皱膝蝗发生规律及预测预报的研究

１９８９～１９９５年在甘肃省夏河县对红翅皱膝蝗和鼓翅皱膝蝗的生物学特性以及发生与环境的关系进行了系统的研究。两种皱膝蝗１年均发生１代,以卵在土中越冬。翌年５月中旬当平均气温达６．５℃左右时开始孵化出土,６月上旬至中旬为孵化出土盛期,７月上旬始见成虫,７月下旬或８月上旬开始产卵。红翅皱膝蝗若虫期平均约为６８ｄ,成虫寿命平均为４７ｄ左右,平均每雌产卵２５．７枚。鼓翅皱膝蝗蝗蝻期约为７２ｄ,成虫寿命５４ｄ左右,平均每雌产卵３２．６枚。红翅皱膝蝗的取食量随龄期增大而增大,蝗蝻期平均食量为１．６２ｇ左右,成虫期约为５．２０ｇ。应用历年６月上旬５ｃｍ土温建立了发生高峰期的预测模型。     

邱氏异爪蝗生物学特性的研究

通过在甘肃省夏河县的野外系统调查和饲养测表明,邱氏异爪蝗一年发生１代,以卵在土中越冬。翌年５月中旬开始孵化出土,６月上旬为孵化出土盛期。７月上旬始见虫,８月上旬成虫开始产卵。蝗蝻期共５龄,平均６９．４０天。成虫寿命平均６０．４２天。     

黑绒金龟甲的发生规律研究

采用田间调查及室内饲养观察相结合的方法,研究了黑绒金龟甲(Serica orientalis)在兰州市的生活史、降水量对其田间消长动态的影响以及室内温度对其生长发育、卵孵化的影响。结果表明:25℃条件下,黑绒金龟甲的卵期6~9 d,幼虫3龄,幼虫期为53~86 d,蛹期9~16 d,成虫期长达9个多月,即280 d;黑绒金龟甲在兰州一年发生1代,4月下旬入蛰成虫开始出土,5月中旬~6月下旬成虫交配产卵;5月下旬~7月上旬为幼虫危害时期,7月中旬老熟幼虫开始转入地下化蛹,8月中旬蛹开始羽化,成虫当年不出土,在地下越冬,翌年4月下旬出蛰,黑绒金龟甲卵在18℃以下不能孵化,22~30℃时卵的历期随温度的升高逐渐缩短,32~35℃卵的历期则随温度的升高逐渐延长;其中,30℃时卵的孵化天数最短,为6.6 d;25℃时卵的孵化率最高,为95.00%,35℃时孵化率最低为21.25%。黑绒金龟甲的发生量与降水量有关,在每一个降水高峰期后,黑绒金龟甲的出土量明显增加。     

桑白毛虫生物学特性研究

桑白毛虫在重庆市一年发生2代,越冬后的蛹在5月中旬进入羽化期.第1代桑白毛虫各虫态历期:卵期3.9天,幼虫期21.2天(25.99℃),蛹期61.5天,成虫寿命5~7天;幼虫发生盛期在5月中旬~6月中旬,每头幼虫全龄食桑量9234.73mg,经6个龄期而化蛹;成虫羽化盛期在8月下旬~9月上旬,每雌平均产卵量447粒,雌:雄=1:1.48.第2代桑白毛虫幼虫发生期从8月下旬开始至11月底结束,盛期在10月中旬~11月中旬,幼虫全龄经过46.22天(17.48℃),幼虫食桑量与第1代相近似,化蛹期集中在气温较低(15℃~16℃)的11月份.     

协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获柑桔大实蝇的能力与适期

5月上旬至7月上旬,通过连续观测记载橘园及周边山林悬挂的诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫的数量,发现协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫始盛期为6月上旬末,高峰期为6月中旬和下旬;协同诱杀区悬挂诱蝇球的适期应为6月初。     

