壁面振动致气缸套空蚀现象模拟

为研究气缸套受活塞敲击而产生的壁面振动对气缸套振动壁面附近冷却水流场的空蚀影响情况,通过使用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,基于AVL-Fire流体计算软件提供的欧拉多相流空化模型,结合动网格技术建立近振动壁面处流场区域的多相流流场空化模型,将气缸套出现空蚀的振动壁面处的振动特性及其附近冷却水的流场特性进行耦合分析,得到了壁面衰减振动条件下流场的空化特性.对比在壁面振动条件下的流场空化云图,结果表明:气缸套壁面振动是气缸套空蚀的主要因素,受振动壁面影响而产生的空化气泡将在狭隙后圆弧壁面处聚集并溃灭,造成此处的空蚀较为严重,这与气缸套穴蚀部位的试验统计结果一致.通过对比同样壁面振动条件下入口流速不同时流场的空化云图,发现流场处于较大流速状态下,更容易产生空化区域.     

水工闸门的空蚀与防蚀措施

闸门空蚀是水利工程中十分复杂而又比较普遍的一种破坏现象，是现实工程亟待解决的课题。从闸门空蚀的本质出发，归纳出闸门空蚀的3类现象，分析了导致闸门空蚀的主要原因，提出了预防闸门空蚀的一般措施，有利于闸门设计和运行管理。     

数字图像处理在SEM空蚀图像定量分析中的应用

针对收缩-扩散型水洞中进行铝制翼型空蚀破坏试验时,传统度量不能准确量化翼型表面不同位置的空蚀程度,提出了数字图像检测的方法.获取试验翼型表面SEM空蚀图像,然后对图像进行模糊增强,并进行类间方差最大阈值分割,用二值形态学方法处理边缘,最后由统计特性计算出空蚀破坏表面积、蚀坑数量等.图像测量可得到空蚀对翼型表面破坏数值的定量结果.     

水泵汽蚀的产生与预防

农用水泵的离心泵、轴流泵、混流泵均属叶片式泵。叶片式泵的常见损坏形式是汽蚀(又叫空蚀、穴蚀),它能产生不良后果。其表现有:①水泵机组在运行中产生刺耳的噪音;②水泵产生汽蚀,扬程、流量显著降低,严重时中断供水,不能工作;③水泵机组在运行中产生剧烈振动,严重时能威胁机组的安全。     

水力机械空化空蚀问题的研究进展

从水力机械空化现象的产生机理出发,综述了国内外空化空蚀问题理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究的现状,简要叙述了各种研究方法的优点和特点.通过分析归纳理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究这三者之间的内在联系,指出空化模型理论和可视化空化试验是目前的研究重点.在对相关研究进行总结的基础上,阐述了水力机械空化空蚀研究的发展趋势为,数值模拟理论和技术的深入完善、可视化技术的广泛应用和空蚀在线监测系统的开发;而空化空蚀问题的确切机理将是未来研究工作的重点.     

数字图像处理在SEM空蚀图像定量分析中的应

针对收缩－扩散型水洞中进行铝制翼型空蚀破坏试验时,传统度量不能准确量化翼型表面不 同位置的空蚀程度,提出了数字图像检测的方法。获取试验翼型表面SEM空蚀图像,然后对图像进行模糊增强,并进行类间方差最大阈值分割,用二值形态学方法处理边缘,最后由统计特性计算出空蚀破坏表面积、蚀坑数量等。图像测量可得到空蚀对翼型表面破坏数值的定量结果。     

介绍40CJ95型轴流泵的有关情况

湖北樊口电排站装有四台40CJ95型轴流泵。由于存在着下面两个问题: 1.泵的最高效率区与樊泵站经常运行扬程相差较大,泵处于低扬程下运行,振动厉害,噪音很大,在泵房进口处出现明显的旋     

C1A皮带机振动偏大的原因分析与处理

本文介绍了珠海发电厂输煤系统C1A皮带机振动偏大的原因及处理方法,并在大修期间进行处理.设备大修完后,C1A皮带机从启动到满负荷整个过程振动正常,运行将近三年,均处于优良状态.     

二滩水力发电厂水轮机振源分析

二滩水电厂长期担负川渝电网第一调频厂任务,为满足系统的调频、调压、调峰需要,经常要求在49.90～50.10 Hz范围内调频,频繁变动机组出力.二滩电厂对所有机组在不同工况下,作了大量机组振动,摆度实测工作,发现各机组在各种水头下,当机组运行在180～420 MW之间时,6台机组均处于振动区,大大限制了机组的稳定出力范围,为满足系统频率的要求,机组出力频繁跨越振动区,对水轮机造成严重损伤,各机组转轮都出现了不同程度的裂纹,也发生过泄水锥脱落等严重问题,二滩水力发电厂为此已付出高额检修费用,很大程度上增加了运行和维修费用,并直接影响到机组的使用寿命.     

水轮机转轮强化新工艺研制成功

全国水力机械遭受空蚀磨损的水电站多达38％，研究开发能够承受空蚀和泥沙磨损的措施是国家重点攻关科研项目。哈尔滨电机有限责任公司、哈尔滨大电机研究所经过多年的试验研究，最近开发成功一种水轮机转轮强化新工艺，能够显著提高马氏作不锈钢的耐磨蚀性能延长大修周期，减少大修次数，保证转轮叶片的安全可靠运行。研究期间曾对常用叶片材料的耐空蚀磨损性能进行系统的对比试验，采用了先进仪器对空化空蚀磨损的宏观和微观两方面进行细致分析，确定了用空蚀磨损材料应具备的组织和性能。通过大量热处理和常规性能试验，掌握了不锈钢材料…     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。