葡萄生长对交替滴灌的响应

针对极端干旱区水资源匮乏的现状,以大田葡萄为研究对象,采取根系分区交替滴灌方式研究葡萄生理指标和根区土壤水分分布的变化影响.结果表明:葡萄新枝生长量和叶面积指数随时间的变化过程均可用Logistic模型进行描述,且通过单因素方差分析得出,交替滴灌和常规滴灌的叶面积指数差异不具有统计学意义,说明交替滴灌对植物光合作用主要器官--叶片的生长无明显影响;在棵间蒸发、植物根系吸收以及重力势和水势梯度的共同作用下,交替滴灌条件下沟、垄土壤含水率交替上升,且土壤含水率变化范围主要集中在0~60 cm土层,交替滴灌的耗水量和棵间蒸发量均小于常规滴灌,从而可以提高作物的水分利用效率.该研究为极度干旱区作物节水灌溉提供了一定的科学依据.     

滴灌模式和保水剂对小粒咖啡生长调控及节水效应

为了探讨热带特色经济作物云南小粒咖啡的节水高效生产模式,通过3种滴灌模式(常规滴灌、交替滴灌和固定滴灌)和2个保水剂水平(有保和无保)的完全组合试验,研究灌水方式和保水剂对小粒咖啡生理生态、生物量积累及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:与常规滴灌相比,交替滴灌和固定滴灌的叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量均大幅提高;交替滴灌的根系活力显著提高,而固定滴灌的根系活力减小.交替滴灌能使小粒咖啡减少耗水量32.07%,提高水分利用效率29.87%.施用保水剂的叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量减小,而生物量积累和水分利用效率分别增大24.81%和33.03%.与常规滴灌不加保水剂相比,交替滴灌配施保水剂能显著提高小粒咖啡叶绿素、根系活力和可溶性糖含量,而减少丙二醛和脯氨酸累积,同时增加总生物量13.80%,提高水分利用效率73.41%.因此,交替灌溉配施保水剂是一种小粒咖啡适宜的节水综合调控措施.     

根系分区交替滴灌周期对番茄产量品质及水分利用效率的影响

为研究根系分区交替滴灌周期对番茄的产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,在河海大学节水园区进行设施栽培番茄的滴灌试验。结果显示:50%ET0和75%ET0灌水量处理节水效果显著,但只有75%ET0灌水量处理减产不明显;在相同的水分亏缺处理下,节水效果、水分利用效率、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、可溶性固形物含量与交替周期成正比。综合分析本试验结果认为:在合理的水分亏缺范围内,适宜地提高交替周期不仅有助于番茄果实品质的提高,而且可以在保证作物产量的同时提高水分利用效率,试验结果对确定设施栽培番茄的交替灌溉制度具有重要意义。     

不同水量交替灌溉对木薯产量和水分利用的影响

为探讨作物旱后复水的补偿效应,采用不同水量交替灌溉方式研究木薯的生长、产量及水分利用效率的变化规律,设计了5种水分处理模式,分别为3种常规灌水处理(T1,T2和T3处理的灌水定额分别为10,20,30 mm)和2种交替灌水处理(T4处理:即对灌水定额10和20 mm进行轮回交替;T5处理:即对灌水定额10和30 mm进行轮回交替).结果表明:与T2处理相比,T5处理的总叶面积、总干物质质量、产量和水分利用效率分别显著增加31.1%,20.3%,64.6%和114.0%.与T3处理相比,T5处理节水33.3%,其总干物质质量下降较小,而根系干物质质量、水分利用效率和产量分别显著增加11.2%,119.0%和13.3%.因此,T5处理是有利于木薯产量和水分利用效率提高的最佳灌溉模式.     

