Renal dysplasia and urinary tract infection in a Bull Mastiff puppy

Renal dysplasia and concurrent pyelonephritis were diagnosed in a 15-week-old female Bull Mastiff which presented with clinical signs compatible with chronic renal failure. Ultrasound examination was consistent with renal dysplasia and clinical pathology supported a diagnosis of chronic renal failure and urinary tract infection. Renal histological examination demonstrated inflammation and scarring with concurrent tubular dysplasia and persisting primitive glomeruli, although the presence of chronic inflammation complicated interpretation. It is uncertain whether renal dysplasia was inherited or due to a urinary tract infection acquired in the neonatal period. Renal dysplasia has not previously been reported in the Bull Mastiff breed.     

Renal dysplasia in boxers and Finnish harriers

Puppies from two litters of dogs were found to have severe polyuria and polydipsia. Four of the dogs were investigated by means of clinical examination, haematological and biochemical analysis, and urinalysis. A modified water deprivation response test was also performed in two of the dogs. Renal changes on postmortem examination in three of the dogs were found to be consistent with renal dysplasia. A possible explanation for the finding of hyposthenuria and the extreme polyuria and polydipsia in association with renal dysplasia may be lack of response to antidiuretic hormone owing to anomalous maturation of the renal tubules. Six other puppies from the two litters of dogs did not show any clinical signs of polyuria and polydipsia, although postmortem examination in one of them also revealed renal dysplasia. The clinical features of renal dysplasia may therefore vary greatly between individuals.     

Bilateral juvenile renal dysplasia in a Norwegian Forest Cat

Renal dysplasia is defined as a condition of disorganised development of renal parenchyma due to abnormal differentiation. The case of a 5-month-old intact male Norwegian Forest Cat with a history of polyuria and polydipsia is reported. Ultrasonographic examination showed a slight enlargement of kidneys. Biochemical parameters, haematological examinations and clinical signs were compatible with chronic renal failure (CRF). Histological examination was correlated with a primary tubular disorganisation and modification of glomerular compartment. The clinical history together with the histological lesions is consistent with bilateral juvenile renal dysplasia in this cat. To our knowledge, feline renal dysplasia has been reported in fetal infections with panleukopenia virus; no reports indicate the idiopathic origin in feline dysplastic lesions.     

Renal dysplasia in a Brie sheepdog

Renal dysplasia was diagnosed in a five-month-old female Brie sheepdog. Clinical signs included vomiting, diarrhoea, coughing, polyuria/ polydipsia, bone pain, carpal and tarsal deviation and small, irregular kidneys. Non-regenerative anaemia, azotaemia, isosthenuric urine and hyperphosphataemia were the most prominent laboratory abnormalities. Juvenile renal disease was diagnosed. Histopathological evaluation of the kidneys showed lesions of renal dysplasia.     

Renal dysplasia,ectopic ureter,septic ureterectasia and cryptorchidism in an 11-month-old Cob colt presenting with ascending pyoureter and pyocystis

An 11-month-old entire male Cob colt was presented for unilateral cryptorchid castration and intermittent purulent urethral discharge. Cystoscopy, trans-cutaneous and trans-rectal abdominal ultrasonography and contrast enhanced computed tomography examinations confirmed unilateral cryptorchidism, ipsilateral renal dysplasia and pyoureter with dilatation and ectopia. While nephrectomy may be a viable treatment approach for some cases of unilateral renal dysplasia, surgical intervention was not attempted in this case owing to financial constraints and the yearling was subjected to euthanasia. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a case of complex congenital urogenital malformation including ipsilateral renal dysplasia, pyoureter with dilatation and ectopia and cryptorchidism, a finding which has been reported more commonly in human males.     

Calcium phosphate urolithiasis and renal dysplasia in a young dog.

Calcium phosphate urolithiasis and bilateral renal dysplasia was diagnosed in an 8-week-old Border Terrier with a history of urine dribbling, which had been observed from the time of birth. Most reported cases of calcium phosphate urolithiasis are secondary to hypercalcemic disorders, but this was not detected. In addition, despite renal dysplasia, there was no evidence of renal failure. After cystotomy and calculus removal, the dog has remained clinically normal.     

Congenital renal dysplasia and psychogenic polydipsia in a Bernese mountain dog.

