植物抗病激活剂诱导植物抗病性的研究进展

植物抗病激活剂本身及其代谢物无直接的杀菌活性,但可刺激植物的免疫系统而诱导植物产生具有广谱性、持久性和滞后性的系统获得性抗病性能(SAR).植物抗病激活剂的诱导除了可以引起植物富含羟脯氨酸糖蛋白(HRGP)的变化,导致木质素在细胞壁沉积,使植物形成物理防御机制外,经植物抗病激活剂诱导后的植株能导致内源水杨酸(SA)的累积、形成氧化激增,植物局部细胞程序化死亡而产生过敏反应(HR),植物抗病激活剂诱导后产生的抗病信号经内源信号传导物质SA、茉莉酸(JA)、乙烯(Et)和一氧化氮(NO)可传导到达整个植株,经过一系列抗病相关基因的调控和表达可引起寄主防御酶系如苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase)、几丁质酶(chitinase)、过氧化物酶(POX)等以及抗病物质如木质素与植保素等的变化及病程相关蛋白(PRP)的调控与表达.文中讨论了植物抗病激活剂概念和种类及其诱导抗病作用的主导机制,指出了植物抗病激活剂的应用前景和发展方向及使用和研究开发中可能存在的问题与对策.     

植物系统获得抗病性与化学诱导抗病剂

植物系统获得抗病性被化学物质诱导而产生 ,本文对近年来的化学诱导抗病剂进行了简要评述     

植物抗病防卫基因表达调控与诱导抗性遗传的机制

 植物抗病防卫基因的产物直接参加抵抗病原物侵染的活动;它们的表达调控遵循一定规律;这些规律是诱导抗性遗传方式改造的基础;对动植物获得免疫相似性的了解,对植物各类抗病机制研究与改造利用的预见性,都展示出诱导抗性遗传方式改造的意义和前景。     

植物诱导抗病信号传导途径

植物抗病性可被多种因素所诱导,诱导的抗病信号传导是抗病性诱导的机制所在。文章论述了植物诱导抗病性的种类、产生过程和两条重要的抗病信号传导途径,并着重对两条途径进行分析和比较。     

植物抗病的诱导,机制,分子生物学研究进展

本文从方法、机理和分子生物学方面综述了植物抗病性诱导的研究进展。     

植物激活蛋白诱导脐橙抗病促生作用

应用植物激活蛋白可显著提高脐橙对炭疽病的抗性,在4月萌芽期和5月份幼果期以500~1000倍液处理,其诱抗效果可达45.69%~50.00%。植物激活蛋白能调节脐橙生长,增强对不良环境的适应性,对日灼病、脐黄病、裂果病三大生理性病害有32.18%~50.54%的诱抗效果。激活蛋白处理的脐橙表现个体均匀,表皮光亮,可溶性固形物增加2.35%~4.78%,产量增加11.02%~15.65%。     

植物诱导抗病机制的研究进展

植物诱导抗病性是植物抵御病害侵染的重要机制,并且作为一种经济有效的抗病策略,在农林业可持续病害防控中具有广阔应用前景,受到人们的日益关注.从组织结构、生理生化乃至分子生物学的一系列变化,阐述了植物诱导产生抗病性的机制.同时,指出了植物诱导抗病性研究中有待进一步研究加以解决的问题和发展前景.     

2-酰氨基苯并噻唑-7-甲酸甲酯类化合物的合成及其抗病诱导活性

以3-氨基苯甲酸为原料,经酯化、关环、酰基化等反应合成了22个未见文献报道的2-酰氨基苯并噻唑-7-甲酸甲酯类化合物,其结构经过IR、1H NMR和元素分析确认。初步的生物活性测定结果表明:在1 000mg/L浓度下,部分化合物对黄瓜灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea具有一定的离体抑制活性,抑制率为60%~73%;化合物Ⅲ-4、Ⅲ-13、Ⅲ-19、Ⅲ-20的活体抑菌活性(抑制率)分别为83.0%、65.0%、88.9%和74.8%,均高于相应的离体活性,表现出一定的抗病诱导活性。     

氰烯菌酯对禾谷镰孢菌的生物活性及其内吸输导性研究

氰烯菌酯(2-氰基-3-氨基-3-苯基丙烯酸乙酯,JS399-19) 是一种对禾谷镰孢菌具有专化活性的新型杀菌剂。研究表明,该药在离体条件下对禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum抗多菌灵菌株及野生敏感菌株的菌丝生长均有很高的抑制活性,平均EC50值分别为0.117±0.036和0.107±0.020 μg/mL 。氰烯菌酯不能抑制禾谷镰孢菌的分生孢子萌发,但能引起抗多菌灵菌株及敏感菌株的分生孢子萌发后的芽管畸形。活体条件下,氰烯菌酯灌根处理对小麦赤霉病有一定防效,在叶片间的输导性较差,不能被小麦穗颈吸收;该药在同一张叶片上仅表现为向上输导,对处理部位的下部几乎没有防效。用400 μg/mL氰烯菌酯和400 μg/mL多菌灵穗部喷雾处理前1 、2 、3 d接种禾谷镰孢菌分生孢子,氰烯菌酯对小麦赤霉病的防效分别为95%、75%和62%;处理后1 、2 、3 d 接种,防效分别为88%、78%和73%,而对照药剂多菌灵的防效较差。说明氰烯菌酯对小麦赤霉病有优异的保护和治疗作用,在禾谷镰孢菌对多菌灵已产生抗性的地区,氰烯菌酯可以作为一种很好的替代药剂用于防治小麦赤霉病。     

陕北能源化工基地的产业升级及其结构优化重组

在对陕北能源化工基地优势能矿资源进行科学再认识的基础上,按照资源优势转化为经济优势的基本思路,以及主导产业的主要判定标准,研究认为陕北能源化工基地建设应以煤炭、石油、天然气及盐化工产业为主导产业。进而围绕主导产业构建相配套的区域产业结构体系,并运用产业集群这一企业空间集聚发展的现代化地域组织形式和新型发展模式,建设七大产业集群,加快区域产业经济的快速发展,达到陕北地区产业结构的适时转型升级和优化调整,区域经济、社会与生态环境协调发展之目的。     

Effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase in insects

The effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase was studied in Spodoptera frugiperda. Larvae were fed an artificial diet containing fruit extract and their midgut was used for enzyme determination. As compared to the control, consumption of the extract containing diet resulted in a 31% inhibition of the cholinesterase activity and a 34% activation of the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. In the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, the effect on reductase activity was even more pronounced (43%).     

N-Dealkylation of atrazine and simazine in Senecio vulgaris biotypes: A major degradation pathway

Separate populations of Senecio vulgaris were found that evolved partial tolerance to s-triazine herbicides and others that were totally resistant (plastid resistance). In plants from the susceptible, tolerant, and resistant populations, about one half of applied [¹⁴C]atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) was rapidly N-dealkylated to the des-ethyl and des-isopropyl products. These products were relatively inactive in inhibiting photosystem II and did not compete with atrazine. After 6 days, less than 25% of the applied [¹⁴C]atrazine was metabolized to water-soluble degradation products but they were not 2-hydroxy derivatives. Less than 2% of the applied atrazine was incorporated into methanol-insoluble residues. The results on metabolism do not explain the tolerance of Senecio to atrazine. However, our results show that N-dealkylation of the s-triazines is more active than previously reported.     

Biological and biochemical parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails exposed to the plants Datura stramonium and Sesbania sesban as water suspensions of their dry powder

Four plant species, as a dry powder of their leaves, were tested against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. The bioassay tests revealed the plants Datura stramonium and Sesbania sesban to be more toxic to the snails than the other two ones. Therefore, they were tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R_o) and their infection with S. mansoni miracidia. In addition, total protein concentration and the activities of the transaminases (AsT and AlT) and phosphatases (AcP and AkP) enzymes in hemolymph and tissues of snails treated with these plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated.Exposure of snails for 4 weeks to LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ of the plants D. stramonium and S. sesban dry powder markly suppressed their M_x and R_o. The reduction rates of R_o for snails exposed to LC₂₅ of these plants were 62.1% and 76.4%, respectively. As well, a considerable reduction in the infection rates of snails exposed to these plants either during, pre- or post-miracidial exposure was recorded. Thus, infection rates of snails treated during miracidial exposure with LC₁₀ of D. stramonium and S. sesban were 41.7% and 52.2%, respectively, compared to 92.6% for control group (P < 0.01). These plants, also, reduced the duration of cercarial shedding and cercarial production/snail. So, snails exposed to LC₂₅ of these plants shed 372.8 and 223.2 cercariae/snail, respectively, compared to 766.3 cercariae/infected control snail (P < 0.01).The results, also, revealed that glucose and total protein concentrations in hemolymph of snails treated with LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ of these plants were decreased, meanwhile, the activities of the enzymes AsT, AlT, AcP and AkP were elevated (P < 0.01). However, the activity of AcP in tissues of treated snails was decreased compared to that of control ones. It is concluded that LC₂₅ of the plants D. stramonium and S. sesban negatively interferes with biological and physiological activities of B. alexandrina snails, consequently it could be effective in interrupting and minimizing the transmission of S. mansoni.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂的结构修饰及相关作用机制研究进展

新烟碱类化合物主要作用于昆虫的烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)。概述了新烟碱类杀虫剂的结构特征,阶段性地总结了近几年基于昆虫nAChRs结构,对新烟碱类化合物的杂环部分和功能基团进行结构修饰和改造的代表性研究成果,概要介绍了这些新化合物与昆虫nAChRs之间的相互作用机制,有助于进一步探索和开发高活性的新烟碱类化合物。     

喷雾和灌根施药后吡虫啉在番茄植株中的分布及其对烟粉虱的防效

以番茄为供试植物,采用喷雾和灌根两种施药方法,测定了吡虫啉在植株内的分布动向及其对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的防效。结果表明,喷雾后第2 d,吡虫啉消解率为56.1％,第10 d接近90％;灌根后第2~21 d茎内持留量基本处于稳定状态。施药方法不同,吡虫啉对烟粉虱的防效不同。喷雾法施药对烟粉虱的短期防效好于灌根法(7 d以内),但持效期较短,喷雾施药 7 d 后,其防效大幅下降;而灌根施药后第7~21 d内,吡虫啉对烟粉虱的防效一直保持在65％以上,在此期间可有效控制烟粉虱的危害。模拟雨水冲刷试验结果表明,药剂在叶面的冲刷率始终在70%左右,表明吡虫啉叶面喷雾后没有或仅有很少一部分进入叶片内部,因此,喷雾叶片在吡虫啉持留量略高于灌根的条件下,对烟粉虱的防效却不如灌根的好。     

抗吡虫啉桃蚜种群的选育及其交互抗性研究

采用浸渍法,在室内用吡虫啉对桃蚜敏感种群进行抗性选育,经过15代的连续汰选,获得抗性指数为14.34倍的抗吡虫啉桃蚜种群。对9种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性测定结果表明,该种群对拟除虫菊酯类如高效氯氟氰菊酯(抗性指数12.76倍)和溴氰菊酯(10.24倍),有机磷类如氧乐果(7.95倍)、辛硫磷(5.44倍)和甲胺磷(5.32倍)以及吡虫啉·高效氯氰菊酯混剂(8.90倍)均产生了不同程度的交互抗性,而对氨基甲酸酯类如灭多威(3.15倍)、有机氯类如硫丹(1.64倍)以及阿维菌素·辛硫磷混剂(2.31倍)等无明显的交互抗性。     

麻疯树萜醇I对家蚕的毒性及作用机理研究

研究了从麻疯树种子中分离的麻疯树萜醇I对3龄家蚕的毒性及其对家蚕中肠蛋白酶和组织结构的影响。结果显示:麻疯树萜醇I对家蚕无接触毒性,其急性毒性主要表现为胃毒作用,处理后48、72和120 h的LC50值分别为0.579、0.220和0.158 mg/mL。家蚕对麻疯树萜醇I处理 叶片的取食量显著少于对照组,24 h和 48 h的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为0.160和0.145 mg/mL。 取食麻疯树萜醇I后,家蚕体重增长显著被抑制,这一抑制作用具有明显的时间效应和浓度效应,即随着处理浓度的增高和处理时间的延长而逐渐增大。取食麻疯树萜醇I还导致家蚕中肠蛋白酶的比活力随时间逐渐下降,48 h时最低,0.25、0.125及0.062 5 mg/mL处理组蛋白酶比活力分别仅为对照的32.94%、43.35%、71.45%;处理浓度越大,蛋白酶比活力越低。石蜡切片显示,麻疯树萜醇I主要影响了中肠细胞的组织结构,引起细胞从基底膜上脱落,细胞破裂,使脂肪体消融等。表明麻疯树萜醇I对消化系统的破坏是其导致试虫中毒的重要机制之一。