钙缺乏对蛋鸭血清骨代谢指标的影响

为了观察钙缺乏对蛋鸭骨代谢的影响,探讨钙缺乏性骨病发生的机理,将120只600日龄产蛋山麻鸭随机分为正常日粮组、1/2石粉组和1/4石粉组,连续饲养12周。结果发现钙缺乏可导致蛋鸭血清骨钙素水平下降,骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)水平升高,Ⅰ型羧基端末肽(CTX-Ⅰ)水平升高。认为钙缺乏通过影响相关骨代谢因子分泌,使骨形态结构发生异常改变,最终导致骨骼矿化障碍。     

低钙日粮添加依普黄酮对笼养蛋鸡骨组织显微结构和形态计量学的影响

本试验旨在研究低钙日粮中添加依普黄酮对笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症病鸡骨组织显微结构和形态计量学的影响.200只24周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡随机分为4组:对照组(基础日粮中含钙3.55％)、低钙组(日粮中含钙1.27％)、试验Ⅰ组(8 mg·kg-1依普黄酮+低钙日粮)和试验Ⅱ组(20 mg·kg-1依普黄酮+低钙日粮),试验期60 d.试验结束时,每组剖杀10只鸡,取左胫骨中段脱钙骨切片在OLYMPUS BX41型金相显微镜下观察骨组织形态结构的变化,并以Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像分析软件测定骨组织形态计量学的相关静态参数.结果表明:骨显微结构观察,与对照组相比,低钙组蛋鸡胫骨皮质骨出现许多吸收腔,在吸收腔内有大量破骨细胞,髓质骨骨小梁表面破骨细胞增多,骨吸收大于骨形成,导致骨质疏松 ;试验Ⅰ组蛋鸡胫骨皮质骨有吸收腔,吸收腔内和小梁表面可见较多破骨细胞,骨吸收未受抑制 ;试验Ⅱ组蛋鸡胫骨皮质骨外表面可见大量骨原细胞和成骨细胞,骨形成增强.形态计量学静态参数测定,与低钙组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的骨小梁面积、骨小梁面积百分比均极显著增加(P＜0.01) ;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的骨小梁周长、骨小梁数量高于低钙组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05) ;试验Ⅱ组的骨小梁分离度显著降低(P＜0.05)及骨小梁厚度显著增加(P＜0.05).上述结果说明,在低钙日粮中添加20 mg · kg-1依普黄酮可使骨重建活动加强,改善笼养蛋鸡的骨代谢及缓解骨质疏松症的发生.     

依普黄酮对骨质疏松症笼养蛋鸡OPG和RANKL表达的影响

选用200只24周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组:对照组(基础日粮中含钙3.55％)、低钙组(日粮合钙1.27％)、试验Ⅰ组(依普黄酮8 mg/kg,低钙日粮)和试验Ⅱ组(依普黄酮20 mg/kg,低钙日粮),观察依普黄酮对骨质疏松症笼养蛋鸡血清及骨骼骨保护素(Osteo protegerin,OPG)/核因子-相受体活化因子配体(Receptor activatorof NF-κB ligand,RANKL)表达的影响.结果显示:与低钙组相比,30 d时,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清OPG分别显著升高33.12％和60.19％(P＜0.05)；60 d时,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清OPG分别显著升高35.89％和61.59％ (P＜0.05)；30 d时,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清RANKL分别极显著降低63.85％和70.87％(P＜0.01)；60 d时,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血清RANKL分别极显著降低69.98％和72.85％ (P＜0.01).与低钙组相比,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组骨组织OPG平均光密度分别显著(P＜0.05)和极显著(P＜0.01)升高,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组蛋鸡骨组织RANKL平均光密度极显著低于低钙组蛋鸡(P＜o.01).试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组OPG/RANKL值高于低钙组.结果表明,低钙日粮中添加依普黄酮对蛋鸡骨质疏松症可起到一定改善作用,这可能与OPG上调,RANKL下调,影响RANKL信号通路,使其骨量增加,骨结构改善密切相关.     

D-半乳糖联合低钙粮诱导小鼠骨量减少模型的构建

本研究用D-半乳糖联合低钙粮饲喂诱导小鼠，建立氧化应激伴骨量减少模型，为抗氧化、抗骨量减少药物的研究与开发提供依据。试验选取84只雌性昆明小鼠，随机分成空白对照组、低钙粮组、中钙粮组、D-半乳糖诱导组、D-半乳糖[6～10 g/(kg·d)]联合低钙粮组、D-半乳糖[2～10 g/(kg·d)]联合中钙粮组。按照不同方法处理各组小鼠20 d,取小鼠股骨测定骨干湿重、股骨系数与骨密度，取眼球血，分离血清测定SOD活力、MDA含量和OPG含量。结果显示，与空白对照组比较，中钙粮组和低钙粮组小鼠股骨系数、骨干湿比、血清SOD活力和OPG含量均显著降低(P<0.05);D-半乳糖诱导组、D-半乳糖联合低钙粮组及D-半乳糖联合中钙粮组小鼠骨干湿比、血清SOD活力与OPG含量均显著降低(P<0.05),但仅有D-半乳糖[10 g/(kg·d)]联合低钙粮组小鼠股骨密度显著降低(P<0.05),血清MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05)。结果提示，皮下注射D-半乳糖联合低钙粮饲喂，造模20 d后可成功构建小鼠骨量减少模型。     

OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的生理功能

骨是一个代谢活跃的器官,在整个生命周期中都在进行不断的更新与重建。在骨形态发生和重建的过程中主要受到细胞因子和激素的调节,同时骨代谢也受到OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的调控。论文主要对骨骼生理结构与骨组织细胞之间的关系,骨代谢和骨的形成过程,OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的生理功能,OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的影响因子以及骨代谢紊乱所引起的疾病几个方面作一综述。     

OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的生理功能

 骨是一个代谢活跃的器官,在整个生命周期中都在进行不断的更新与重建。在骨形态发生和重建的过程中主要受到细胞因子和激素的调节,同时骨代谢也受到OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的调控。论文主要对骨骼生理结构与骨组织细胞之间的关系,骨代谢和骨的形成过程,OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的生理功能,OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的影响因子以及骨代谢紊乱所引起的疾病几个方面作一综述。     

骨保护素和核因子κB受体活化因子配基对体外培养鸭破骨细胞的影响

探讨了核因子κB受体活化因子配基(Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)和不同浓度骨保护素(Os-teoprotegerin,OPG)对鸭破骨细胞(Osteoclasts,OC)生成和活化的影响.从7日龄内番鸭长骨骨髓分离破骨细胞,添加1,25-(OH)2D3进行诱导培养15 h后,更换含不同细胞因子的培养液(对照组:不加细胞因子;30 μg/LsRANKL组;30 μg/L sRANKL+10 μg/L OPG组;10μg/L OPG组;50 μg/L OPG组;100 μg/L OPG组),继续培养.倒王显微镜进行OC形态学观察,比较各组培养3 d后抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)阳性OC数量、培养7 d后扫描电镜观察象牙片吸收陷窝.结果表明:50 μg/L OPG组、100μg/L OPG组OC数均极显著少于10 μg/LOPG组(P<0.01);添加OPG组OC数均极显著少于30μg/L sRANKL组(P<0.01),象牙片吸收陷窝随OPG添加浓度的增加而减少,面积减小,陷窝深度变浅.RANKL能够促进OC的生成及活化,而OPG可与RANKL竞争性地结合RANK抑制OC的生成和活化,从而抑制OC的骨吸收.     

肌肽锌对低钙性骨质疏松笼养蛋鸡骨组织结构和形态计量学的影响

为了研究肌肽锌(Zn C)对低钙性骨质疏松笼养蛋鸡骨组织结构和形态计量学的影响,试验采用250只24周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为5组(每组50只),对照组饲喂基础日粮(含钙3.55%),低钙组饲喂低钙日粮(含钙1.95%),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别于低钙日粮中添加10,30,50 mg/kg Zn C,试验期60 d。试验结束后,每组剖杀10只鸡,取左胫骨中段作骨组织结构检查和形态计量学测定。结果表明:与对照组相比,低钙组中胫骨皮质骨上出现许多吸收腔,在吸收腔内和髓质骨小梁周围破骨细胞明显增多,骨吸收增强,导致骨质疏松;与低钙组相比,试验Ⅱ组中胫骨皮质骨上吸收腔减少,试验Ⅲ组中胫骨皮质骨上未见吸收腔,在试验Ⅱ组皮质骨外表面和吸收腔内及试验Ⅲ组皮质骨外表面均可见大量骨原细胞和成骨细胞,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组髓质骨小梁表面也可见大量成骨细胞,骨形成明显增强。与低钙组相比,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的骨小梁面积、骨小梁面积百分比、骨小梁厚度均极显著增加(P0.01),骨小梁分离度极显著降低(P0.01);试验Ⅱ组的骨小梁周长、骨小梁数量高于低钙组,但差异不显著(P0.05),而试验Ⅲ组的骨小梁周长、骨小梁数量均极显著增加(P0.01)。说明在低钙日粮中添加50 mg/kg Zn C能有效改善低钙性骨质疏松笼养蛋鸡的骨组织结构和形态计量学指标,明显减少骨量流失,对笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症产生积极的防治作用。     

鹿角盘不同提取部位对环磷酰胺致小鼠骨质疏松的防治作用

建立了环磷酰胺所致小鼠骨质疏松模型,利用空白对照组和葡萄糖酸钙阳性组做对比,以小鼠免疫器官脏器指数、股骨计量学、骨钙、磷、镁、骨羟脯氨酸含量为指标观察鹿角盘提取物对小鼠免疫功能、骨量的影响.结果:20mg/(kg·d)环磷酰胺可引起小鼠胸腺指数下降(P＜0.01),股骨干重、股骨横径减少(P＜0.01),股骨长减少(P＜0.05),骨钙、羟脯氨酸含量同时下降(P＜0.01),引起小鼠骨丢失;鹿角盘水提物和70％乙醇提取物均可增加小鼠股骨的干重和骨钙的含量,水提物高剂量组和70％乙醇提取物高低、高剂量组使骨羟脯氨酸含量显著提高.结果表明鹿角盘对以低转换型骨丢失为特征的骨质疏松具有一定的预防作用.     

笼养蛋鸡疲劳症的预防与治疗

笼养蛋鸡疲劳症又称骨软化病,是由于钙、磷、维生素D等物质的缺乏,钙、磷比例失调使骨组织脱钙以致于结构、形态改变的一种疾病,几乎发生在所有笼养产蛋鸡群中.病鸡瘫痪、骨折,产蛋期发病率为1%～10%,给养鸡业造成一定损失.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.