Hair Dye Effects on the Hair Coat and the Skin of the Dog: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

Eight healthy dogs of mixed breeds with short hair coats were used in this study. The skin and the hair of a small area on the left side of the saddle region were dyed 80 times once every day with a permanent hair dye, Clairol Hair Dye Flaxen Blonde. The dyed regions were red and dry toward the last two weeks of the experiment. None of the dogs had abnormal hair shedding. Four of the dogs were restless, and their epidermis were parakeratotic and hyperkeratotic.
The cuticular cells of the hair shafts of two dogs upon examination showed deep fractures at the lower part of the hair shaft. The fractures extended through the whole thickness of the cuticular cells leading to splitting of the hair shaft. Secondary hairs showed excessive peeling of their cuticle cells causing distortion and deterioration of the cortex of the hair. Cuticular cells of large numbers of hairs lost their apical parts and some of them were deformed due to partial dissolution attributed to the intensive use of the hair dye. The intensive usage of the hair dye on the compound type of hair coat of the dog caused damage to the hair shafts and to the skin in the form of irritation, dryness and parakeratosis of the epidermis. Also, some of the dogs became restless and hyperactive during the later part of the experiment.     

Premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus in a dog as a result of harvesting a cancellous bone graft

A 5-month-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of lameness of the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed pain on manipulation of the right elbow joint, and radiography revealed premature closure of the distal physis of the radius with subluxation of the right elbow joint. Corrective osteotomy of the radius was performed to increase the length of the radius and establish congruity of the elbow joint. Cancellous bone was obtained from the proximal portion of the humerus and used as a graft at the osteotomy site. The dog did well after surgery. Four months after surgery, the dog again was lame on the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed instability of the right shoulder, and manipulation of that area elicited signs of pain. Radiography revealed caudomedial subluxation of the right shoulder as well as deformity of the humeral head and hypoplasia of the greater tubercle. It was presumed that these changes were associated with collection of the cancellous bone graft during the initial surgery, which resulted in premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus as a result of procurement of a bone graft.     

Scanning electron microscopy study of the lingual papillae in the European mole (Talpa europea, L., Talpidae)

The tongue in the adult European mole (Talpa europea L.) was examined by scanning electron microscope. The elongated tongue with a rounded apex is about 12-13 mm in length and 3-4 mm in width. On the apex the shallow median groove is present. On the dorsal surface of the lingual mucosa two types of mechanical papillae and two types of gustatory papillae were observed. Mechanical papillae are represented by numerous filiform papillae with a single process, covering the whole surface of the apex and body of the tongue, and massive conical papillae, found on the root of the tongue. The structure and density of filiform papillae varies in the anterior and posterior part of the tongue. A unique trait of the tongue in the European mole is the occurrence on the apex of the tongue of a single row of conical papillae. Gustatory papillae are represented by numerous fungiform papillae and one pair of vallate papillae. Dome-shaped fungiform papillae in the anterior part of the tongue are arranged linearly along both margins of the tongue, whereas in the posterior part of the body of the tongue flat fungiform papillae are distributed evenly among filiform papillae. Oval vallate papillae are surrounded by a continuous furrow and a single pad. In the posterior part of the root behind conical papillae the surface of the mucosa is flat with numerous orifices of lingual papillae located there. Observations on the distribution and structure of gustatory papillae in the common mole did not show the existence of special traits, differing them from those in terrestrial insectivores. The comparison of the morphology of the tongue, the distribution and structure of the lingual papillae in the European mole with those in the other species of Insectivores, indicated of a general similarity of features within the family Talpidae.     

Development of the Genital Peritoneal Folds in Sheep

Development of the genital peritoneum in the sheep was studied in embryos/fetuses that were 27-69 days old. The plica mesonephrica was the first visible fold of the urogenital organs of the embryos and was the origin of the proximal mesorchium or mesovarium. The plica suspensoria gonadalis fixed the gonad to the mesonephros and held the cranial genital ligament and the cranial part of the gubernaculum. The distal mesorchium or mesovarium evolved from this fold. The inguinal fold fixed the caudal part of the gubernaculum. The suspensory fold of the gonad and plica inguinalis formed a system of serosal folds called the Plica gonadoinguinalis. The fold of the genital ducts had two parts, divided by the crossing with the gubernaculum. The mesepididymis or mesosalpinx evolved from the cranial part of the fold, while the caudal part was the origin of the mesoductus deferens or mesometrium. The caudal part of the right and left folds contributed to defining another system of peritoneal folds, the Plica genitalis. A rearrangement of some accepted terms in the nomenclature is proposed, as are some new terms. An analysis of the meaning of some terms, especially those applied to systems of peritoneal folds, is given to aid in their interpretation.     