Congenital renal dysplasia was tentatively diagnosed, based on ultrasound and an intravenous urogram, in a 5-month-old female with polyuria and polydipsia. Creatinine clearance measurement revealed that the renal dysplasia was not the cause of the polyuria. A modified water deprivation test eliminated other differential diagnoses and confirmed psychogenic polydipsia.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CAIRN TERRIERS WITH PRECLINICAL RENAL DYSPLASIA

Renal dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal differentiation of renal tissue. The ultrasonographic appearance of dysplastic canine kidneys has been reported in the late stage of the disease where inflammatory and degenerative changes are already present and the dogs are in chronic renal failure. In this study, we describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the kidneys of five related Cairn Terriers affected with renal dysplasia before the onset of clinical or laboratory evidence of renal failure. Common findings included poor corticomedullary definition and multifocal hyperechoic speckles in the renal medulla, or a diffusely hyperechoic medulla. Severity of ultrasonographic changes was related to the severity of histopathologic findings. The ability to detect dysplastic changes before clinical signs develop makes ultrasound a potentially useful screening method for canine renal dysplasia.     

Renal dysplasia in a Rhodesian ridgeback dog

A six-month-old Rhodesian ridgeback dog was presented for evaluation of facial swelling. Chronic renal failure was clinically diagnosed based on urinalysis, biochemical changes and ultrasonography. The facial swelling was due to fibrous osteodystrophy, which was evident on survey radiographs of the skull. On post mortem examination, chronic renal failure as a result of renal dysplasia was confirmed. This is the first reported case of renal dysplasia in this breed of dog.     

Bilateral diffuse cystic renal dysplasia in a 9-day-old Thoroughbred filly

A 9-day-old Thoroughbred filly was presented for diarrhea and lethargy. Diagnostic test results were compatible with severe renal dysfunction. Diffuse cystic lesions of both kidneys were identified on ultrasonographic examination. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of multiple renal cysts. Congenital nephropathy compatible with bilateral diffuse cystic renal dysplasia was diagnosed.     

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHROLITHIASIS, URETEROLITHIASIS, AND RENAL DYSPLASIA IN A 2-YEAR-OLD QUARTER HORSE GELDING

A 2-year-old quarter horse gelding presented for evaluation of polyuria and polydipsia. Azotemia was detected on serum chemistry profile. Small, misshapen, hyperechoic kidneys with decreased corticomedullary demarcation, hydronephrosis, and a right nephrolith were noted ultrasonographically. The diagnosis of end-stage kidney disease and dysplasia was made histopathologically using ultrasound-guided biopsy. Two ureteroliths were found in the right ureter via cystoscopy, and a nephrolith was seen in the right kidney at necropsy. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and pathologic features of equine urolithiasis and renal dysplasia are discussed.     

Microscopic features of canine renal dysplasia

Forty-five cases of renal dysplasia in dogs are examined. Microscopic lesions of dysplasia include asynchronous differentiation of nephrons, persistent mesenchyme, persistent metanephric ducts, atypical tubular epithelium, and dysontogenic metaplasia. These may be distinguished from secondary lesions including compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the nephron and a variety of degenerative and inflammatory lesions. Although morphological features of renal dysplasia in dogs differ somewhat from those in man, microscopic criteria used in the diagnosis of human dysplasia may be useful when applied to the dog.     

Multicystic renal dysplasia in a Japanese black bull.

Multicystic renal dysplasia was found in a 6-day-old Japanese black bull. Grossly, both kidneys were markedly small (2.0 x 3.5 cm) with numerous cysts ranging from 1 to 8 mm in diameter. Histopathologically, both kidneys consisted of many irregularly enlarged cysts, immature glomeruli, small ducts and anomalous stromal connective tissues containing focal persistent mesenchyme characterized by a proliferation of stellate cells with myxomatous area. These features are compatible with those of multicystic renal dysplasia in humans and other mammals.     

