Influence of low soil nitrogen and phosphorus on gluten polymeric and monomeric protein distribution in two high quality spring wheat cultivars

The effect of low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and a combination of the two on the distribution of polymeric and monomeric proteins in two high quality spring bread wheat cultivars was investigated for two consecutive seasons. Size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) was used to determine the quantity and relationships of monomeric and polymeric proteins, and their relationship with flour protein content (FPC) and SDS sedimentation volume (SDSS). The low nitrogen and combined low nitrogen and low phosphorus treatments had a much larger effect on the protein fractions than the low phosphorus treatment alone. The SDS-soluble large monomeric protein fraction and the percentage SDS-insoluble monomeric proteins, were significantly increased under low nitrogen and a combination of low nitrogen and low phosphorus treatments. The percentage SDS-insoluble large and total polymeric proteins was significantly reduced under low nitrogen and a combination of low nitrogen and phosphorus treatments. The SDS-soluble and -insoluble small polymeric proteins were significantly increased under both low nitrogen and a combination of low nitrogen and low phosphorus treatments. The low nitrogen treatment consistently caused the lowest FPC and SDSS values. Under low nitrogen conditions, there was a significant positive correlation between the SDS-soluble gliadins and SDSS, and FPC.     

Characterization of rice storage proteins by SE-HPLC and micro z-arm mixer

While the effect of protein content and composition on the functional properties of wheat flour is well studied, our knowledge on the same properties of rice flour is limited. This work was conducted to study the relationship between the dough mixing properties of flour from different rice cultivars and protein content and composition. An efficient sonication-based two-step extraction procedure was applied to isolate rice flour proteins. The size-exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) method, originally developed for separating wheat proteins, was applied with some minor modifications in order to study the size distribution of rice flour proteins. Four fractions were distinguished on the SE-HPLC profile and were further characterized by SDS-PAGE. Fractions I–III consisted of glutelins, while fraction IV contained albumin, globulin and prolamin proteins. When rice dough was characterized on the basis of mixing parameters in a micro z-arm mixer, significant differences were observed depending on the protein composition of the flour. Statistical analysis results indicated that the functional properties of the flour from different rice cultivars were associated with the amount of polymeric proteins and their size distribution.     

Evidence for different supramolecular arrangements in pasta from durum wheat (Triticum durum) and einkorn (Triticum monococcum) flours

The effects of the replacement of einkorn flour on pasta proteins aggregation were studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion high performance chromatography. Pasta was produced replacing durum wheat semolina with an increasing amount of einkorn flour (30, 50 and 100%). The polymeric protein structure of flours and related pasta and pasta mixture was determined by protein subunits composition and size of polymeric proteins. The unextractability of polymeric protein was related to the unextractable protein fraction and to the determination of –SH/-SS groups. Durum wheat semolina and einkorn flours increased their unextractable and polymeric fractions during pasta processing. The unexpected results derived from the areas of unextractable fractions and total and large unextractable polymeric fractions of 70/30 semolina/einkorn pasta mixture that were lower than those of 50/50 semolina/einkorn pasta mixture. Although the semolina flour contained more gluten proteins than einkorn flour, a higher aggregation was registered for 50/50 semolina/einkorn flour pasta. These results suggested that a different assessment of gluten network occurred in pasta mixture and it was regulated by a self-assembling machine influenced by nature of HMW-GS. The 50/50 semolina/einkorn pasta mixture determined a supramolecular structure in the developing of its network architecture.     

