我国农民用水户协会发展与实践研

面对我国水资源严重短缺与水利设施老化、灌溉用水浪费的矛盾，国家水利部从上世纪90年代初开始起在各地积极开展用水户参与灌溉管理改革，培育农民用水户协会等合作组织。详细论述了农民用水户协会在我国发展的基本情况，并从体制改革与完善、经济效益提高、社会效益明显等方面总结了其取得的成效。同时又从配套硬环境和软环境建设角度讨论了其目前存在的问题，并在此基础上提出了加快推进用水户协会建设发展的相应措施，即应加强舆论、资金、技术、理论和政策法规“五个支持”和深化水价形成与水费计收、小型农村水利设施产权制度、用水户协会能力建设、灌区专管机构管理体制“四项改革”。     

西北内陆干旱地区农户采用节水灌溉技术意愿影响因素分析——以黑河中游地区为例

水资源短缺已成为制约西北内陆干旱地区可持续发展的瓶颈,而发展节水农业,提高水资源利用效率是解决该地区水资源短缺的重要途径。依据黑河中游4个县（区）488份农户的调查数据,运用logit模型对农户采用节水灌溉技术意愿的影响因素进行分析,结果表明：年龄、土地规模、土地细碎化程度、农业种植结构、水利基础设施、兼业程度、投资风险和水费计价方式等对农户采纳节水灌溉技术有显著影响。最后提出建立土地流转制度、加大政府补贴力度、调整农业种植结构、构建农户用水激励机制、完善农民用水者协会的作用等措施。     

基于个案研究的农民用水者协会水资源管理绩效评价

农民用水户协会是农村参与式水资源管理的基本形式和主要实施载体。以行政村为研究尺度,构建水资源管理绩效绩效评价指标体系,选择水资源供需矛盾突出的黑河中游末段张掖市高台县西大村(山区)和胜利村(平原区)农民用水户协会为研究对象,进行个案研究,对比分析2000年与2010年水资源管理绩效变化。结果显示:用水者协会在提高农业生产效益和水资源可持续利用方面具有普遍性,山区协会更加注重供水设施建设,平原地区则在水资源供给和日常灌溉管理方面具有显著优势。     

建设节水型农业的技术思路

目前,水资源短缺的问题已经成为制约我国经济社会发展的瓶颈.农业是用水大户而且用水浪费相当严重,因而建设节水型农业是解决水资源问题的当务之急.为此,就实现节水型农业提出了提高渠系水利用系数、采用节水灌溉方式和适宜的灌溉模式等技术思路.     

金塔县农民用水者协会运作与发展思考

为了有效解决农民用水者协会运作不规范,末级渠系管护主体缺位,水资源利用效率不高等问题,金塔县通过选点示范,积极探索规范用水者协会的办法和措施,并取得一定的成效,就该县如何规范用水者协会进行了总结,指出了取得的成效及存在的问题.并就协会长效发展提出了一些思考.     

农业水价改革的问题与出路

随着我国水短缺问题的加剧，提高水价解决水资源不足提上议事日程。结合当前农业用水管理的国际惯例，通过对我国农业水价改革过程和现状、粮食生产成本效益变化等突出问题的分析．认为农业水价改革应综合考虑水资源利用及农业和农村发展阶段等多种因素．在按供水成本和费用制定水价的同时．一定要采取相应的补偿措施．保证我国农业生产和农民增收不受过大影响。     

农民用水者协会监测评价初探

以农民用水者协会的发展来说明对农民用水者协会进行监测评价的目的和意义。并通过陕西省关中9大灌区农民用水者协会的监测数据和调研资料,论证了农民用水者协会是灌区管理体制改革的方向与主要模式,分析了协会的主要成效,探讨了影响协会发展的原因,并针对存在的问题提出了相应的改进意见与建议。     

定西市安定区农业用水存在的矛盾及对策

分析了安定区在农业生产用水过程中普遍存在的水资源严重短缺与农业用水较大浪费并存、农民极度节约生活用水与大量浪费生产用水并存、山区农民积极创造条件开辟水浇地与大量原有水川地失灌弃耕并存、水利工程低于成本供水与农民用水负担过重同时并存等现象。提出了要加大宣传与培训力度,培养农民科学的灌溉知识及农业节水意识;建立多元化投入机制,不断推进节水设施的建设;完善节水灌溉管理政策和机制,为节水措施落实提供软环境;健全农业用水价格形成机制及水费征收方式,发挥水价对节水的调节作用等相应的对策措施。     

延安市节水型社会建设模式探讨

水资源短缺已成为威胁延安人民生命安全和制约经济迅速发展的"瓶颈".针对延安市水资源现状、用水特点等问题,剖析用水存在的突出问题,以优化配置,以供定需,统筹发展,人、水与环境和谐发展的原则,寻求适合延安市的节水型社会建设模式及保障措施.     

