大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对力克斯幼兔生长性能和毛品质的影响

选择平均体重为711.4±108.8 g美系力克斯断奶幼兔50只,根据性别和体重随机分为5组,每组10只,公母各半,单笼饲养。5组日粮中分别含有25%生大豆、25%化学钝化大豆、25%热处理大豆、25％豆粕和13％生大豆+12％豆粕,试验期为6周。每2周称体重1次,并称饲料重,计算平均日增重和采食量;试验末测定幼兔被毛长度、细度和密度。研究结果表明,在断奶幼兔日粮中添加25％生大豆(日粮TI=6.55 mg／g)可显著抑制幼兔生长,使饲料增重比提高(P<0.05),采食量略有增加(P>0.05);化学钝化处理大豆组和加热处理大豆组幼兔的生长、饲料增重比均显著优于生大豆组(P<0.05),同25%豆粕组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。幼兔日粮中添加13%生大豆(日粮TI=3.97 mg／g),对幼兔生长、采食和饲料增重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。5组间毛品质无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对力克斯兔消化酶活性的影响

选择42±4日龄、平均体重为711.4±108.8 g健康美系力克斯断奶幼兔50只,公母比例为1∶1,根据性别、体重将50只兔随机分为5组,每组10只,5只公兔,5只母兔,单笼饲养。预试期1周。5个组日粮为等能等蛋白设计,日粮中分别含有25%生大豆、25%化学钝化大豆、25%热处理大豆、25%豆粕和13%生大豆+12%豆粕。胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量(实测值)分别为6.55、1.99、1.73、0.81和3.97 m g/g。试验6周末,从每1个组中随机选出3只公兔进行屠宰(91±4日龄,平均体重为1544.2±114.8 g),用于测消化酶活性的胰腺样和十二指肠内容物在液氮中速冻,然后转移至-20℃低温冰箱中保存。结果表明:家兔采食25%生大豆后,胰腺和十二指肠内容物胰蛋白酶活性被显著抑制(P<0.05),胰腺中脂肪酶活性降低,但未达显著水平(P>0.05)。胰腺和十二指肠淀粉酶活性,各组间无显著差异。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对獭兔氮平衡和养分消化率的影响

试验选择（63±4）日龄、平均体重为（1150.5±124.0） g的健康美系獭兔20只,随机分为5组,每组4只兔,公母各半。试验日粮分别含有25%生大豆、25%化学钝化大豆、25%热处理大豆、25%豆粕和13%生大豆+12%豆粕。胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量（实测值）分别为6.55、 1.99、1.73、 0.81和3.97 mg/g。试验结果表明,25%生大豆组显著降低饲料氮表观消化率（P<0.05）,显著增加粪氮排出（P<0.05）,对尿氮无显著影响;化学钝化、热处理及生大豆+豆粕组粪氮、氮消化率同豆粕组间无显著差异（P>0.05）。饲料干物质、有机物质、无氮浸出物、粗脂肪、粗纤维表观消化率5组间无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对獭兔胰腺组织学结构的影响

选择(42±4)日龄、平均体重为(711.4±108.8)g的健康美系獭兔断奶幼兔30只,公母比例为1∶1,根据性别、体重,将30只兔随机分为3组,每组10只,公母各半,单笼饲养。3个组日粮为等能等蛋白质设计,日粮中分别含有25%生大豆、25%化学钝化大豆、25%豆粕。胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量(实测值)分别为6.55、1.99和0.81 mg/g。试验6周后,从每一个组中随机选出3只公兔进行屠宰((91±4)日龄、平均体重为1544.2 g±114.8 g),宰前空腹4~6 h,取胰腺样品在10%中性甲醛液中固定,常规石蜡切片,HE染色,用于光学显微镜组织学观察。电子显微镜观察样品用2.5%戊二醛固定,常规树脂包埋,超薄切片,铀—铅染色。光学显微镜对胰腺组织结构观察结果表明,25%生大豆组幼兔胰腺间纤维性结缔组织增生,叶间水肿,局部腺组织消失,细胞水肿,边界模糊。电子显微镜对胰腺细胞观察结果表明,生大豆组幼兔的胰腺细胞核不规则,线粒体水肿,嵴消失,局部膜破裂,内质网减少,分泌颗粒极少或消失。25%生大豆组獭兔胰腺组织结构发生异常变化,而豆粕组和化学钝化大豆组正常。     

日粮添加大豆发酵肽粉对肉鸡生长和血清生化指标的影响

选用1日龄艾维因肉仔鸡320只,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每重复16只。第一组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;其余4组分别添加0.1%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的大豆发酵肽粉等量替代基础日粮中的豆粕,以研究对肉仔鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。结果表明:肉仔鸡日粮中添加大豆发酵肽粉有提高肉仔鸡日增重和饲料转化率的趋势,血清中总蛋白和白蛋白含量提高,对血清球蛋白和血清尿素氮无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

不同处理方式的大豆替代鱼粉对鳕鱼生长性能、体成分及免疫学指标的影响

本研究旨在评估日粮添加不同处理方式的大豆替代鱼粉对鳕鱼生长性能、体成分及免疫学指标的影响。试验选择体重一致的576条鳕鱼，随机分配到4组，每组144条，分别饲养在4个水族箱中（36条/个）。对照组饲喂基础日粮（25%鱼粉），处理组分别用20%的豆粕、大豆浓缩蛋白和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉。结果：豆粕组鳕鱼的末重显著高于对照组和发酵豆粕组（P＜0.05），同时，豆粕组和发酵豆粕组采食量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05），而对照组和豆粕组特定生长率和蛋白质效率显著高于发酵豆粕组（P＜0.05）。豆粕组和大豆浓缩蛋白组内脏指数及内脏脂肪指数均显著高于对照组和发酵豆粕组（P＜0.05）。豆粕组鳕鱼的体脂肪含量较大豆浓缩蛋白组和发酵豆粕组提高44.53%和41.85%（P＜0.05），但与对照组无显著差异（P＞0.05）。酵豆粕组血液溶菌酶活性最高（P＜0.05），豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白组其次，对照组最低（P＜0.05）。对照组、豆粕组和大豆浓缩蛋白组肾脏IL-8基因mRNA相对表达水平显著高于发酵豆粕组（P＜0.05）。结论：用20%豆粕或大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉可以改善鳕鱼生长性能，对体成分和血液学指标无负面影响，同时提高TLR-22基因mRNA相对表达水平。 [关键词]大豆|鱼粉|鳕鱼|生长性能|体成分|免疫     

