不同手术疗法对奶牛真胃变位的疗效比较

皱胃变位是奶牛皱胃的自然生理位置发生改变的疾病,分左方变位和右方变位(皱胃扭转)两种。每年有大量奶牛因该病死亡或产奶量下降,部分治愈奶牛可复发或产奶量持续低下。由于皱胃变位的病因和发病机理尚未确定,所以该病的防治还没有一个明确的方案。在安徽白帝三、四牧场每年以     

两种柞蚕微孢子虫病病原致病力的比较

近年柞蚕微孢子虫病的发生有了新的变化,病原种类中寄生率较低的Nosemasp.(一种未命名的小孢子)发生比例在逐年上升。比较原来的寄生优势种柞蚕微粒子虫与Nosemasp.对蚕的致病力,结果表明:Nosemasp.的致病力与柞蚕微粒子虫相当。发生比例上升的原因多数是镜检遗漏所致。     

The distribution pattern of Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse is suggestive of a haematogenous spread of the nematode

The majority of Halicephalobus gingivalis-infections in horses have been fatal and are usually not diagnosed before necropsy. Therefore, knowledge about the nematode and the pathogenesis of infection in horses is limited. This has resulted in an on-going discussion about the port of entry and subsequent dissemination of H. gingivalis within the host. The present case of H. gingivalis-infection in a horse was diagnosed ante mortem. Post mortem findings, the distribution pattern of H. gingivalis nematodes in the brain, a high prevalence of inflammation in close relation to blood vessels, and the presence of the nematode in multiple organs with a disseminated pattern of distribution strongly suggested a haematogenous spread of the nematode in the horse.     

Procarbazine as adjunctive therapy for treatment of dogs with presumptive antemortem diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 21 cases (1998-2004)

BACKGROUND: Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Remission often is short-lived in dogs treated with glucocorticoids. Procarbazine is T cell-specific and crosses the blood-brain barrier. HYPOTHESIS: Dogs with presumptive antemortem diagnosis of GME given procarbazine as adjunctive therapy to prednisone will have improved long-term outcome compared with dogs given no treatment or glucocorticoids alone. ANIMALS: Two groups were studied: (1) Dogs with presumptive antemortem diagnosis of GME treated with procarbazine and prednisone (n = 21); (2) Dogs that had a histologic diagnosis of GME at postmortem examination and received no treatment (n = 11). METHODS: Dogs with presumptive GME treated with procarbazine were identified retrospectively from medical records of 2 veterinary referral hospitals. Selection criteria required all dogs have a neurologic examination, blood work, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and brain imaging (MRI or CT). RESULTS: Median survival time for all dogs studied was 5.0 months. Median survival time for dogs treated with procarbazine was 14.0 months and for untreated dogs, 0.73 months. Treatment with procarbazine was significantly correlated with survival time (P < .001). Procarbazine was the only independent predictor of survival. Prednisone was reduced in dosage or discontinued in 17 dogs. Adverse reactions to procarbazine therapy included myelosuppression in 7 dogs and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in 3 dogs. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that procarbazine treatment of presumptive GME may result in greater improved long-term outcome than has been previously reported for glucocorticoid treatment alone and may complement other immunomodulatory therapies. Procarbazine-treated dogs must be monitored for adverse reactions.     

A Comparison of Two Surgical Approaches to the Equine Femoropatellar Joint for the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans

The femoropatellar joints of four mature, clinically normal horses were surgically entered by a craniolateral or a lateral approach. Visualization of intra-articular structures was documented for each approach. Horses were euthanized 21, 42, and 63 days after surgery. Joint healing was evaluated clinically, and the joints were subjected to gross pathological and histopathological examination. Healing was by first intention following arthrotomy in six limbs. Skin dehiscence occurred in two limbs with healing by second intention. Subcutaneous seromas developed which resulted in peri-incisional swelling in seven limbs. The lateral approach to the femoropatellar joint provided greater exposure of the lateral femoral trochlear ridge and articular surface of the patella.
Surgery was performed on nine joints of seven clinical patients with osteochondritis dissecans. The craniolateral approach was used on four joints, and the lateral approach was used on five joints. Skin dehiscence occurred following four arthrotomies. Location of the lesion was concluded to be the main criterion for selection of the surgical approach.     