不同土壤肥力下施氮量对小麦产量和品质的影响

为探究氮肥在不同土壤肥力条件下对小麦的增产提质效应,以强筋小麦品种丰德存麦5号和中筋小麦品种百农207为供试材料,分别在三个地点设置0、180、240和300 kg·hm^-2四个施氮水平,研究了不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,地点、品种和施氮量均对小麦产量有显著影响,其中地点的影响最大,其次是施氮量,品种最小。在高肥力麦田,施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2时产量最高,中高肥力麦田和低肥力麦田均以施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。不施氮肥条件下,品质指标以高肥力麦田较高,低肥力麦田最低,表明基础肥力高有利于改善小麦品质。施用氮肥均显著提高了小麦籽粒中的蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量,延长了形成时间和稳定时间,各试验点表现一致。利用主成分分析将小麦品质性状转化为蛋白质因子和面粉粉质因子,结果表明,在低肥力麦田,施氮量对蛋白质因子的增强效应较大,在中高肥力麦田,施氮量能均衡提高蛋白质因子和粉质因子;在高肥力麦田,施氮量对小麦粉质因子的增强效应较大。不论土壤肥力高低,均以施氮量为240 kg·...     

Winter wheat genotypes under different levels of nitrogen and water stress: Changes in grain protein composition

Hard white winter wheat with superior and consistent quality is preferable for Asian markets. This study investigated the combined influences of moisture deficit during grain-fill and N management on protein quality, dough rheological properties, and protein molecular weight distributions in soft and hard winter wheats. Genotypes were grown under an irrigation gradient and two N-fertilization levels. Grain polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, SDS sedimentation, and Mixograph analyses were evaluated. Flour protein composition was characterized using SE-HPLC. Moisture stress during grain-fill increased flour protein content. N fertilization increased flour protein content. No significant correlation was found between flour protein and PPO. Changes in protein composition were related to general increases in protein content, regardless if the result of reduced irrigation or increased fertilization rate. The percentage of monomeric proteins increased more than the polymeric proteins as flour protein increased. Similarly, SDS sedimentation volume increased as a function of protein content. As expected, subunit GluD1 5+10 was associated with larger sedimentation volume and higher dough strength in genotypes as compared to those with subunit GluD1 2+12. Biplot analyses showed that genotypes of similar protein quality and composition responded similarly to N and irrigation treatments.     

Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in grain of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A long-term (1999–2007) field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 130, and 300 kg N/ha) on micronutrient density in wheat grain and its milling fractions. At maturity, grains were harvested and fractionated into flour, shorts, and bran for micronutrient and N analysis. N fertilization increased iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) density in wheat grain compared to the control. Increase of N application rate from 130 to 300 kg N/ha, however, did not further increase the three micronutrient densities in grain. Micronutrient concentrations were usually highest in the bran and lowest in the flour. High N application increased Zn and Cu densities in all three milling fractions and increased Fe concentration in shorts and bran but not in flour. N application did not affect the manganese (Mn) concentration in grain. N fertilization changed the proportions of Fe and Cu in flour and bran but did not affect the distribution of Zn. Because N fertilization increased micronutrient accumulation in wheat grain, proper management of N fertilization has the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of this important food.     

不同春生叶龄期追氮对冬小麦产量形成和抗倒性能的影响

为明确兼顾冬小麦高产和抗倒伏的春季最佳追氮时期,设置品种、追氮期二因素裂区试验,其中,2015-2016年以山农16（SN16）和石新828（SX828）2个品种为主区,2016-2017年以藁优2018（GY2018）、科农2009（KN2009）和石4366（SH4366）3个品种为主区,两年均以春3、4、5、6叶伸出时分别追施总施N量240 kg·hm^-2中的50%氮肥（分别用N3～N6表示）为副区。在关键生育时期调查群体总茎数,成熟期调查茎秆抗倒伏相关性状及产量构成因素。结果表明,拔节至孕穗期一般以N3或N4处理总茎数最多,开花至成熟期一般以N4处理的穗数最多,N5处理的成穗率最高;孕穗期至开花后24 d,N4处理的叶面积指数（LAI）最大,N6处理的最小;大部分品种以N4处理的株高最高,不同叶龄期追氮处理的重心高度则因品种而异;N4处理小麦基部第2节间最长,节间充实度和机械强度最小,N3和N4处理的抗倒指数最低。抗倒指数和机械强度与株高、重心高度、节间长度均呈极显著负相关,与节间直径、茎壁厚度和充实度均呈极显著正相关。不同叶龄期追氮对每公顷穗数和穗粒数的影响较小,大部分小麦品种以N4处理的穗数最多,且施氮处理间的差异一般不显著。石新828和藁优2018各施氮处理千粒重的差异不显著,另外3个品种N4处理的千粒重高于其他处理。5个品种中除藁优2018以N5处理的籽粒产量最高外,其他品种均以N4处理的籽粒产量最高,且均与N5处理的差异不显著。综合来看,春4叶期追氮产量性状最优而倒伏风险最大;春5叶期追氮的籽粒产量与春4叶期追氮的差异不显著,但其抗倒能力显著提高,可以兼顾高产和抗倒伏,因此,春5叶期为河北平原春季最佳追氮时期。在灌水条件常成为限制因素的该地区小麦生产中,春4叶至春5叶期根据水源情况灌水和随水追施氮肥,都是比较适宜的。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

高有机质土壤条件下施氮对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

为研究高有机质含量土壤条件下施用氮肥对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响,选择土壤有机质含量为3．09％的地块,通过播前底施和拔节期追施等量氮肥（225kg／ha）,对两个强筋小麦品种（8901-11和济麦20）的产量和部分生理及品质指标进行了研究。结果表明,增施氮肥有利于提高叶片叶绿素含量、氮素含量以及旗叶硝酸还原酶活性;施用氮肥可显著提高籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值、谷蛋白大聚合体及谷蛋白含量,且追施效果优于底施;追施氮肥可以更好地调节籽粒蛋白的组成及含量,从而改善籽粒营养及加工品质。对于清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白等三种蛋白质组分的含量,不同小麦品种的施氮反应不尽相同。本试验中,施氮处理对8901-11的影响大于对济麦20的影响。     

氮肥施用量及施用时期对小麦品质性状的影响

为了探明不同氮肥运筹对西南麦区小麦品质性状的影响,以小麦品种(系)R210和川农25为材料,采用2因素3水平随机区组设计研究了施氮量及施氮时期对小麦品质性状的影响.结果表明,蛋白质及其组分含量、干面筋含量、沉淀值和稳定时间、粉质质量指数均随施氮量的增加而提高.施氮时期对品质性状的影响表现为:全施底肥有利于提高沉淀值、粉质质量指数及醇溶蛋白含量;采用底肥∶三叶期肥=1∶1的方式有利于提高GMP含量;采用底肥∶三叶期肥∶孕穗期肥=5∶2∶3的方式,有利于提高干面筋的含量,降低弱化度.不同品种的优质栽培方式不同,R210以底肥∶三叶期肥∶孕穗期肥=5∶2∶3,施用纯氮18 g/m2品质最优,川农25以全施底肥,施用纯氮18 g/m2品质最优.     

播后镇压和冬前灌溉对冬小麦干物质转移和氮素利用效率的影响

为明确播后镇压和冬前灌溉对高产冬小麦干物质和氮素转移及氮素利用效率的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12为材料,采用裂区田间试验,于开花期和成熟期,测定不同器官的干物质和氮积累量和转移量、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、氮吸收效率和氮肥生产效率。结果表明,冬灌和镇压处理下,2个品种开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量下降,开花前各营养器官干物质的转移量、转移率及对籽粒的贡献率均降低,但开花后籽粒中的干物质积累量增加。冬灌处理小麦成熟期的总干物质积累量和产量下降。冬灌处理下,石新828开花后籽粒中的氮积累量增加,开花后氮素对籽粒的贡献率提高,但各器官的氮转移量显著降低,籽粒氮积累总量显著减少,氮吸收效率下降;冬灌对石麦12成熟期籽粒氮素积累量影响不显著。与不镇压相比,镇压处理下,2个品种开花期的氮积累总量和不同器官中的氮积累量均降低,而成熟期各器官氮积累量及分配比例的差异均不显著。镇压处理与不镇压处理相比,2个品种开花前营养器官中的氮转移量、转移率和贡献率均降低,但是开花后的氮积累量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率提高,其中,镇压的石麦12开花前氮转移量、贡献率和开花后氮积累量、贡献率与不镇压的差异达显著水平;成熟期籽粒氮素积累量的差异不显著。建议在足墒播种条件下不必进行冬灌,应根据播种前后土壤和水分条件确定是否需要镇压。     

