鸡枞菌形态学及其分子鉴定

在获得不同种鸡枞菌总DNA的基础上,利用分子生物学方法扩增并克隆出3种鸡枞菌ITS区序列,首次对不同种鸡枞菌ITS区进行了同源性分析及进化树的构建,为以后的鸡枞菌培养及鉴定奠定了良好的基础。     

伞塔菌与鸡枞菌子实体营养成分分析

以伞塔菌和鸡枞菌子实体为材料,分别测定、分析了伞塔菌和鸡枞菌菌盖和菌柄干粉的营养成分。结果表明:灰分和粗纤维含量在伞塔菌子实体的菌盖和菌柄中都高于鸡枞菌,而总糖、还原糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、7种元素(钾、钠、锌、铜、铁、镁、锰)则低于鸡枞菌,尤其粗蛋白、铁、镁、锌在鸡枞菌菌盖中的含量分别为伞塔菌菌盖中的2倍、3.3倍、2倍和1.7倍。两种菌的重金属含量均符合国家食用菌卫生标准中限量范围。     

pH和温度对攀枝花野生鸡枞菌PXT-1菌株生长的影响

以野生鸡枞菌菌丝体PXT-1株为试材,研究了温度、pH对鸡枞菌菌丝体PXT-1生长的影响。结果表明:野生鸡枞菌菌丝体PXT-1最适生长温度为20～22℃,最适pH为5～6,此时菌丝体干重最高,菌丝在培养基中长势浓密。鸡枞菌菌株PXT-1是一种喜酸性、中温型的食用菌。     

黑皮鸡枞菌大棚层架式栽培技术

福建省三明市宁化县泉上镇罗李村菇农利用闲置食用菌大棚和层架栽培黑皮鸡枞菌获得成功,实现了农业资源的循环利用,取得了显著经济效益。作者根据罗李村菇农栽培黑皮鸡枞菌的实践经验,从栽培季节、栽培地准备、栽培料制备、装袋与接种、菌丝培养、出菇管理、病虫害防治、采收等方面总结了黑皮鸡枞菌大棚层架式栽培技术。     

伞塔菌与鸡枞菌子实体氨基酸测定分析

采用L-8800型氨基酸自动分析仪,色谱条件:标准分析柱4.6mm×60.0mm,反应柱温度:57℃,反应器温度:136℃,分别测定了伞塔菌和鸡枞菌子实体菌柄及菌盖中的氨基酸组成。结果表明:两种菌的菌盖中均含有16种氨基酸,但伞塔菌盖的氨基酸总量(12.04%)仅为鸡枞菌盖(28.1715%)的一半;但两种菌的菌柄中只含有15种氨基酸(缺少甲硫氨酸),伞塔菌柄的氨基酸总量(6.9325%)为鸡枞菌菌盖(20.1479%)的三分之一。并且鸡枞菌盖、菌柄中谷氨酸的含量分别是伞塔菌的2.9倍和4.1倍。因此,鸡枞菌的营养价值更高且味道更鲜美。     

冻干鸡枞菌超微粉的加工工艺

为了进一步开发利用鸡枞菌,对鸡枞菌进行深加工,以云南鸡枞菌为原料,采用真空冷冻干燥技术和超微粉碎技术,制得冻干鸡枞菌超微粉的工艺流程和技术要点。鸡枞菌最佳冻干工艺条件是：预冻温度为-26℃～-32℃,冻结平均速度1℃/min左右,冻结时间90～110 min,干燥仓真空度10 Pa以下,加热板温度25℃,冷阱温度为-35℃。得到的冻干鸡枞菌超微粉的平均直径9.02μm。     

云南三种野生食用菌多糖提取工艺优化及其对比分析

研究以采集自云南省楚雄州的青头菌、鸡油菌,云南省曲靖市马龙县的鸡菌为原材料,设计了正交试验探讨这三种野生食用菌子实体粗多糖的最佳提取方案,在此基础上比较了同一地区的不同野生食用菌子实体所含粗多糖含量的差别,不同地区的不同野生食用菌子实体多糖含量的差别。结果发现楚雄青头菌多糖最佳提取工艺为75℃浸提3 h,料液比为1∶40;楚雄鸡油菌最佳提取工艺为75℃浸提2.5 h,料液比1∶20;马龙鸡菌子实体多糖最佳提取工艺为80℃浸提2 h,料液比1∶20。楚雄青头菌子实体粗多糖提取率高于其他两种野生食用菌子实体粗多糖的提取率。     

鸡枞菌/榆黄蘑的驯化栽培配方试验

以棉籽壳、稻草或木屑为原料,驯化栽培鸡枞菌、榆黄蘑,筛选其最适栽培配方及栽培条件。结果表明:鸡枞菌最适栽培配方为棉籽壳39%、稻草40%、麸皮17%、玉米粉2%、石膏2%,榆黄蘑最适栽培配方为棉籽壳22%、木屑60%、麸皮16%、石膏2%;在出菇温度为15~26℃,空气相对湿度为90%~95%时,2种配方的生物学效率分别为43.5%和108.9%。鸡枞菌、榆黄蘑子实体蛋白质含量分别为32.8%、42.9%;糖含量分别为26.7%、21.2%;粗脂肪含量分别为4.4%、1.8%。灰分含量分别为7.0%、6.9%。     

中国鸡菌的种类与分布

鸡菌属又称蚁巢伞属Termitomyces Heim。是Heim(1942)针对白蚁(termite)共生的伞菌提出的。Heim(1977)在其专著“Termites et Champignons”中描述了28种,并把它们分为2个亚属:真鸡(土从)菌亚属和早熟鸡(土从)菌亚属。真鸡(土从)菌亚属分为6个亚组和1类:条痕组、乳头组、钝顶组、粗柄组、盾形组、绵毛组和靛青色鸡(土从)类。分类学上属真菌门,担子菌亚门,层菌纲同担子菌亚纲,口蘑目,鹅膏菌科。早期文献中列为Tricholomataceae,不恰,因本菌幼时有菌环,其孢子特征及褶片组织均应属于鹅膏菌科。     

粗柄羊肚菌胞外多糖的体外抗氧作用研究

目的:利用粗柄羊肚菌(Morchella crassipes)菌丝体进行液体发酵培养,提取胞外多糖,并对胞外多糖体外抗氧化作用进行初步研究。方法:通过所提取的粗柄羊肚菌胞外多糖对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、羟自由基的清除效果,测定胞外多糖的抗氧化活性。结果:粗柄羊肚菌在1 mg/mL时对DPPH自由基和羟自由基以及超氧阴离子的清除率分别达到61.1%,32.8%和71.6%。结论:粗柄羊肚菌胞外多糖具有明显的抗氧化能力,具有开发为抗氧化类食品或药品的潜力。     

间型鸡(从)(Termitomyces intermedius):一个分布于南亚热带至温带南缘的物种

分别对2016年采自河南省信阳市和2017年采自广东省广州市的部分鸡(从)(Termitomyces spp.)标本进行形态学鉴定和基于ITS序列的分子系统学分析.发现了一个中国新记录种——间型鸡(从)(T.intermedius),它可分布于南亚热带至温带南缘,比2016年在日本冲绳石垣岛发现的分布区域更靠北端.同时发现河南省温带南缘有小鸡(从)(T.microcarpus)分布,是已报道的中国鸡(从)分布区域的最北端.     

鸡(从)菌与白蚁的共生专一性初步研究

以鸡(从)菌(Termitomyces spp.)为指示菌,在云南地区的22个采集点和四川的1个采集点共解剖了97个蚁巢分析共生鸡(从)菌和白蚁的对应关系,并基于鸡(从)菌ITS序列和白蚁COⅡ序列,构建系统发育树,分析二者进化支系协同性.结果表明:真根鸡(从)菌(T.eurrhizus)、条纹鸡(从)菌(T.striatus)、盾尖鸡(从)菌(T.clypeatus)、小果鸡(从)菌(T.microcarpus)和空柄蚁巢伞(Sinotermitomyces cavus)5种鸡(从)菌与共生白蚁在种、属阶元均不具有共生专一性,协同进化迹象不明显.     

一株小果蚁巢伞菌株鉴定及其液体培养基的筛选

以云南省临沧市蚁巢伞中分离获得的菌株0820-003为供试材料,根据形态学特征和ITS序列分子鉴定分析,确定其分类学地位,并设计3种不同液体培养基,筛选其最佳液体培养条件。结果表明,该菌株0820-003为小果蚁巢伞Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk.&Broome) R. Heim,在3种配方中,适合菌株0820-003生长的液体条件为配方C,即土豆200 g、葡萄糖20 g、酵母菌2 g、蛋白胨1 g、KH2PO41.0 g、MgSO41.0 g、维生素B110 mg,加水至1 000 mL,pH自然。     

五种鸡菌的分离培养试验

对 5个野生鸡菌子实体进行组织分离 ,以 4种不同的母种培养基及 4种不同的原种培养基培养。实验结果表明 ,5个不同的菌种在母种斜面培养基上形成 5种不同的菌落 ;同一菌种在 4种不同的母种培养基上菌落形态及生长速度均无明显差异 ;5个菌种在 4种不同的原种培养基上均能生长 ,但生长速度缓慢 ,差异不显著     

杜鹃褐班病病原菌的分离与鉴定

对杜鹃褐斑病的病原菌进行分离、培养,进行了形态学鉴定,并对其rRNA基因内转录间区(ITS区)进行了克隆测序,与Genbank中已有的有关序列进行了比较,确定其病原菌为Phomopsis sp..     

Genetic relationships among loquat cultivars and some wild species of the genus Eriobotrya based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences

The phylogenetic relationships among seven wild species and 25 loquat cultivars of genus Eriobotrya were studied by comparing sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The length of ITS1 region of Eriobotrya was 223 bp and the lengths of ITS2 were ranged from 201 bp to 203 bp. The G + C contents varied from 64.1% to 65.5% in ITS1 and from 68.5% to 72.1% in ITS2. The aligned sequences were analyzed by neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods. The ITS1 spacer region comprised 223 characters, of which 44 were variable sites and 34 were parsimony informative sites. The NJ tree had very similar topology to the MP tree. E. malipoensis and E. seguinii had only one different character in ITS2 region and both of them could be the most primitive species of Eriobotrya genus. ITS2 evolved much faster and had more parsimony informative sites than ITS1. ITS2 presented much more precise information about the phylogenetic relationships. Based on ITS2 regions, the evolution order of the studied taxa in this paper could be concluded, which was E. bengalensis f. angustifolia, E. prinoides var. dadunensis, E. prinoides (E. bengalensis), E. dayaoshanensis and E. japonica Lindl.     

鸡(土从)菌的研究进展

鸡菌是一类珍贵的食用菌。本文综述了鸡菌的形态特征、分类与分布、生活条件、生活史以及鸡菌的开发和利用     

Genetic relationships of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) in Taiwan based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA

Summary

The genetic relationships of 20 Rhododendron species in Taiwan was determined based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Sequences of the complete ITS region including ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2, were obtained by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified fragments. Gaultheria itoana was used as an outgroup. Aligned sequences of ITS1 and ITS2 from the 21 taxa resulted in 493 characters. According to the dendrogram, six main clusters were classified among the 20 species of the genus Rhododendron in Taiwan. Rhododendron oldhamii, R. nakaharai, R. taiwanalpinum, R. simsii, R. lasiostylum, R. rubropilosum, R. breviperulatum, R. kanehirai, and R. noriakianum were grouped with R. longiperulatum in cluster I. Rhododendron lamprophyllum was grouped with R. ovatum in cluster II. Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum, R. morri, R. hyperythrum, and R. rubropunctatum were grouped with R. formosanum in cluster III. In addition, R. mariesii, R. ellipticum and R. kawakamii formed three independent clusters. In this study, the findings based on ITS sequences are in agreement with the systematics of Rhododendron.     

RAPD and ITS-based variability revealed in Atriplex species introduced to semi-arid zones of Morocco

Variability related to RAPD markers and sequences of nrDNA ITS region has been studied in seven species of the genus Atriplex (A. amnicola, A. canescens, A. halimus from Morocco (MAR) and from USA, A. lentiformis, A. nummularia, A. semibaccata and A. undulate). As a whole, the results show a high variability among the species. The biggest diversity was obtained by RAPD data, followed by ITSs. According to RAPD markers, two major groups can be distinguished, one formed by A. semibaccata and A. undulata, the least similar to the rest of species. A. lentiformis was closer to A. halimus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the divergence of A. semibaccata from all species and the closeness of A. lentiformis to A. halimus. The intraspecies variability was also high, as 39 individual RAPD haplotypes were obtained by analyzing 40 plants. Genetic diversity was bigger among species (60.23%) than among individuals (39.77%). The amplification of ITS region leads to three well-defined clades. The heterogeneous and larger clade includes all A. amnicola individuals and some individuals from A. nummularia, A. lentiformis, A. halimus USA, A. halilmus MAR and A. undulata. Both RAPDs and ITS analyses revealed with some exceptions, that all individuals from one species grouped together. RAPDS turn out to be more appropriate than ITS to differentiate Atriplex species. The two markers gave rise to the same species relationships, but to a different structure of the Atriplex genetic diversity. AMOVA analysis estimated interspecies differences for 11.20% of the total ITS variation.