Inter-relationship between Gasterophilus larvae and the horse's gastric and duodenal wall with special reference to penetration.

The degree of penetration into the stomach and duodenum of the horse by bot fly larvae, Gasterophilus intestinalis (De Geer) and G. nasalis (Linnaeus) (Diptera : Gasterophilidae) was evaluated. Evidence of larval perforation of the stomach or duodenum was not found on gross inspection. Palpation of the intact stomach and duodenum was not effective in establishing the existence of Gasterophilus larvae within the organs. Findings suggest that larvae of both species produce an ulcer of similar depth within the gastrointestinal wall. The ulcer depth produced by larvae did not correlate with the normal, unaffected thickness of the particular stomach or duodenum. Tissue proliferation beneath ulcers of the stomach and duodenum was not correlated with the depth of the ulcer. Proliferation of the tissue beneath the ulcers of the stomach generally exceeded that found under duodenal ulcers. Gastric wall beneath the G. intestinalis ulcer frequently attained a thickness equal to or greater than the normal stomach wall. Histopathological examinations below the ulcer revealed intense fibrosis. Duodenal thickness below the G. nasalis ulcer was typically less than normal and resulted in an attenuated wall. Histopathological analysis of the affected duodenum revealed severe loss of submucosal glands in a sharply demarcated area below and surrounding the lesion. Fibrosis of the underlying lamina propria mucosae and tunica submucosa was appreciable but failed to restore the original thickness of the duodenal wall. Host tissue response and moderation of the parasite' s behavior reduce the chances of direct perforation of the gastrointestinal tissue.     

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich was studied in 20 birds varying in age from 2 weeks to 12 months. The lungs occupied the dorsal third of the thorax, and the heart lay in the cranioventral thorax perpendicular to the long axis of the body. There was no pleural cavity. The liver was situated in the caudoventral part of the thorax, and the proventriculus occupied the left cranial part of the abdomen between the 7th vertebral rib and the acetabulum. The gizzard lay in the cranioventral part of the abdomen, resting on the sternum and abdominal floor. The duodenum formed a loop from right to left, with the pancreas lying between the 2 limbs of the loop. The coiled jejunum and ileum occupied the ventral part of the abdomen between the gizzard and pelvis. The two caeca lay on either side of the terminal ileum with their apices in the pelvis. The rectum was the longest part of the intestine and could be divided into a thick proximal segment situated in the right dorsal part of the abdomen, and a thin distal part that occupied the left caudodorsal part of the abdomen. The trilobed kidneys lay along the ventral surface of the synsacrum, with the adrenal glands at their cranioventral poles. The testes lay ventrally to the cranial divisions of the kidneys, whereas the left ovary was situated ventrally to the cranial division of the left kidney. The spleen lay wedged in between the right kidney, caudal vena cava and proventriculus. The thyroid glands were situated at the cranial borders of the subclavian arteries, and the thymus lay at the base of the neck.     

Vallate papillae in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica)

On the root of the tongue in the rabbit there are two symmetrically located vallate papillae, covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelium is characterized by variable thicknesses, forming epithelial streaks of different length and irregular shape. Taste buds are found both in the epithelium covering the papillae and in the epithelium of the outer walls of the papillae from the side of the furrows. The outer wall of the vallate papillae is gradually transformed with no visible boundary into the surface of the root of the tongue devoid of papillae. The surface of the vallate papillae is uneven. The connective tissue core of the papillae is formed by numerous, irregularly shaped connective tissue papillae, between which epithelial streaks are arranged. Around the connective tissue core of the papillae there is a circular connective tissue fold, with a furrow located on its circumference and the core of the outer wall of the vallate papillae. Numerous excretory ducts of the posterior serous lingual glands (Ebner's glands) open on the fundus of the circular furrow of each vallate papilla. Sometimes excretory ducts of these glands open directly onto the surface of a vallate papilla and then in their vicinity taste buds are found. The results of this study show the structure of vallate papillae on the tongue of adult rabbits, at the same time indicating differences in their structure in comparison to the vallate papillae of other animal species.     