不同灌溉方式对棉花根系分布的影响研究

设置痕量灌、逐日地下滴灌、膜下滴灌、常规地下滴灌和棉花地面灌(对照)等5种灌溉方式,研究不同灌溉条件下棉花根系的空间分布规律。结果表明:逐日地下滴灌、痕量灌对棉花根系干物质量积累的影响显著高于膜下滴灌、常规地下滴灌等滴灌方式,其中逐日地下滴灌处理根系干物质累积量大,水平分布均匀,更有利于根系生长。各处理棉花根系垂向分布范围在0～50 cm,主要聚集范围为0～20 cm、占总根重73.80%～76.91%,土层30～50 cm随着深度的增加根重占比逐渐减小,逐日灌水处理土壤横向剖面含水率相对其他处理变幅较小。根系水平方向范围在0～70 cm,各处理呈显著的向水性分布,且集中分布于膜下窄行与膜间,窄行根重占比相对膜间更大,但逐日地下滴灌处理水平方向分布较为均匀。综上所述采用逐日地下滴灌节水方式对棉花根系干物质积累更有利,根系水平分布更为均匀。     

紫茄生长及养分利用对增氧地下滴灌的响应研究

【目的】探究不同土壤条件下增氧灌溉方式对作物生长、产量及养分利用的影响。【方法】以郑州黄黏土、洛阳粉黏质壤土和驻马店砂壤土为供试土壤,以常规地下滴灌为对照(CK),设置曝气灌溉(AI)与化学增氧灌溉(HP)2种增氧方式,研究了温室紫茄生长及养分利用对增氧地下滴灌的响应。【结果】与CK相比,AI和HP处理提高供试土壤中紫茄净光合速率,黄黏土、粉黏质壤土和砂壤土下分别增加19.66%和8.49%、14.02%和7.51%、10.13%和5.91%。同时,AI和HP处理均显著促进根系生长、提升根系活力,进而提高紫茄的养分吸收效率、产量和水分利用效率(P<0.05)。其中,黄黏土下AI和HP处理作物氮吸收效率分别提高136.16%和65.43%,紫茄产量提高46.85%和28.49%,水分利用效率提高44.59%和27.38%;粉黏质壤土AI和HP处理作物氮素吸收效率分别提高141.23%和88.76%,产量分别提高41.52%和20.68%,水分利用效率提高41.06%和21.39%;砂壤土AI和HP处理作物氮素吸收效率分别提高112.60%和45.47%,产量提高49.86%和17.59%,水分利用效率提高48.81%和17.97%。【结论】曝气地下滴灌对紫茄生长、水分和养分利用的促进作用较为显著,而在不同土壤类型下,曝气地下滴灌对砂壤土紫茄产量增产及水分利用效率提升效果最优。     

不同增氧灌溉方式春小麦生长及产量比较

以郑州黄黏土为研究对象,春小麦为供试作物,采用地下滴灌供水方式,设置1个对照(CK)和3个增氧处理(2个H_2O_2溶液HP0030和HP3000,质量浓度为15 mg/L;1个循环曝气处理VAI,掺气比例为15%),采用Sigma Plot 12.5进行统计分析(P≤0.05),对比研究不同增氧灌溉方式对作物生长及产量的影响.结果表明:(1)与对照相比,处理VAI的各根系指标显著提高:在拔节孕穗期、抽穗扬花期,春小麦叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合速率分别提高25.46%,3.15%,12.80%和15.63%,13.00%和14.47%.处理HP0030在拔节孕穗期的叶片蒸腾速率下降了3.81%,而气孔导度和净光合速率差异不具有统计学意义;在抽穗扬花期,叶片的气孔导度、净光合速率分别下降了10.94%和8.56%,但蒸腾速率的差异不具有统计学意义.处理HP3000的3项指标差异均不具有统计学意义.(2)与对照相比,处理VAI的春小麦产量、水分利用效率均显著提高,处理HP0030的均显著下降,而处理HP3000的产量、水分利用效率的差异均不具有统计学意义.综合分析表明,循环曝气处理可以显著促进春小麦根系生长,增强作物长势,提高产量,而H_2O_2增氧处理对春小麦根系生长、植株长势、产量产生了一定负面影响.     