A vertically transmitted cystic renal dysplasia of lambs

A new form of bilateral renal dysplasia in lambs appeared in a commercial sheep flock in 1982. The nature of the problem, the field investigations and the laboratory examinations carried out over three lambing seasons are described. It was concluded that the condition was vertically transmitted and genetic in origin. During the two years that accurate records were kept approximately 30 per cent of the suspected ram's progeny died with lesions of renal dysplasia. The condition recurred during a breeding trial in progeny from one of the two commercial rams originally used on the farm. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is suggested. The incidence illustrates the importance of keeping breeding records, especially when several rams are maintained in a flock, and the value of examining a large number of lambs post mortem.     

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE IN A YOUNG PONY

SUMMARY A 19-month-old pony gelding was presented with chronic renal failure, after deteriorating progressively during the preceding 3 months. There was pronounced azotaemia, hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia, but plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were normal. At autopsy both kidneys were small and nodular and were characterised by collapsed segments of cortex and medulla interspersed with areas of pale tissue. The latter showed glomerular immaturity associated with a range of degenerative processes involving the glomeruli and tubules. The condition bore many similarities to that of renal cortical dysplasia in other species.     

Renal dysplasia in a Shih Tzu dog in Japan.

A 5-month-old, male, Shih Tzu dog manifesting polyuria and polydipsia since 2-month-old was presented to our hospital with additional clinical complaints of vomiting and depression during recent a few days. Despite the symptomatic therapy for chronic renal failure, he died on the day after medication. Macroscopically, both kidneys were small in size with rough surface. Microscopical examination revealed bilateral renal fibrosis with dysplastic changes consisting of immature glomeruli and tubules, and foci of adenomatoid proliferation of tubular epithelium. In addition, incomplete lobulation of medulla with pelvic structures was also noticed in the right kidney. From these findings, the present case was diagnosed as renal dysplasia in Shih Tzu dog which was documented in the literatures.     

Renal hypoplasia and dysplasia in an American miniature foal

Diagnostic imaging, including computed tomography, of a two-month-old foal with renal failure indicated that its right kidney was probably absent and that its left kidney was abnormal in shape. The foal was stabilised and released, but three days later its clinical signs recurred. Postmortem examination revealed renal hypoplasia and dysplasia, the first reported case of this condition in an American miniature horse.     

COMPARISON OF THE RESISTIVE INDEX TO CLINICAL PARAMETERS IN DOGS WITH RENAL DISEASE

The resistive index (RI) is a measurement of arteriole vascular resistance and is obtained by pulsed-wave Doppler interrogation. The diagnostic potential of the renal resistive index (RI) was retrospectively investigated in 142 kidneys from 81 dogs. The resistive index of each kidney was compared to clinical laboratory parameters, clinical diagnoses, and sonographic findings. The mean renal resistive index (RI) for 22 normal kidneys was 0.61 (standard deviation = 0.06). An elevation in the mean renal RI (>0.70) was found for the clinical diagnoses of acute renal failure and congenital dysplasia. When a RI of greater than 0.70 was considered abnormal, the sensitivity and specificity of the RI in determining normal vs, abnormal kidneys were 38% and 96% respectively.     

Restricted localization of claudin-16 at the tight junction in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop together with claudins 3, 4, and 10 in bovine nephrons

Claudin-16 is one of the tight junction protein claudins and has been shown to contribute to reabsorption of divalent cations in the human kidney. In cattle, total deficiency of claudin-16 causes severe renal tubular dysplasia without aberrant metabolic changes of divalent cations, suggesting that bovine claudin-16 has some roles in renal tubule formation and paracellular transport that are somewhat different from those expected from the pathology of human disease. As the first step to clarify these roles, we examined the expression and distribution of claudin-16 and several other major claudin subtypes, claudins 1-4 and 10, in bovine renal tubular segments by immunofluorescence microscopy. Claudin-16 was exclusively distributed to the tight junction in the tubular segment positive for Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle's loop, and was found colocalized with claudins 3, 4, and 10. This study also demonstrates that bovine kidneys possess segment-specific expression patterns for claudins 2-4 and 10 that are different from those reported for mice. Particularly, distribution of claudin-4 in the TAL and distal convoluted tubules was characteristic of bovine nephrons as were differences in the expression patterns of claudins 2 and 3. These findings demonstrate that the total lack of claudin-16 in the TAL segment is the sole cause of renal tubular dysplasia in cattle and suggest that the tight junctions in distinct tubular segments including the TAL have barrier functions in paracellular permeability that are different among animal species.