Nerve distribution in the metacarpus and front digit of the horse.

The nerve distribution to the digit of the horse was studied with the compound microscope in serial transverse sections of fetal limbs and plotted on life-size outlines of the horse's foot. It was learned that there is much variation in the topography of the branches of the principal nerves. There is no mirror-image nerve distribution on the 2 sides of the foot. The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve does not extend below the fetlock. The communication between the palmar metacarpal nerves and branches of the dorsal branch of the digital nerves is only a crossing of nerves without exchange of fibers. The palmar metacarpal nerves usually do not innervate structures distal to the pastern joint. The innervation of the deep structures of the equine foot was tabulated.     

Influencing factors on the level of the ovulation rate in sheep during the main breeding season--an ultrasonographic study

The main breeding season for sheep in Germany is from the beginning of September until the end of November. The aim of this study was to determine the factors which influenced the level of the ovulation rate (o. r.) during this period. The examination was conducted over three years and included Booroola.Mutton Merino crosses [heterozygous- (F+) carriers and non-carriers of the Booroola- (FecB) fecundity gene], German Mutton Merino (GMM) and German Blackheaded (GB). In total 1326 examinations were carried out. Between the 8th to 12th day after estrous detection an ovary diagnosis was performed by transrectal scanning with a 7.5 MHz linear probe. The number of the corpora lutea per ewe (o. r.) was documented. The weight and the body condition of the ewes was also determined. During the breeding season the breed of the ewe had the main effect on the level of the o. r. (p < 0.05). This is the reason that the statistical model can only be applied for each breed. The effects of age, year of examination and day of the main breeding season were tested. The age of the ewes and the date of the examination during the breeding season had the main effect on the o. r. In GMM and GB the age influenced the o.r. with an effect of 8.3% and 4.2%. The effect of the season was vice versa (Gmm 3.2%; GB 8.2%). Non-carriers of the Booroola- (FecB) fecundity gene behaved similar like the GMM. However, only the high fecundity carriers of the FecB-gene were strongly influenced by the season. For each breed there exists a typical threshold value for the body weight above which further weight has no effect on the o. r. (GMM 65-70 kg, GB 75-80 kg, non-carriers of the Booroola-FecB gene 55-60 kg and carriers of the FecB-gene 60-65 kg). This value lies at about 80% of the highest measured weight of each breed. The results demonstrated that a balanced age structure in combination with a optimum weight influenced the level of o. r. In addition the date of the season is especially important.     

Density of selected enzymes in the goblet cells of the small intestine in piglets experimentally infected with the coccidium Isospora suis

The density of selected enzymes in the goblet cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine was studied in a group of 12 gnotobiotic piglets experimentally infected with the coccidium Isospora suis one day after parturition (DPP), using the Vickers M-786 scanning and integrating microdensity meter. At an infecting dose of 100,000 oocysts of I. suis, the histochemistry of the goblet cells of the mucous membrane of the piglets changed significantly in the period of 4 to 10 days after infection (DPI). Increases occur in the density of non-specific esterase (EC. 3.1.1.1.) and acid phosphatase (EC. 3.13.2.). The density of acid and neutral muco-substances declines and the densities of alkaline phosphatase (EC. 3.1.3.1.) and aminopeptidase M (EC. 3.4.11.2) are significantly high. The goblet cells of the mid and posterior parts of jejunum are very similar in their histochemistry in the experimentally infected gnotobiotic piglets. In the duodenum and ileum the histochemical picture of the goblet cells shows no substantial difference from the data recorded in the goblet cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine of the four control piglets at an age of two to seven days.     