痕量灌溉不同灌水量对大棚茄子生长及水分利用效率的影响

试验以大棚茄子为供试作物,以常规滴灌为对照,研究痕量灌溉不同灌水量对茄子生长特性、产量品质和水分利用效率以及土壤水分的影响。结果表明:随着灌水量的降低,植株茎粗呈下降趋势。在不同生长阶段,痕灌灌水定额降比20%处理茄子的茎粗均大于其他处理。痕灌不同灌水量条件下,灌水量对叶片长宽有影响。痕量灌溉在茄子上应用,在保持稳定经济产量的情况下,与常规滴灌相比可节水20%~40%,水分利用效率提高6.27~23.94 kg/m~3,具有很大的节水潜力。滴灌处理的土壤含水量较大。痕灌处理土壤含水量随灌水量减小而减小;含水量分布趋势是随土层深度的增加先增大后减小。     

不同灌溉施肥制度对土壤水分变化及夏玉米产量的影响

在山东试验区,用夏玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,通过田间试验,对比分析传统沟灌施肥、水肥一体化、滴灌常规施肥3种处理对土壤水分布规律、夏玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响。结果显示,该试验区夏玉米季滴灌与常规沟灌相比,60～160cm土层土壤含水量较高,充分满足夏玉米开花期、蜡熟期深层根系吸收水分,而水肥一体化处理较之滴灌常规施肥呈现了夏玉米各项生长指标较高,稳定性较好的特点,更好的提高夏玉米产量和水分利用效率,表现出节水高产的优势。     

控制性分根交替滴灌对玉米蒸腾日变化和WUE的影响

以盆栽玉米为试材,对控制性分根交替滴灌供水方式下,夏玉米蒸腾速率和水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化特征及其对产量水平上的WUE和地上生物量的影响进行了试验研究,以探索夏玉米在这种新型供水方式下的节水机理和节水效应。结果表明,晴好天气下,AI1和CK蒸腾速率的日变化特征基本一致,均呈不对称的浅“M”型,且上午变化幅度大于下午,AI2蒸腾速率的日变化呈以12:00时为轴的“M”型对称曲线。就1天的平均蒸腾速率而言,AI1和CK相差不大,绝对差值仅为0.01 mmol/(m2.s),表明AI1可在减少作物灌水量的同时而不降低作物的蒸腾速率,AI2和CK相比,差异显著,仅为CK的89.5%。产量水平上的WUE,AI2虽明显高于CK,但其生物量下降明显(仅为CK的52.5%),AI1不但WUE明显高于CK,且生物量差异不大,生物量仅下降9%而耗水量减少25%。初步表明控制性分根交替滴灌是一种高效可行的节水新技术。     

灌水模式及下限对滴灌棉花产量和品质的影响

为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75% FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60% FC和75% FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标.     

Response of normally sown and paired sown cotton to various quantities of water applied through drip system

The field experiments were conducted for 2 years to evaluate the response of normally sown and paired sown cotton in terms of seed cotton yield and water use efficiency (WUE) at various levels of water applied through drip system. Drip irrigation under normal sowing resulted in an increase in seed cotton yield of 14 and 32% during first and second year, respectively, when same quantity of water was applied through drip and check-basin. Drip irrigation under dense paired sowing, in which the quantity of water applied was 75% as compared to drip under normal sowing, produced equal seed cotton yield during first year but yield increase of 27% was observed during second year. Drip irrigation under normal paired sowing, in which the quantity of water applied was 50% as compared with drip under normal sowing, resulted in a reduction in seed cotton yield of 11 and 15% than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively. However, at equal levels of water applied, dense paired sowing produced 12 and 23% higher seed cotton yield than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively. Similarly, normal paired sowing produced 6 and 14% higher seed cotton yield than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively, The present study revealed that dense paired sowing produced highest yield and water use efficiency along with reduction in cost owing to lower number of laterals required.     

沙漠绿洲地区膜下滴灌棉花产量和氮素利用的水氮耦合效应

研究施肥量和灌水量对膜下滴灌模式棉花氮素利用效率(NUE)的水氮耦合效应的影响。试验设置1带4行、2带4行、2带6行3种滴灌模式,灌水量和施氮量采用二次通用旋转组合设计,进行大田小区膜下滴灌棉花试验。结果表明,1带4行灌水量对棉花产量的影响大于施氮量,2带4行和2带6行施氮量对棉花产量的影响大于灌水量。3种滴灌模式棉花产量与灌水量呈显著正相关。棉花产量与施肥量,1带4行呈显著的正相关,2带4行在施氮量为27.6~69.0 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量为69~94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关。2带6行施氮量为27.6~55.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,施氮量为55.2~94.2 kg/hm2呈负相关;灌水量和施肥量对棉花氮素利用效率的影响,3种模式均为施氮量大于灌水量。氮素利用效率与施氮量的关系,1带4行和2带4行在施氮量为27.6~82.2 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量为82.2~94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,2带6行呈负相关。3种滴灌模式氮素利用效率与灌水量呈正相关;根据不同滴灌模式对水氮耦合效应,建立以棉花产量、NUE为目标的不同滴灌模式水氮管理策略。     