促进漳河灌区农民用水户协会可持续发展浅议

农民用水户协会是农村灌溉管理转权改革的一种制度形式。为全面梳理灌区农民用水户协会发展的历程,科学、客观评价已建农民用水户协会在发展运行过程中的经验和教训,促进灌区全面、协调、可持续发展,我们组织人员在漳河灌区通过现场调查、座谈、访问、会议研讨等形式,对协会绩效进行了一次全面调研和评估,分析了存在的问题并提出了解决的办法。根据现状,为促进漳河灌区用水户协会可持续发展,更好地发挥其在农业灌溉管理中的作用,提供一些意见和建议。     

我国滴灌创新发展综述

我国是农业大国,农业作为用水大户,迫切需要大力推广节水灌溉技术。滴灌技术及设备是我国节水灌溉的重要组成部分,也是较早引入我国的节水灌溉模式。我国滴灌技术及设备走过了引进消化、示范推广、自主创新的发展阶段,为我国节水农业的发展做出了重要贡献。回顾了我国滴灌事业的创新发展历程,提出了发展区划及建议。     

大型灌区“良治”管理模式框架初

大型灌区在我国历史和经济社会发展中一直占有十分重要的地位，但在很多方面，特别是在制度建设和社会治理方面还存在着不少的问题。通过对“良治”理论的简要介绍，以都江堰灌区为例，分析了影响灌区发展的主要制约因素，提出了以建立起一个符合我国实际的大型灌区“良治”管理模式框架。     

控制性隔沟交替灌溉条件下土壤蒸发的预测研究

棵间土壤蒸发是控制性交替灌溉条件下农田土壤耗水的重要组成部分,为了了解沈阳地区潮棕壤土条件下大豆田不同控制性交替灌溉制度下的土壤蒸发变化规律,对土壤蒸发进行预报,采用Micro-lysimeters(MLS)对不同灌溉处理下的土壤蒸发量进行了测定,并建立了以气象因子、土壤含水率和叶面积指数为自变量的土壤蒸发的预报模型.结果表明,在本试验的条件下,各处理的相对土壤蒸发率(E/ET0)与表层土壤含水率(θ)的关系均呈指数函数形式,决定系数在0.71以上.各处理的E/ET0与LAI之间亦呈很好的指数函数关系,决定系数均在0.78以上.     

吉林西部人工草地水分生产函数模型初探

水分生产函数模型用以描述作物产量与水分因子之间的数学关系。确定合适的作物水分生产函数模型对建立与完善节水灌溉系统具有十分重要的意义。选常用的Jensen、Minhas、Blank、Stewart及Singh模型,依据在吉林省松原市前郭县草原管理站进行的苜蓿非充分灌溉试验中所获得的资料,采用多元回归分析方法求出各模型的参数,并对这5种模型进行了对比和筛选,得出了Jensen模型是最适宜于吉林省松原地区苜蓿的水分生产函数模型的结论。还探讨了Jensen模型水分敏感指数在苜蓿全生育期的变化规律,并指出了其在实践应用中的意义。     

Modeling the role of irrigation in winter wheat yield,crop water productivity,and production in China

Irrigation plays an important role in increasing food production in China. The impact of irrigation on crop yield (Y), crop water productivity (CWP), and production has not been quantified systematically across regions covering the whole country. In this study, a GIS-based EPIC model (GEPIC) was applied to simulate Y and CWP for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in China at a grid resolution of 5 arc-minutes and to analyze the impacts of reducing irrigation water on wheat production. The findings show that irrigation is especially important in improving CWP of winter wheat in the North China Plain (NCP), the “bread basket” of China. On average, the provincial aggregate CWP was 56% higher under the irrigated than that under the rainfed conditions. The intensification of water stress and the associated increase in environmental problems in much of the NCP require critical thoughts about reducing water allocation for irrigated winter wheat. Two scenarios for irrigation reduction in the NCP provinces are presented: reducing irrigation depth (S1), and replacing irrigated winter wheat by rainfed winter wheat (S2). The simulation results show that S1 and S2 have similar effects on wheat production when the reduction in irrigation water supply is below 20% of the current level. Above this percentage, S2 appears to be a better scenario since it leads to less reduction in wheat production with the same amount of water saving.     

Management model for decision support when applying low quality water in irrigation

Use of low quality water for irrigation of food crops is an important option to secure crop productivity in dry regions, alleviate water scarcity and recycle nutrients, but it requires assessment of adverse effects on health and environment. In the EU-project “SAFIR¹” a model system was developed that combines irrigation management with risk evaluation, building on research findings from the different research groups in the SAFIR project. The system applies to field scale irrigation management and aims at assisting users in identifying safe modes of irrigation when applying low quality water. The cornerstone in the model system is the deterministic “Plant-Soil-Atmosphere” model DAISY, which simulates crop growth, water and nitrogen dynamics and if required heavy metals and pathogen fate in the soil. The irrigation and fertigation module calculates irrigation and fertigation requirements based on DAISY's water and nitrogen demands. A Water Source Administration module keeps track of water sources available and their water quality, as well as water treatments, storage, and criteria for selection between different sources. At harvest, the soil concentrations of heavy metals and pathogens are evaluated and the risk to consumers and farmers assessed. Crop profits are calculated, considering fixed and variable costs of input and output. The user can run multiple “what-if” scenarios that include access to different water sources (including wastewater), water treatments, irrigation methods and irrigation and fertilization strategies and evaluate model results in terms of crop yield, water use, fertilizer use, heavy metal accumulation, pathogen exposure and expected profit. The management model system can be used for analysis prior to investments or when preparing a strategy for the season.     

新农村视角下农民参与式小型水利

用水户参与式灌溉管理是我国近年来在总结本国管理体制基础上结合国际管理经验提出的一项重大改革。新时期倡导“坚持以人为本，构建和谐社会”的社会主义“新农村”建设与发展过程中，国家高度重视农村基础设施的建设发展特别是农村水利设施，那么农村小型水利工程参与式管理体制目前状况如何、今后如何围绕“新农村”发展将是新时期农村水利管理体制发展所面临和需要解决的。     

我国北方苹果树水分消耗与灌溉问题的探讨

随着我国北方果树的发展,研究果树的耗水规律,以实现科学灌溉,显得更加重要而迫切。本文根据实测资料,分析了苹果树生长期内的耗水过程以及高峰期耗水的日变化过程,探讨了耗水规律,并在此基础上综合北方一些地区的试验成果,初步提出了苹果生长期灌溉制度的建议,供从事果树研究及果园管理人员参考。     

Evaluation on the potential of improving border irrigation performance through border dimensions optimization: a case study on the irrigation districts along the lower Yellow River

In the Yucheng region along the lower reach of the Yellow River, current border irrigation systems in all three irrigation districts have low irrigation performances with the applied depth per irrigation event >150 mm, and application efficiency <65 %. It is often difficult to change irrigation practices, and rates of adoption are usually slow for China’s small-scale farmers. This study emphasizes the feasibility of optimizing border dimensions in border irrigation taking into consideration the existing irrigation conditions and farmers’ methods of irrigation practice. The performances of current border irrigation systems and improved systems were evaluated using agricultural irrigation survey data, field experimental data, and a simulation model. The irrigation conditions, that is, inflow rate, border dimensions, and relative cutoff distance, in the irrigation districts were found to be diverse. However, after border dimensions were optimized through simulation and field testing, it was determined that the applied depth per irrigation event could be decreased by an average of 49 mm, and the application efficiency could be increased on average by 26.7 % in the three irrigation districts. The annual potential amount of water savings among the three districts was calculated to be approximately 5,551 × 10⁴ m³ in the Yucheng region. Optimizing border dimensions is a practical technology for small-scale farming practices in the irrigation districts along the lower Yellow River.     

浅析我国农业节水灌溉技术研究及进展

中国是世界上人均水资源占有量最贫乏的13个国家之一,水是农业的命脉,水资源的严重不足,使我国农业发展面临非常大的挑战。发展节水灌溉技术是我国未来农业发展的一项重大战略决策,也是坚持绿色发展理念的必然选择。为了解我国农业节水灌溉技术现状和研究进展,本文通过综合分析国内外节水灌溉技术现状,梳理我国目前主要的节水灌溉工程技术,总结我国在农业节水灌溉技术现阶段面临的主要问题和未来发展趋势。