生、熟全脂大豆对生长肥育猪组织器官的影响

试验研究了全脂大豆对生长肥育阶段猪组织器官的影响。12头断奶去势长民仔猪(长白×民猪)随机分成3组,每组4头,单圈饲喂A、B和C三种饲粮,其中,A、B饲粮分别含15%的熟大豆和生大豆,C饲粮只含豆粕,不含全脂大豆。试验期为96d。肥育猪体重约100kg屠宰,测定组织器官相对重量和大肠、小肠的长度并在光学显微镜下观察大肠、小肠的组织学变化。结果表明饲喂生大豆饲粮猪的小肠长于饲喂另外两种饲粮猪的小肠,大肠却短于后两者。小肠和胰腺相对重在饲粮间存在差别,饲喂生大豆饲粮猪的小肠重于熟大豆和对照饲粮(P<0.05),胰腺重也是前者显著重于后两者(P<0.01),其它组织器官未发明显差异。组织切片观察发现,含生大豆的饲粮与熟大豆和豆粕饲粮组相比,对猪小肠绒毛的损害程度严重,而且大肠肠腺也深于采食其他两种饲粮猪。     

全脂大豆替代豆粕补充蛋白酶对肉鸡生长性能、养分消化及肠道健康的影响

文章旨在评估全脂大豆日粮补充蛋白酶对肉鸡生长性能、养分消化及肠道健康的影响。试验将800只初始体重为（58.98±1.02）g的1日龄商品肉鸡随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复50只。试验日粮采用2×2因子设计,即2个全脂大豆水平（0和4.5%）及2个酶水平（0和0.5 g/kg蛋白酶）,分别对应T1～T4组。结果：T3组肉鸡末重和平均日采食量显著低于T1和T2组（P＜0.05）,而T3组料重比显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）。4.5%全脂大豆组肉鸡的末重显著低于0%组（P＜0.05）,同时0.5 g/kg蛋白酶组肉鸡末重也显著高于0 g/kg酶组（P＜0.05）。T3组肉鸡粗蛋白质、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和丙氨酸表观消化率显著低于T1和T2组（P＜0.05）。4.5%全脂大豆组肉鸡赖氨酸表观消化率显著低于0%组（P＜0.05）。日粮全脂大豆和酶添加水平对肉鸡空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值的影响具有显著交互作用（P＜0.05）。结论：综合本试验分析的指标,日粮添加4.5%全脂大豆替代豆粕会降低肉鸡体重、赖氨酸表观消化率及空肠绒毛高度,添加5 g/kg蛋白酶可以改善全脂大豆对上述指标的负面影响。 [关键词]全脂大豆|蛋白酶|肉鸡|生长性能|养分消化|肠道健康     

膨化全脂大豆对仔猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响

根据遗传、性别、体重等相一致的原则,将30头35日龄断奶的杜洛克仔猪随机分为3个组,每组设2个重复,研究膨化全脂大豆对仔猪生产性能和饲粮养分消化率的影响。对照组以玉米豆粕等配制饲粮,试验1组以膨化全脂大豆替代50%的豆粕,试验2组以膨化全脂大豆替代全部豆粕,其他饲粮组成保持不变,进行40 d的饲养试验。在试验第20 d开始,连续收集粪便3 d,测定饲粮养分消化率。结果表明,试验1组日增重比对照组提高了17.6%,差异显著(P<0.05),试验2组比对照组提高了7.4%(P>0.05);试验1组和试验2组饲料利用率分别比对照组提高11.7%和7.6%。试验2组干物质消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),蛋白质的消化率三个组基本接近,但含有膨化大豆的试验1组和试验2组的粗脂肪和粗灰分的消化率均比对照组有提高趋势。     

膨化豆粕与全脂膨化大豆对仔猪生长性能、表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究普通豆粕、膨化豆粕和全脂膨化大豆粗蛋白质体外消化率的差异,以及以膨化豆粕和全脂膨化大豆替代玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中部分豆粕对仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清生化指标的影响。以胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步消化法测定体外消化率。动物试验选用108头初始体重为（10.10±0.57）kg的42日龄健康杜×长×大仔猪（公母各半）,按区组随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,膨化豆粕组以9.66%膨化豆粕替代对照组日粮中9.66%的豆粕,全脂膨化大豆组以12%全脂膨化大豆替代对照组日粮中9.66%豆粕和2.34%豆油。试验期为28 d。结果表明：膨化豆粕与全脂膨化大豆的体外粗蛋白质消化率均高于普通豆粕（P<0.05）,且膨化豆粕高于全脂膨化大豆（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,膨化豆粕组降低了仔猪耗料增重比（P<0.05）,其他生长性能指标无显著差异;与对照组相比,膨化豆粕组与全脂膨化大豆组均提高了干物质、总能、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪以及有机物的表观消化率（P<0.05）;膨化豆粕组血清中白蛋白含量高于对照组和全脂膨化大豆组（P<...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -