actual sexes.     

Daily incremental lines in sika deer (Cervus nippon) dentine

This work was designed to observe the dentine incremental lines of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) fawns and to investigate their periodicity using the chronological labeling method with fluorochromes. The incremental lines were observed in decalcified specimens stained by Bodian's silver technique, and the fluorescence-labeled lines were observed in undecalcified and ground specimens. In the silver stained specimens, there were two types of lines, deeply stained thick lines and faintly stained minute regular incremental lines. The intervals and staining intensities of the deeply stained thick lines were very similar to those of the fluorescence-labeled lines in the ground specimens obtained from the same tooth, and hence, it appeared that the both lines were identical. The number of minute incremental lines between the deeply stained thick lines was the same as that of days between the time when each fluorescent labeling injection was made. Therefore, it seemed that each minute incremental line was formed each day. The possibility of age estimation in days using diurnal dentine increments was discussed.     

梅花鹿肝脏的形态及组织结构观察

梅花鹿是我国一级保护动物,具有极高的观赏和经济价值。用大体解剖与常规石蜡切片、HE染色等方法,对梅花鹿肝脏的形态及组织结构进行了观察。结果表明,梅花鹿的肝脏具有反刍动物的共同点,分叶不明显,但亦可分为右、中、左三叶,但无胆囊。其组织结构也和其他反刍动物相似,肝小叶间结缔组织不发达,分界不明显。被膜较薄,肝细胞体积较大,内皮连续、有基膜,内皮之间有枯否氏细胞,窦状隙中可见血细胞。门管区的小叶间静脉、小叶间动脉和小叶间胆管结构均清晰。     

Population pharmacokinetics of methadone hydrochloride after a single intramuscular administration in adult Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon)

ObjectiveTo assess the population pharmacokinetics of methadone in deer.Study designProspective non-randomized experimental trial.AnimalsTwelve healthy adult sika deer (nine males and three females).MethodsDeer received intramuscular administration of racemic methadone hydrochloride at 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ or 1 mg kg⁻¹. Plasma methadone and its metabolite 2-Ethylidene-1,5-Dimethyl-3,3-Diphenyl-Pyrolidine (EDDP) concentrations were determined by validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry methods, at times 0, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Population pharmacokinetics analysis was undertaken using a non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM).ResultsA two-compartment linear disposition model best described observed time-concentration profiles of methadone and EDDP. Population parameter estimates of methadone were elimination clearance (17.3 L hour⁻¹), metabolic clearance (34.6 L hour⁻¹), volume of distribution of compartment 1 (216.0 L) and volume of distribution of compartment 2 (384.0 L). Population parameter estimates of EDDP were elimination clearance (121.0 L hour⁻¹), volume of distribution of compartment 3 (1.08 L) and volume of distribution of compartment 4 (499.5 L). The total clearance and total volume of distribution of methadone and EDDP were 51.9 L hour⁻¹, 121.0 L hour ⁻¹, 600.0 L and 500.6 L, respectively. The methadone terminal elimination half-life was 8.19 hours. No adverse effects were observed after methadone administration.Conclusions and Clinical relevanceFollowing intramuscular injection, methadone was characterized by a large total volume of distribution, high systemic clearance and intermediate terminal half-life in sika deer.