Effect of supplementing the hen's diet with vitamin A on the accumulation of vitamins A and E,ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the egg yolk and in the embryonic liver

1. The effect of a range of supplementations of vitamin A to the laying hen on the concentration of vitamins A, E, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the maternal liver, the egg yolk and the embryonic liver were investigated. 2. Four groups of 25 Rhode Island Red hens were fed on standard layer-breeder diets with concentrations of supplemented vitamin A ranging from 0 to 120 mug/g retinol equivalents from 28 weeks of age. After 3 months, the concentration of vitamin A in the maternal liver was found to be greatly enhanced in proportion to the increasing rates of supplementation with the vitamin. However, the concentration of vitamin E in the maternal liver was markedly reduced by high dietary contents of vitamin A. 3. The concentration of vitamin A in the yolk of the hens' eggs was markedly increased by the dietary supplementation. However, the concentration of both vitamin E and carotenoids in the yolks were significantly reduced by high dietary contents of vitamin A. 4. The concentration of vitamin A in the liver of the embryo and the day old chick was greatly increased by the high concentrations of maternal vitamin A provision. However, the concentration of vitamin E, carotenoids and ascorbic acid in the embryonic/neonatal liver were significantly reduced by high contents of vitamin A in the maternal diet. 5. The susceptibility of the embryonic/neonatal liver to lipid peroxidation was significantly increased as a result of high provisions of maternal vitamin A. 6. It is concluded that excessive provision of vitamin A to the laying hen results in an adverse effect on vitamin E, carotenoids and ascorbic acid in the embryonic/neonatal liver and can compromise the antioxidant status of the progeny.     

Effect of teasing, mechanical stimulation and the intrauterine infusion of saline on uterine contractions in mares

Uterine motility may have significance for the transportation of spermatozoa and the elimination of the ejaculate and inflammatory products after mares have been covered. The effect of some of the component stimuli of coitus on uterine contractions was investigated by using M-mode ultrasound. The number, amplitude and duration of the uterine contractions of each uterine horn and of the uterine body were measured in oestrous mares for four minutes before and four minutes after teasing by a stallion, mechanical stimulation of the vagina and cervix, the intrauterine infusion of 80 ml of sterile saline, the intrauterine infusion of 10 ml of sterile saline, the intrauterine infusion of 150 ml of sterile saline, and the transcervical passage of a uterine catheter. Teasing by a stallion did not affect the total number, mean amplitude or mean duration of the uterine contractions. Mechanical stimulation of the vagina and cervix increased the total number of uterine contractions, but did not affect the amplitude or duration of the contractions. The intrauterine infusion of 80 ml of sterile saline resulted in an increase in the total number of contractions and a significant increase in the mean amplitude and the mean duration of the contractions in the uterine horns but not the uterine body. The intrauterine infusion of 10 ml of sterile saline caused a significant decrease in the number of uterine contractions in the uterine horns, but had no effect on the contractions of the uterine body. The infusion of 150 ml of sterile saline reduced the number of contractions in the uterine horns but not the uterine body, and did not affect the mean amplitude and mean duration of the contractions. The transcervical insertion of a catheter reduced the number of contractions in the uterine horns, but did not affect the amplitude or duration of the uterine contractions.     

Effect of bilateral orchidectomy on serum testosterone levels in boars]

Bilateral orchidectomy caused a marked decrease in the concentration of testosterone in the bood plasma of boars already in the early post-castration stage of three hours after the operation. In the period from 3 to 207 days after castration, the pre-operation levels of plasma testosterone decrease by 84.4%, on an average. Adreno-cortical compensation of the concentration of the hormone did not occur in the post-castration period. The conclusion is that the levels of testosterone in the blood of boars are mostly of testicular origin and can be considered as the main criterion of the incretion function of the testes. The discussion concerns the practical importance of the determination of testosterone levels in the blood of boars for clinical evaluation of the hormonal function of the testes and for diagnostics of incretion hypogonodism.     

Cutaneous innervation of the thorax and abdomen of the dog

The anatomy of the cutaneous nerves innervating the canine thorax and abdomen was investigated by gross dissection of 38 dogs. Additionally, the cutaneous areas innervated by the thoracic and abdominal cutaneous nerves were mapped in a 2nd group of 33 barbiturate-anesthetized male dogs, using electrophysiologic techniques. The skin of the thorax was innervated by dorsal cutaneous branches, lateral cutaneous branches, and ventral cutaneous branches of the spinal nerves. The dorsal cutaneous branches were branches of the dorsal primary branches of spinal nerves C6 and T2 through T11. The lateral cutaneous branches were branches of the ventral primary branches of spinal nerves T2 through T12. The ventral cutaneous branches were branches of the ventral primary branches of spinal nerves T2 through T10. The skin of the abdomen was innervated by dorsal and lateral cutaneous branches of spinal nerves T12 through L3 (and occasionally L4). The cutaneous areas of the dorsal cutaneous branches occupied the dorsal half of the scapular and thoracic regions and the dorsal 2/5 of the abdominal region. The cutaneous areas of the lateral cutaneous branches covered the major portion of the ventral half of the thorax and the ventral 3/5 of the abdomen. The cutaneous areas of the ventral cutaneous branches occupied the axilla and the ventral part of the thoracic wall.     

Collagen biochemistry of avian bone: comparison of bone type and skeletal site.

1. Skeletal disorders in poultry are of considerable welfare and economic importance. The collagenous matrix in bone is involved in many human skeletal disorders, however little is known about the nature of the collagenous matrix in avian bone. 2. This paper describes an investigation of the collagen and mineral biochemistry together with the biomechanics of bone from different sites (humerus and tibiotarsus) and with differing functions (medullary and cortical bone). In vivo and in vitro studies of immature bone assessed the changes in collagen biochemistry during bone maturation. 3. The material strength of the humerus was greater than the tibiotarsus; this difference in strength was reflected in both the collagen and mineral matrix biochemistry. 4. The bone matrix of the humerus was more mature than that of the tibiotarsus, suggesting a higher level of matrix turnover in the tibiotarsus. The pyrrole collagen cross-link concentrations were positively correlated with breaking stress, in contrast to the pyridinoline cross-link concentrations, neither of which showed any correlation with bone strength. 5. The in vivo and in vitro maturation studies underline the importance of the pyrrole cross-link in avian bone and support the mechanism postulated by Kuypers et al. (1992) for the formation of the pyrrole cross-link from a lysine aldehyde and the immature cross-links HLKNL or LKNL. 6. Medullary bone had no biomechanical influence on the breaking stress of the bone. The biochemistry of the matrix was dramatically different. The high level of collagen lysine hydroxylation affected the cross-link profile and may be responsible for the narrow fibrils and disorganised matrix of this bone. 7. Avian bone matrix varies greatly with skeletal site and reflects the differing functions of bone. Further investigation of the collagenous matrix of both normal and diseased avian bone has the potential to aid our understanding of the aetiology of avian skeletal disease.     

Acid-base status in newborn calves during the first days of life considering different states of vitality]

The aim of this study is to describe the differentiations of the acid-base status in bovine neonates during the first 96 hours of life. Due to the short intervals in the taking of blood samples, noticeable fluctuations in the acid-base status during the first minutes and hours of life of newborn calves were documented. Altogether, 25 matures and eutrophe calves of the DSB, DRB and DFV breeds were provided by the clinic for this study. Apart from an immediate post natum clinical interpretation of the vital signs in the neonates-using the APGAR-score-the pH value, current Base Excess and the CO2 pressure were simultaneously ascertained. Further continuous evaluation of the acid-base status was subsequently followed in the first phase of adaptation. For that alone, twelve blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis within the first 60 minutes after parturition. Until the end of the examination period on the fourth day of life, the tests amounted to 26 measurements altogether per experimentee. Due to the concrete results ascertained from the initial clinical and laboratory observations, the experimentees could be divided into distinct classes of vitality. The acid-base status of all the calves deteriorated during the first minutes of life, indicating that the pH value and Base Excess fall clearly under the initial level in all aspects of vitality directly post natum. On average the minimum pH values are reached between the third and 15th minute of life and remain between 0.019 and 0.096 below the initial values during this period. A varying rapid increase of the pH value follows, together with a balancing out of the Base difference. Despite isolated individual variations as the acid-base status develops, the lowering of the pH values in the first minutes of life is assessed as being a normal biological phenomenon. Deviations from this occur rarely (8%) and do not conform to the norm. The pH value stabilization in connection with this crucial early postnatal phase occurs to such a high degree that, without stagnation, on average all experimentees show pH values between 7,270 and 7,300 after 180 minutes of life-regardless of which vitality group they belong to. After reaching this common value at the end of the third hour of life, the further development of the ph values and the consequential resulting parameters in all three vitality groups are similar. A stagnation of the rising pH value between the 4th and 12th hour of life was established during the examination. Moderate stabilization then set in after this phase. Between the 24th and 36th hour of life all experimentees reached an average highest pH value of 7,400. Until the end of the examination period, however, this then dropped slightly to values between 7,380 and 7,395.     

Adaptation of the muscles of mastication to the flat skull feature in the polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

The muscles of mastication of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and those of the brown bear (U. arctos) were examined by anatomical approach. In addition, the examination of the skull was carried out in the polar bear, brown bear and giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). In the polar bear, the rostro-ventral part of the superficial layer of the M. masseter possessed the abundant fleshy portion folded in the rostral and lateral directions like an accordion. Moreover, the rostro-medial area of the superficial layer became hollow in the nuchal direction when the mouth was closed. The M. temporalis of the polar bear covered up the anterior border of the coronoid process of the mandible and occupied the almost entire area of the cranial surface. The M. pterygoideus medialis of the polar bear was inserted on the ventral border of the mandible and on the ventral part of the temporal bone more widely than that of the brown bear. As results of our measurements of the mandible, an effect of the leverage in the polar bear was the smallest in three species. In the polar bear, the skull was flat, and the space between zygomatic arch and ventral border of the mandible, occupied by the M. masseter was the narrowest. It is suggested that the muscles of mastication of the polar bear is adapted to the flat skull feature for supplementing the functions.     

枯草芽孢杆菌Pab02喷雾剂对肉鸡呼吸道菌群的影响

选取48羽7日龄艾维茵肉公鸡随机分为对照组和试验组,试验组动物房内每日8时喷雾1mL/m3的枯草芽孢杆菌Pab02制剂（108 CFU/mL）,对照组同法喷雾100mL蒸馏水。28日龄时对肉鸡测体质量,采用活菌计数法和PCR-DGGE法对28,49日龄肉鸡呼吸道菌群进行检测,石蜡组织切片法对肺部结构进行观察。结果显示,喷雾枯草芽孢杆菌Pab02对28日龄肉鸡的采食量、日增重、料肉比等生长性能有所提高,但不显著（P〉0.05）;喷雾Pab02能增加49日龄呼吸道细菌数量（P〈0.01）,提高同一生态位菌群的稳定性和呼吸道菌群的多样性;Pab02喷雾剂不引起肺组织损伤,能使淋巴小结增多。结果表明,芽孢杆菌Pab02喷雾剂不能显著改善肉鸡的生长性能,但是能调节呼吸道菌群的结构,增强肺脏的免疫功能。     

The Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine in the Third Reich. Part 1: early history, assumption of power and consolidation of the Nazi regime

During the time of the Weimar republic the professors and students at the School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover had a national-conservative political attitude with a clearly anti-republican tendency. Before 1933 the National Socialism did not play a role at the school. After the assumption of power by Hitler the 'Gleichschaltung'--which also took place at the universities--ran mostly smoothly at the veterinary school. 75% of the teaching staff and 50% of the students had joined the NSDAP (nazi party) respectively the NSDStB (nazi student organisation) at the end of the summer semester 1933. The following development of the school until World War II is closely connected with the foundation of the Military Veterinary Academy in Hannover in 1935. During the years 1935-1939 offerings were made in a traditional way and without political considerations playing a major role. With the beginning of World War II the school developed into the centre of veterinary studies in Germany. In order to meet the demand of veterinary officers and civil veterinarians the studies were shortened, trimesters were temporarily introduced und standards of examinations were lowered. At the end of the war around 45% of the school was destroyed. In the beginning the denazification meant a significant turning point but it developed into a mere episode of the history of the school by the reappointment of all the seven professors who had been dismissed in 1945/46.