粗狭肋鳃金龟的生物学特性及防治

粗狭肋鳃金龟（Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske）是蓝莓主要害虫,以幼虫在地下啃食根系为害。为掌握该虫在麻江的发生特点,探讨有效的综合防控措施,采用定期定点调查及室内饲养相结合的方法,对该虫的生物学特性进行了系统研究。结果表明：粗狭肋鳃金龟在贵州省黔东南州麻江县1年发生1代,以蛹越冬;翌年3月下旬至6月下旬成虫羽化出土,5月上旬开始产卵,5月下旬幼虫孵化,12月上旬老熟幼虫开始作蛹室化蛹并在土中越冬。成虫于每晚6点至10点集中出土并转移至壳斗科植物上进行取食或生殖活动,出土高峰期为4月下旬至6月上旬,寿命22.50-24.40 d;晚上20:00-21:00为成虫交配高峰期,交配后4-7天开始产卵,卵期10-20 d,产卵高峰期为6月,单雌产卵量30-50粒,散产;7月为幼虫孵化盛期,幼虫共3龄,历期219-252 d。此外,提出了黑光灯诱杀、人工采虫、冬季深耕翻土等有效的防治方法。     

甘肃省肃南县3种草原蝗虫的发育与虫灾发生规律

通过对甘肃省肃南县草原的小翅雏蝗、狭翅雏蝗和短星翅蝗调查和饲养观察研究,发现小翅雏蝗的种群数量最大,每年发生一代。5月下旬孵化出土,7月下旬开始羽化,8月上旬羽化达到高峰,在3种蝗虫发育历期中最短;短星翅蝗在3种蝗虫中发育历期最长,6月上、中旬开始孵化出土,8月上旬开始羽化成虫,8月中、下旬为羽化高峰期;狭翅雏蝗的发生规律与小翅雏蝗相似,3种蝗虫成虫数量均在10月份急剧下降。     

余甘子蛀干害虫——桔斑簇天牛生物学特性研究

通过野外调查和室内饲养对发生在云南保山余甘子Phyllanthus emblica Linn.植株上的桔斑簇天牛Aristobia approximator（Thomson）形态特征和生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,桔斑簇天牛1年发生1代,以卵和1~3龄幼虫在产卵槽底部和蛀食坑道内越冬。越冬期大龄幼虫于翌年3月下旬化蛹,低龄幼虫于5月下旬化蛹,蛹平均历期65~78d。6月上旬至10月上旬为成虫羽化期,6月下旬至8月中旬为羽化高峰期,成虫平均寿命为38~47d。7月上旬至10月上旬为产卵期,树皮厚度为3~5mm之间的产卵量最多,产卵率为96.03%。7月中旬至11月下旬为卵孵化期,卵孵化率为91.80%,卵的平均历期18~25d。10月中旬卵和幼虫进入越冬,10月中旬至11月下旬平均气温在10~15℃时越冬卵孵化率下降为57.30%。越冬期幼虫处于持续蛀食发育状态,幼虫平均历期为225~240d,幼虫大致分为6龄,4~5龄幼虫取食量最大,平均单日蛀道容积为28.26cm3。     

柿举肢蛾的发生与防治

山东菏泽地区近几年柿举肢蛾为害日趋严重 ,以幼虫钻食柿果 ,致使幼果干枯 ,大果早熟变红、变软 ,造成大量落果 ,无法食用。一般年份虫果率即达4 5 %～ 6 5 % ,严重影响柿果产量和品质。柿举肢蛾在菏泽地区一年发生 2代 ,以老熟幼虫结茧在树皮缝隙和根附近 5～ 10ｃｍ深的土中越冬 ,少数在树上干果或柿蒂上越冬。越冬代幼虫翌年 4月下旬化蛹 ,蛹期 19天左右 ,5月上旬成虫开始羽化 ,5月中下旬为羽化盛期。 5月下旬第 1代幼虫开始孵化为害幼果 ,6月为为害盛期 ,7月上旬出现第 1代成虫 ,7月中旬为羽化盛期。第 2代幼虫 8月初开始为害柿果 ,直至…     

沙葱萤叶甲的形态特征和生物学特性研究

采用野外调查和室内饲养相结合的方法,明确了沙葱萤叶甲(Galeruca daurica)的生活史和主要生物学特性,以期为该虫的预测预报和防治提供必要的基础。在锡林郭勒草原,沙葱萤叶甲1年发生1代,以卵在牛粪、石块及草丛下越冬,越冬卵最早于4月上旬开始孵化,4月下旬为孵化盛期。幼虫大量取食新鲜的沙葱(Allium mongolium)、多根葱(Allium polyrhizum)及野韭(Allium ramosum)等葱属植物。5月中旬老熟幼虫开始化蛹,6月上旬成虫开始羽化,随后进入越夏蛰伏期。8月下旬雌雄成虫开始交尾产卵。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein