不同心理素质水平大学生对情绪面孔的记忆偏向

采用加工分离程序探讨了不同心理素质水平大学生对不同效价情绪面孔(积极、消极、中性情绪面孔图片)的记忆偏向,以了解不同心理素质水平大学生的外显和内隐记忆加工特征.结果发现:记忆任务中,在意识提取上,高低心理素质水平大学生差异不具有统计学意义;在无意识提取上,高心理素质水平大学生对3类情绪面孔图片的提取值都显著高于低心理素质水平大学生.在对不同效价情绪面孔的意识和无意识提取值上,负性情绪面孔的提取值都高于中性和正性情绪面孔,但差异不具有统计学意义.     

豫中浓香型烤烟香气质量与中性致香成分关系分析

为确定影响香气质、香气量的中性致香成分的物质基础,采用偏相关分析、通径分析和逐步回归的分析方法,研究了烤烟香气质、香气量与中性致香成分的关系。结果表明,建立的香气质、香气量2个回归方程经显著性测验均达到极显著水平。烟叶中的18种中性致香成分对香气量、香气质直接影响各不相同。香气质受巨豆三烯酮3直接正面影响最大,而受巨豆三烯酮2直接负面影响最大;香气量受巨豆三烯酮2直接正面影响最大,而受巨豆三烯酮3直接负面影响最大。对香气质、香气量起直接正面影响作用的有巨豆三烯酮1、苯乙醇、糠醛以及新植二烯,对香气质、香气量起直接负面影响作用的有假紫罗兰酮、苯甲醇、2-乙酰基吡咯以及茄酮。     

帽儿山落叶松群落主要树木种群间联结关系的研究

采用2×2 列联表,通过方差分析、χ2检验、Ochiai指数、Dice指数和Jaccard指数对帽儿山落叶松所在群落优势种的种间联结性进行了定量分析。结果表明: 落叶松群落总体间的关联性表现为不显著正关联,在91对种对中46对表现为正关联,其中极显著正关联的种有8对,显著正关联的有4对,极显著负关联的种对有7对。在相对稳定的群落中优势种间可以共同利用群落中的非限制性资源,形成显著的正关联。这种关联性一方面与物种本身的生物学与生态学特性有关,另一方面与群落演替的时间与空间有关。      

The 46{degrees} Halo and Its Arcs

Ice crystals in the form of right hexagonal prisms have faces that form 90 degrees prisms. Light rays were traced through these prism faces by computer calculation, and the light patterns that would be produced in the sky for a particular distribution of crystal orientations were simulated. Crystals with random orientations produce a 46 degrees halo. Hexagonal plate crystals with nearly horizontal end faces produce circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs. Hexagonal column crystals with horizontal axes produce supralateral and infralateral arcs. Plate crystals spinning about a horizontal axis that is a face diagonal of the crystal produce a series of arcs touching the 46 degrees halo. Each of these effects was simulated for several elevations of the sun.     

Fitting discrete probability distributions to evolutionary events

The assumptions underlying the use of the Poisson distribution are essentially that the probability of an event is small but nearly identical for all occurrences and that the occurrence of an event does not alter the probability of recurrence of such events. These assumptions do not seem to be met for evolutionary events since (i) the probability of fixing nucleotide codon substitutions is not equal for all substitutions at a codon, and probably varies for the same substitution in different lineages; (ii) the probability of fixing codon substitutions varies among positions of a cistron; and (iii) the fixation of a nucleotide codon substitution at one position in a cistron modifies, and may even promote, the fixation of a codon substitution elsewhere along the cistron. Natural selection presumably is the causative factor that acts to modify the probability of a nucleotide codon substitution's being fixed in a population. The use of the negative binomial distribution is consistent with the evidence that selective pressure on amino acid or nucleotide codon positions varies both among codon positions of a cistron and at a particular position during evolutionary time. If the number of fixations of nucleotide codon substitutions per position of cistrons encoding cytochromes c are phyletically inferred (phylogeny based on a paleontological record) rather than phenetically inferred (based on paired comparisons of extant species' differences in the absence of a phylogeny) the distribution of these fixation data cannot be described adequately by a single Poisson distribution. The fit of these same data to a negative binomial distribution is very satisfactory. It has been argued that the fit of phenetically inferred fixation data, which do not take account of parallel or reverse fixations, to the Poisson distribution was supportive evidence for the hypothesis that protein evolution results from the fixation of selectively neutral codon substitutions. This argument now appears to be undercut by the evidence that data on nucleotide codon fixation are more probably distributed according to the negative binomial distribution. The fact that fixation data can be described by a particular discrete probability distribution does not of itself provide insight into the mechanisms of the evolutionary process. However, the facts-(i) that the assumptions underlying the use of the negative binomial distribution adequately deal with the varying probability of fixing amino acid or nucleotide codon substitutions at and among the positions of a cistron and (ii) that the negative binomial distribution provides an excellent fit for the phyletically inferred fixation data-suggest that the negative binomial is a very appropriate discrete probability distribution for describing evolutionary events. Amino acids or their nucleotide codon substitutions may be fixed at a position of a cistron as though selectively neutral relative to the codon being replaced, even though the codon position will not be selectively neutral, since many amino acids cannot function there. The negative binomial distribution treats this situation well whereas a single Poisson distribution could only be satisfactory if all codon positions that could vary were selectively neutral.     

攀西烤烟评吸结果与中性致香成分的关系

采用多元线性逐步回归分析法建立烤烟中性致香成分与评吸结果的回归方程,并对回归方程进行显著性测验及偏相关分析和通径分析,研究烤烟中性致香成分与评吸结果的关系。结果表明,建立的香气量、香气质和评吸总分的3个回归方程经显著性测验均达到极显著水平。烟叶中的6类25种中性致香成分对香气量、香气质和评吸总分的直接影响各不相同。香气量受类胡萝卜素降解产物6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮的直接正面影响最大,而受苯丙氨酸代谢产物苯乙醇的直接负面影响最大;香气质受棕化反应产物2-乙酰基呋喃的直接正面影响最大,新植二烯的直接负面影响最大;评吸总分受棕化反应产物2-乙酰基呋喃的直接正面影响最大,类胡萝卜素降解产物6-甲基-5庚烯-2-酮的直接负面影响最大。仅有类胡萝卜素降解产物香叶基丙酮和二氢猕猴桃内酯对香气质、香气量和评吸总分均有直接正面影响,而类胡萝卜素降解产物2,4-庚二烯醛和6-甲基-2-庚酮对香气质、香气量和评吸总分均有直接负面影响。说明可以通过调节烟叶调制条件提高对评吸结果有益的香气成分,尽量降低对评吸结果不利的香气成分。     

渐增负荷运动感情反应的变化模式研究*

研究的目的是探讨渐增负荷运动感情反应的变化模式。12名健康大学男生参加功率自行车渐增负荷运动,运动中和运动后测量血乳酸以确定个体乳酸阈,运动中每分钟测量主观运动强度和感情效价。结果显示,群组感情反应在时间上有显著差异,感情反应随强度递增呈线性和阶5下降模式,个体乳酸阈前1s及后面各点FS值均显著低于第1min、第2min的值。个体乳酸阈前感情反应均为积极,接近乳酸阈的感情反应有的积极有的消极,高于乳酸阈的感情反应大部分消极。     

烤烟中性致香物质与评吸结果关系研究

对河南、湖南、津巴布韦和巴西不同产地烤烟烟叶中主要中性致香物质成分与评吸香气质、香气量和评吸总分的关系进行了研究.结果表明,对评吸结果影响较大的是胡萝卜素降解产物类和棕色化反应产物类;类西柏烷类和苯丙氨酸类中性致香物质的贡献较小;负面影响较大的成分主要集中在吲哚、甲苯及一些醛类上,类胡萝卜素降解产物类和棕色化反应产物类中的个别成分也有一定的负面影响.     

Patches with links: a unified system for processing faces in the macaque temporal lobe

The brain processes objects through a series of regions along the ventral visual pathway, but the circuitry subserving the analysis of specific complex forms remains unknown. One complex form category, faces, selectively activates six patches of cortex in the macaque ventral pathway. To identify the connectivity of these face patches, we used electrical microstimulation combined with simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging. Stimulation of each of four targeted face patches produced strong activation, specifically within a subset of the other face patches. Stimulation outside the face patches produced an activation pattern that spared the face patches. These results suggest that the face patches form a strongly and specifically interconnected hierarchical network.     

基于面分块的三维人脸模型的边界表示方法

针对人脸造型中脸部模型的存储与表示问题，对人脸的生理结构特征进行了分析，在人脸共性的基础上，提出了一种基于面分块的三维人脸模型，并用边界表示法给出了这种模型的数据结构。按器官组织将人脸分解，各部分可以单独处理，合并起来又能构成一张完整的人脸，这种方法有利于表情的模拟和脸部动作的构造。     

金钱对外显自尊的影响:一项ERP研究

通过事件相关电位(ERP)技术,让被试分别在金钱启动和中性启动条件下,用"触及自尊符合词"和"触及自尊不符合词"对"自我"和"正性他人"进行符合与否的评价,以此来探讨金钱启动对被试外显自尊影响的脑内时程动态变化.结果发现:在中性启动条件下,触及自尊不符词的自我评价比触及自尊不符词的他人评价诱发了更大的P300成分,这与前人的研究一致;相反,在金钱启动条件下,自我评价与他人评价之间的差异消失了.认为金钱启动增强了个体的自尊水平,对自尊产生了一种补偿作用,并且,这种补偿作用有可能与情绪有关.     

A cortical region consisting entirely of face-selective cells

Face perception is a skill crucial to primates. In both humans and macaque monkeys, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals a system of cortical regions that show increased blood flow when the subject views images of faces, compared with images of objects. However, the stimulus selectivity of single neurons within these fMRI-identified regions has not been studied. We used fMRI to identify and target the largest face-selective region in two macaques for single-unit recording. Almost all (97%) of the visually responsive neurons in this region were strongly face selective, indicating that a dedicated cortical area exists to support face processing in the macaque.     

黑麦结构日粮对五龙鹅血浆酶活性的影响

对4月龄的五龙鹅快长系饲喂添加不同比例冬牧-70鲜草的日粮,测定血浆中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性并进行相关性比较.试验结果表明,随着冬牧-70鲜草比例的增加,五龙鹅血浆中的AKP活性显著性降低(P<0.05),AKP活性与粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与Ca、蛋氨酸(Met)、胱氨酸(Cys)消化率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);GPT和LDH活性与CF,NDF和ADF消化率呈弱正相关(P>0.05),与Ca,Met,Cys消化率呈弱负相关(P>0.05).     

社会排斥和决策框架对风险偏好影响

为探讨社会排斥和决策框架对风险偏好的影响及其交互作用,实验1采取回忆排斥经历范式激发社会排斥感,考察不同决策框架下风险偏好;实验2采取虚假人格反馈范式激发社会排斥感,并增加不幸控制组,考察消极事件和人际压力对框架条件下决策偏好的影响.结果显示:(1)社会排斥情境下存在框架效应;(2)社会排斥强化框架效应,积极框架下风险规避增加,消极框架下风险寻求增加.     

杉莲混交林中乳源木莲树冠特征与生长形质综合表现通径分析

为了解杉莲混交林中乳源木莲树冠特征对生长形质及其综合表现的影响规律,利用多目标决策方法评价生长形质综合表现,采用通径分析方法分析了福建乳源木莲人工林中冠幅、冠形率和树冠率与单株材积、胸径、枝下高、尖削度、胸高形数以及生长形质综合表现等6个因子之间的关系,明确乳源木莲树冠形态调控重点与方向并验证。结果表明,冠幅、冠形率对单株材积有极显著的正向作用,但树冠率对单株材积有极显著的负向作用。冠幅、冠形率对胸径有显著的正向作用,但树冠率对胸径具有极显著的负向作用。冠幅、冠形率对枝下高有极显著的正向作用,但树冠率对枝下高有极显著的负向作用。冠幅对树干尖削度有极显著的正向作用,冠形率对树干尖削度有弱度正向作用,但树冠率对树干尖削度有显著负向作用。冠幅对胸高形数表现极显著性的负向作用,冠形率对胸高形数有弱度的负向作用,树冠率对胸高形数表现显著正向作用。树冠特征因子间对乳源木莲生长形质性状影响作用与重要性排序不尽相同。促进生长、提高系列干形品质的树冠形态调控重点与方向不尽相同。冠幅、冠形率对生长形质综合表现有极显著的正向作用,但树冠率对生长形质综合表现有极显著的负向作用,因子相对重要性大小排序为冠幅>树冠率>冠形率。培育丰产优质乳源木莲理想冠形应为:首次有着宽大冠幅、其次较小树冠率,以及在宽大冠幅和较小树冠率前提下的狭长冠形的树冠结构。乳源木莲树冠形态调控重点与方向是促进冠幅宽大。     

100% accuracy in automatic face recognition

Accurate face recognition is critical for many security applications. Current automatic face-recognition systems are defeated by natural changes in lighting and pose, which often affect face images more profoundly than changes in identity. The only system that can reliably cope with such variability is a human observer who is familiar with the faces concerned. We modeled human familiarity by using image averaging to derive stable face representations from naturally varying photographs. This simple procedure increased the accuracy of an industry standard face-recognition algorithm from 54% to 100%, bringing the robust performance of a familiar human to an automated system.     

预期想象影响延迟折扣的内在机制: 情绪的作用——高、 低冲动特质的分离效应

采用跨期选择任务考察了积极、中性、消极情绪效价的预期想象对高、低冲动者的延迟折扣的改变机制.结果发现:(1)总体而言,积极预期想象显著降低了被试的延迟折扣,消极预期想象显著增加了被试的延迟折扣,而中性预期想象对延迟折扣则没有明显影响;(2)具体而言,积极预期想象明显降低了高、低冲动性2组被试的延迟折扣,但消极预期想象只显著增加了高冲动组的延迟折扣,对低冲动组的影响则不显著.结果支持了"情境预期-情绪假说"理论,即预期想象通过预期情绪调节延迟折扣改变的方向;消极预期想象显著增加了高冲动组的延迟折扣而对低冲动组没有明显影响,可能是低冲动组具有更好的自我控制能力.     

褐牙鲆消化道粘液细胞的类型及分布

采用阿利新兰—过碘酸雪夫氏反应(AB-PAS)染色法和不同pH(1.0、2.5、3.1)的AB染色法,对褐牙鲆进行显微观察,发现褐牙鲆食管、胃、幽门垂和肠道均有粘液细胞分布.根据AB-PAS染色结果将褐牙鲆粘液细胞分成Ⅰ-Ⅳ4种类型:Ⅰ型呈红色,AB呈阴性反应,PAS呈阳性反应,含中性粘多糖;Ⅱ型呈蓝色,AB呈阳性反应,PAS呈阴性反应,含酸性粘多糖;Ⅲ型呈紫红色,AB和PAS均呈阳性反应,主要含有PAS呈阳性反应的中性粘多糖,同时含有少量AB呈阳性反应的酸性粘多糖;Ⅳ型呈蓝紫色,AB和PAS均呈阳性反应,主要含有AB呈阳性反应的酸性粘多糖,同时含有少量PAS呈阳性反应的中性粘多糖.AB(pH 2.5、3.1)染色显示,粘液细胞含酸性粘液(蓝色);AB(pH 1.0)染色显示,粘液细胞含弱的和强的硫酸化酸性粘液(蓝色).食管、胃、幽门垂和肠道含有大量粘液细胞,食管和中后肠以Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞为主,幽门垂和前肠含有许多Ⅰ型细胞,胃只含大量的Ⅰ型细胞.通过对各部位粘液细胞的分类和比较可以看出,粘液细胞的分布和类型与其所在部位执行的功能有密切的关系.     

二次型正定(负定)的一个必要条件及其证明

本文给出了二次型正定(负定)的1个必要条件,并对二次型正定、负定的必要条件给出了用定义证明的方法。     

级进杂交绵羊微卫星基因杂合度与生长性能的关系

利用10个微卫星基因座对陶赛特绵羊及其与新疆细毛羊级进杂交一代、二代和三代4个绵羊群体进行了遗传学检测，计算出各个群体的平均杂合度和平均生产性能的数值，分析群体杂合度与生产性能间的相关系数和变化趋势。结果表明：随级进杂交程度的增加，群体的杂合度逐渐降低，趋向于陶赛特群体的杂合度；微卫星标记杂合度与各个时期的体重、体高、体长和管围间呈正相关，其中杂合度与各个时期的体长呈显著正相关，而与各个时期的胸围呈负相关。微卫星基因杂合度对各个时期生长性能的相关效应在不同级进杂交群体问存在一定的差异。由此得到3点启示：（1）基因杂合度与生长性能间不是简单的相关关系；（2）级进杂交可使有害基因与中性标记连锁遗传，从而部分或全部抵消杂合优势的表现，甚至出现杂合劣势；（3）不同时期基因间的互作对于性状的作用是不一样的。