亏缺灌溉对南疆棉花生长和水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、作物水分利用效率低等问题,以棉花为试验材料进行田间小区试验,在棉花现蕾期、开花期以及结铃期分别设置3个亏缺灌溉水平(W₁:50%ET_c,W₂:65%ET_c,W₃:80%ET_c,ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量),以全生育期100%ET_c灌溉处理为对照(CK),研究膜下滴灌条件下,不同生育期亏缺灌溉对棉花生长、产量、氮素吸收和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:现蕾期亏水对棉花株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质生长、氮素吸收和产量有不同程度的抑制效应,但复水后补偿效应显著,其中轻度亏水(W₃)在籽棉产量减少3.48%的条件下,WUE高达1.57 kg/m³,显著高于CK的1.48 kg/m³;开花期亏水,棉花的各项生长指标均有显著降低,复水后补偿效应不显著,不利于棉花生长发育;结铃期亏水对棉花地上干物质累积、氮素吸收和产量均有显著的抑制效应,但在W₂和W₃水平下,WUE均达1.51 kg/m³.综合考虑在保证棉花产量的同时达到节水增产的目的,可在棉花蕾期进行80%ET_c灌水,其他生育阶段实施充分灌溉,来控制营养生长,促进生殖生长,获得更高的水分利用效率.     

西北干旱区滴灌棉田膜间土壤蒸发试验研究

膜间土壤蒸发是覆膜棉田水分消耗的主要组成部分,在干旱少雨的新疆石河子利用微型蒸渗仪观测了地下滴灌和膜下滴灌条件下,覆膜棉田膜间土壤水分蒸发,并对膜间不同位置处的土壤蒸发规律进行了试验研究,研究结果表明,滴灌条件下膜间土壤水分蒸发分别与气温、辐射、饱和水汽差以及相对湿度呈指数相关关系,与参考作物需水量呈线型相关关系,与表层土壤含水率呈指数关系;膜间土壤累积蒸发量在苗期最高、其次是花铃期、吐絮期最小;膜下滴灌条件下膜边土壤的蒸发量高于膜间（两条膜正中间的裸地）蒸发量;地下滴灌条件下,错位种植会导致灌溉水的无效蒸发,不利于灌溉水的高效利用。     

调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌棉花生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响

在干旱的新疆乌鲁木齐采用人工控水试验,研究了调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌棉花生长发育和最终产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,要获得较高的产量和水分利用效率,膜下滴灌棉花全生育期内的灌水量应控制在450 mm左右;适时适度的水分亏缺虽然降低了总生物量,但由于作物的亏水补偿效应不但提高了生殖器官在总生物量中的分配比例,而且有利于光合产物向经济产量的转移,水分利用效率明显提高;适时适度的亏水处理1,其最终收获产量和水分利用效率比充分供水的对照处理提高了1.7%和17.0%。实现了以农田水分管理来调控光合产物的分配,减少作物的生长冗余,提高了农业水资源的利用效率。     

亏缺灌溉对棉花生长发育和产量的影响

1998～ 1 999年 ,研究了滴灌和地面灌二种灌水方式下 ,亏缺灌溉对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。试验结果表明 ,在亏缺灌溉条件下 ,花铃期干旱对棉花生长发育和产量影响最大。但随着亏缺灌溉程度由重到轻 ,即随着供水量的增加 ,棉花生长发育趋向良好 ,总耗水量和产量相应增加 ,二者均呈现出良好的直线关系 ;与地面灌相比 ,因滴灌是一种小定额灌溉 ,供水时段、水量分配较为均匀 ,又直接把水送至棉花根部 ,故灌水前后土壤湿度变幅小 ,棉花株高、果枝、蕾、铃的生长发育和叶面积系数乃至产量均优于地面灌方式     