2种抗应激处理对“肉牛运输应激综合征”的疗效对比研究

本试验旨在探讨肉牛启运前进行抗应激处理对降低肉牛引入后发病的效果,在运输前,对第1批的69头牛进行以肌肉注射科特壮为主的综合用药处理,对第2批的39头牛进行肌肉注射牛支原体灭活疫苗的处理,运输时间分别为32 h和36 h,途中不提供水和任何食物,牛运达后继续观察30 d,记录环境温湿度及发病情况,结果显示几乎肉牛始终都处于热应激的状态中;第1批牛和第2批牛在运达后陆续发病,2批牛分别在运后第9天和第13天前时,试验组均比对照组的累积发病数低,但之后到运后1个月,试验组又均比对照组的累积发病数高;运后第1批牛要比第2批牛的发病率和死亡率分别高1.23%和20.29%。     

Comparison of four staining methods for detection of mast cells in equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

Mast cells normally are present in equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), but usually represent <2% of all cells in healthy horses. An increased percentage of mast cells has been associated with airway hyperactivity and inflammatory airway diseases, but marked differences are reported between studies in normal and diseased horses. Because an abnormal mast cell count may be of clinical relevance, we compared the ability of a fast Romanowsky method to stain mast cell granules with that of 3 metachromatic stains: automated Romanowsky, May-Grünwald Giemsa, and toluidine blue stains. The BALF cells from 24 horses were studied. A differential cell count was performed blindly on 400 cells. The percentages of mast cells obtained were analyzed by means of repeated-measures analysis of variance and Fischer's PLSD test. The Bland and Altman method was used to assess agreement among stains. The mean percentage of mast cells in BALF was significantly lower with the fast Romanowsky than with the automated Romanowsky, May-Grünwald Giemsa, and toluidine blue stains. With the fast Romanowsky stain, the metachromatic granules of mast cells were not stained, and their identification was based on morphologic criteria. Toluidine blue staining allowed detection of the highest mean percentage of mast cells, but was inadequate for performing a differential cell count on other cell types. In conclusion, fast Romanosky stain may be inadequate for detection of mast cells in equine BALF, whereas automated Romanowsky, May-Grünwald Giemsa, and toluidine blue stains provide metachromatic staining of mast cell granules.     

Comparison of direct and indirect tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and antibiotic-responsive diarrhea in dogs

Controversy exists over the diagnosis of idiopathic small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in dogs and some clinicians use the term antibiotic-responsive diarrhea (ARD) in preference. However, whether such terms are interchangeable is not clear. To examine the relationship between duodenal bacterial numbers and a clinical response to antibiotics, SIBO and ARD were defined by nonoverlapping criteria. Quantitative duodenal juice bacteriology and indirect serum biochemical tests were used to assess small intestinal bacterial populations in 30 dogs with gastrointestinal disorders, including 9 with ARD. Serum total unconjugated bile acid (TUBA) concentrations were measured in all dogs, serum folate and cobalamin concentrations were measured in 29 of 30 dogs, and quantitative culture of duodenal juice was performed in 22 of 30 dogs. Serum TUBA concentrations also were measured in samples from 38 control dogs. Twenty of 22 affected (clinical) dogs in which quantitative bacteriology was performed were classified as having SIBO (>10(5) colony-forming units of total bacteria per milliliter of duodenal juice), but bacterial numbers did not differ significantly between dogs with ARD and dogs with other disorders. Increased folate (19/29), decreased cobalamin (16/ 29), or a combination (9/29) were common, but increased TUBA concentrations were documented in only 5 of 30 clinical dogs. Again, no significant differences were observed between dogs with ARD and those with other disorders, and a similar proportion (5/38) of controls had abnormally high TUBA concentrations. Finally, no significant differences were noted when duodenal bacteriology and TUBA concentrations were assessed before and during antibiotic therapy. These results question the utility of quantitative duodenal juice bacteriology and indirect biochemical marker tests for SIBO in the investigation of canine gastrointestinal disorders.     

Two Methods for the Treatment of Ureterolithiasis in a Mare

Ureteroliths were removed on two occasions from a mare by different techniques. A 3 cm calculus was removed by right ureterolithectomy during a ventral midline celiotomy. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were measured monthly and remained within normal limits for 5 months. During the fifth postoperative month, after 9 days of lumbar pain, the mare was represented with an increased BUN and creatinine and a ureterolith in the left ureter. Using a Dormia basket stone dislodger, the second ureterolith was removed through a vestibulourethral approach. Fourteen days after surgery, the BUN and creatinine had returned to normal limits and the mare remained asymptomatic for 3 months. The mare then developed severe laminitis after 2 days of strenuous exercise and was euthanized. At necropsy, both kidneys contained multiple calculi.     

Comparison of Two Methods for Presurgical Disinfection of the Equine Hoof

OBJECTIVES: To determine for equine hooves the normal resident aerobic bacterial population and the efficacy of 2 methods of disinfection. Study Design-Measurement of total bacterial, gram-positive bacterial, and gram-negative bacterial surface populations from the frog, sole, and hoof wall after each step of 2 different preoperative surgical disinfection techniques. ANIMALS: Six adult horses. METHODS: Hoof wall, sole, and frog samples were collected for quantitative bacteriology before, during, and after 2 multistep antiseptic preparation techniques: Method A-6-minute scrub with povidone-iodine soap, followed by 24-hour submersion in povidone-iodine solution-soaked cotton; and Method B-initial removal of superficial layer of hoof capsule before completing Method A disinfection procedures. RESULTS: Removal of the superficial hoof layer, application of the povidone iodine scrub, and completion of the povidone-iodine soak all significantly (P < .0008) decreased total bacterial numbers. Method B had significantly lower bacterial counts than method A at each consecutive step. Final total bacterial counts remained greater than 10(5) bacteria per gram of tissue regardless of preparation method. CONCLUSIONS: The hoof surface hosts a broad spectrum of aerobic gram-positive and -negative bacteria, many of which are potential pathogens. Bacterial numbers can be significantly reduced by removal of the superficial hoof surface, by application of a povidone-iodine scrub, and by use of a 24-hour povidone-iodine soak. However, bacterial populations >10(5) g per tissue persist after these disinfection procedures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Regardless of the preparation methods used in this study, bacterial populations capable of inducing wound infection remain on the hoof capsule.     

Comparison of Two Different Programmes of Ovulation Synchronization in the Treatment of Ovarian Cysts in Dairy Cows

It was the aim of this field study to evaluate two different protocols of ovulation synchronization for the treatment of ovarian cysts and their effect on reproductive performance in dairy cows. In addition, factors with a possible influence on treatment success and pregnancy outcome as well as costs per pregnancy were analysed. The study was performed with 130 German Holsteins with ovarian cysts diagnosed on days 55 to 60 postpartum. Cows belonging to group 1 (n = 65) received a modified ovsynch protocol [day 0: 0.15 mg cloprostenol (PGF) + 0.02 mg buserelin acetate (GnRH); day 14: PGF; day 16: GnRH]. Group 2 (n = 65) was treated with the conventional ovsynch protocol (day 0: GnRH; day 7: PGF; day 9: GnRH). Timed artificial insemination was performed 20 to 24 h later. Cows without ovarian cysts served as controls. Treatment success (disappearance of the ovarian cyst) after the first ovsynch cycle was higher in group 1 (66.2%) than in group 2 (23.1%, p < 0.05). Reproductive measures in group 1 were comparable with those of the control group and, compared with group 2, were conspicuously better (66.2%, 76.9%, 83.1%, 59.5% vs. 40.0%, 50.7%, 60.0%, 27.5% for cumulative pregnancy rate after treatment cycle 1 to 3 and second service conception rate, respectively, p < 0.05). Overconditioned cows and cows with larger ovarian cysts showed a diminished treatment and pregnancy success. In group 1, costs per pregnancy were only slightly higher than in the control group (group 1: €352.44, group 2: €484.59, control group: €333.77). In conclusion, our results suggest that ovsynch protocols can be used in the treatment of ovarian cysts. The modified ovsynch protocol led to a better cure rate as well as a better reproductive performance, and was economically beneficial compared with a conventional ovsynch protocol.     

两种方法检测奶牛结核病的比较分析

采用常规皮内变态反应(TST方法)对唐山、秦皇岛、沧州和石家庄四个市共计2 204头奶牛进行牛结核病检测,采用IFN-γ试验方法对PPD检测结果为阳性、可疑的牛以及部分阴性牛进行复检。将IFN-γ试验与TST检测结果相比较,其敏感性为78.26%,特异性为89.09%,符合率为84.33%。研究表明单独使用PPD皮内变态反应方法在牛结核病的诊断方面存在特异性差的缺点,用IFN-γ试验对TST试验阳性和可疑牛进行复检可以提高特异性,避免造成假阳性牛的误杀;该方法在临床上适合推广应用。     

猪乙型脑炎病毒的PrM-E基因克隆与测序

通过RT-PCR扩增乙型脑炎病毒主要抗原基因PrM-E,并将PrM-E基因克隆及测序后,与GenBank发表的SA14-14(M18370)基因序列进行比较分析,发现试验毒株与乙型脑炎病毒SA14-14毒株的同源性为98%。在乙型脑炎病毒基因组决定乙型脑炎病毒抗原性的PrM-E的2 000 bp序列中,试验毒株与SA14-14株有35个碱基不同,但却不影响它的功能。     

蚕种实用孵化率的两种调查方法比较

为提高蚕种质量检测效率和减少检测误差,对19个蚕品种杂交组合的134个繁育批次的一代杂交蚕种样品和同一杂交组合的42个繁育批次的一代杂交蚕种样卵,进行了标准调查方法(即逐日调查孵化率)与一次性调查孵化率的方法的比较试验,结果证明可以用一次性调查孵化率的方法替代逐日调查孵化率的标准方法。     

人工饲养条件下扬子鳄两种越冬方式的比较

华北地区引进扬子鳄后 ,在室内安全越冬问题急需妥善解决 ,1996～ 1999年 ,采用人工控温使扬子鳄冬眠和不冬眠两种方式越冬。结果表明 ,在华北地区 ,在无法模拟自然条件使扬子鳄冬眠越冬的环境改变时 ,在人工控温下不冬眠是扬子鳄越冬的首选方式     

2种奶牛隐性乳房炎检测方法比较

文章旨在更准确地检测隐性乳房炎,为评价隐性乳房炎乳汁的变化提供参考。试验分别采用加州乳房炎检测（CMT）法与溴麝香草酚蓝检测（BTB）法对35头奶牛进行隐性乳房炎的检测,同时比较了2种测定方法下乳pH、乳血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）、乳成分及血液常规成分的差异。结果表明,2种检测方法中,CMT法检出阳性率（40%）高于BTB法（34.3%）,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;而CMT法的吻合率（35.71%）低于BTB法（41.67%）。2种检测方法呈阳性的乳pH显著高于阴性组（P<0.05）,BTB检测法呈阳性乳的体细胞数显著高于（P<0.05）阴性乳,而CMT法检测呈阳性的乳中体细胞数（SCC）的对数值比阴性乳高13.6%;BTB法检测呈阳性的SAA显著低于阴性组（P<0.05）。2组阳性与阴性组间奶牛血细胞成分无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论表明,2种检测方法中,CMT法比BTB法灵敏,但BTB法更准确。     

两种算法推测奶牛产期准确性的比较

通过对奶牛两种推测奶牛产期算法准确性的比较,对两种算法的实用性进行了评价.选择辽宁省鞍山恒利奶牛场的30头妊娠母牛,记录其配种日期与实际产期,分别用两种算法对预产期进行估计,并与实际产期进行比较,分析两种算法的准确性.其中算法1为配种月减3,配种日加6;算法2为配种月减3,配种月为5月时配种日加4,为3月或4月时配种日加5,为7月或12月时配种日加6,其他配种月为配种日加7.结果显示,算法1和算法2预测的偏差差异不显著,实际生产中都可以使用;不同季节配种的奶牛,其妊娠期长短差异不显著;配准季节对两种算法的预测效果无显著影响.建议奶牛养殖中无论采用哪种预测算法,都应该在预产期前10d开始加强对孕牛的管理,并做好接产准备.     

两种微孢子虫全基因组中密码子偏好性比较

微孢子虫(Microsporidia)是一类细胞内营专性寄生的单细胞真核生物.基于其已测得的两个典型种的基因组数据,比较了家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bombycis)与兔脑炎微孢子虫(Encephalitozoon cuniculi)之间全基因组的密码子偏好性异同.结果表明两基因组的密码子偏好性都较弱,基因表达程度都...