马铃薯膜下滴灌耗水规律的研究

以‘克新1号’品种的脱毒原种为材料,研究了膜下滴灌马铃薯全生育期耗水量、阶段耗水量、水分利用效率等的变化规律。结果表明,膜下滴灌下,各时期阶段耗水量和耗水强度以块茎膨大期最大,其次是块茎形成期、苗期、淀粉积累期;除淀粉积累期外,全生育期耗水量和平均耗水强度及各生育时期的阶段耗水量和耗水强度均极显著高于覆膜不滴灌;膜下滴灌马铃薯耗水层主要集中在0～40cm,而覆膜不滴灌为0～60cm;膜下滴灌马铃薯的产量为55 596kg/hm2,与覆膜不滴灌差异显著;水分利用效率为11.36kg/mm,与覆膜不滴灌的差异不显著。     

Water use and yield responses of cotton to alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation in the arid area of north-west China

A field experiment was carried out over 2 years to investigate the effect of partial root-zone irrigation applied using drip irrigation on the water use and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in oasis fields of arid north-west China. Two irrigation treatments, i.e., conventional drip irrigation (CDI, both sides of plant row watered) or alternate drip irrigation (ADI, both sides of plant row alternatively watered) were applied under plastic mulch. Three irrigation levels (i.e., 15, 22.5, 30 mm during 2004 and 12, 18, 24 mm during 2005) were applied at each irrigation. Monitoring of soil water contents in the ADI treatment indicated a change in root-zone uptake in response to the irrigation method, although there existed some lateral soil water movement from the wetted side to the dry side after each watering. Stomatal conductance in ADI was lower than that of CDI when compared at the same irrigation level. Reduced stomatal conductance and water loss resulted in higher water use efficiency (WUE) in the ADI treatment. About 31-33% less total irrigation water was applied using the ADI method when compared to that of the CDI treatment with a similar seed cotton yield. ADI also yielded 11% more pre-frost seed cotton than CDI in 2005, indicating a better lint quality and higher price. These results suggest that ADI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method in arid oasis fields where cotton production is heavily dependent on irrigation and water resources are scarce.     

Cotton yield and water use efficiency at various levels of water and N through drip irrigation under two methods of planting

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of various levels of water and N application through drip irrigation on seed cotton yield and water use efficiency (WUE). In this experiment three levels of water (Epan 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2) and three levels of N (100, 75, and 50% of recommended N, 75 kg/ha) through drip were compared with check-basin method of irrigation under two methods of planting (normal sowing, NS; paired sowing, PS). The results revealed that when the same quantity of irrigation water and N was applied through drip irrigation system, it increased the seed cotton yield to 2144 from 1624 kg/ha (an increase of 32%) under check-basin method of irrigation. When the quantity of water through drip was reduced to 75%, the increase in seed cotton yield was 12%; however, when water was reduced to 50%, it resulted 2% lower yield than check-basin. The decrease in N through fertigation resulted in reduction in seed cotton yield at all the levels of water supply, but the magnitude of reduction was the highest at highest level of water supply. In paired sowing (PS), 20% higher seed cotton yield was obtained as compared with check-basin method under NS along with 50% saving of water. In paired sowing the sacrifice of 9% seed cotton yield as compared with NS resulted in saving of 50% water as well as the cost of laterals because there was one lateral for two paired rows. The WUE increased by 26% (22.1 from 17.6 kg/ha cm) in drip irrigation system when same quantity of water and N fertilizer was applied as compared with check-basin. WUE was not affected with quantity of water but decrease in rate of N caused a decrease in WUE at all the quantities of water applied. In general, WUE was higher in PS as compared with NS. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen increased from 21.65 to 28.59 kg of seed cotton per kg of N applied when same quantity of water and N was applied through drip irrigation as compared with check-basin. However, decrease in quantity of water applied resulted in a decrease in agronomic efficiency of N but reverse was true for rates of N applied. When the same quantity of water and N was applied under both the methods of planting, PS produced 22% higher seed cotton yield and along with reduced cost owing to half the number of laterals required.