Stability of wheat proteins in solution

Gluten from defatted wheat flour was used to study the stability of protein extracts during various steps that are routinely made in protein analyses. These included aqueous extraction and short-term storage, handling of chromatographic fractions, freeze-drying and reconstitution. Protein composition was monitored by size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Distilled, deionized and sterilized water were used to prepare the gluten solutions (TFA or HCl solutions at pH 3.0) and to prepare elution solvents. In distilled or deionized water there was a decrease of polymeric protein and a corresponding increase in the monomeric components with time unless initial heating was applied. Protein extracts obtained from gluten and solvents prepared with freshly sterilized water showed no change during storage for 4 days at a temperature of 25 °C. Microbiological assays of the water samples supported the view that microbial contaminants were the source of proteases. After elution from SE-HPLC column with acetonitrile/water followed by freeze-drying and re-dissolution, the SE-HPLC profile of the monomeric proteins was unchanged. However, polymeric proteins aggregated, lost solubility and showed an altered SE-HPLC profile. The effect appeared to be due to the presence of acetonitrile and could be avoided by membrane concentration instead of freeze-drying.     

水氮限量供给下两个高产小麦品种氮素吸收与利用特征

为给华北地区冬小麦节水高产高效栽培提供理论依据,选用当地两个主栽冬小麦品种济麦22和石麦15为材料,在大田春灌一水(W1)和春灌二水(W2)2个灌水条件下均设置192kg.hm-2(N1)和270kg.hm-2(N2)2个施氮水平,研究了在水氮限量供给下冬小麦氮素吸收利用特征。结果表明:(1)在W1水平下,济麦22籽粒产量N1与N2处理无显著差异,石麦15籽粒产量N1处理显著高于N2处理;在W2水平下,两个小麦品种均以N1处理籽粒产量最高;在相同施氮水平下,两个小麦品种籽粒产量均以W2处理最高;在不同水氮处理下,济麦22籽粒产量高于石麦15。(2)在相同灌溉水平下,两品种氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率均以N1处理较高;在相同施氮水平下,两个品种氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率均以W2处理较高;在不同水氮处理下,济麦22氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率高于石麦15。(3)在相同灌溉水平下,两小麦品种花后氮素积累量和分配比例均以N1处理最高;在相同施氮水平下,两小麦品种花后氮素积累量和分配比例均以W2处理最高。在不同水氮处理下,石麦15花后氮素积累量和分配比例高于济麦22。(4)方差分析表明,灌溉、品种、氮肥以及氮肥与品种、灌溉与氮肥的互作对籽粒产量影响均达显著水平,其中灌溉效应起主导作用。综合分析认为,两个小麦品种在限量供水(W2水平)、适量供氮(N1)处理下可以协调促进花后氮素积累、分配和有效转运,获得高产、高氮素利用效率和高氮肥生产效率。     

Effects of post-anthesis fertilizer on the protein composition of the gluten polymer in a US bread wheat

Both genetic and environmental factors influence the types and amounts of wheat proteins that link together to form polymers essential for flour quality. To understand how plant growth conditions might influence gluten polymer formation, protein fractions containing small and large polymers were separated from flour from the US wheat Butte 86 grown in the absence or presence of post-anthesis fertilizer. Proteins in the polymer fractions were analyzed by quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The ratio of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) to low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) increased in both fractions in response to fertilizer, due in part to small increases in the proportions of individual HMW-GS. There were also changes within the LMW-GS. In particular, omega and alpha chain terminators increased in proportion in both polymer fractions, but changes were more pronounced in the large polymer fractions. Serpins also increased in both polymer fractions. Additionally, the study revealed differences in the proportions of traditional LMW-GS in small and large polymer fractions. LMW-s type proteins were more abundant in the large polymers while LMW-i type proteins were more prevalent in the small polymers, suggesting that these proteins may play different roles in the gluten polymer.     

长期定位施肥对不同筋力型小麦品质的影响

为了解长期施肥对小麦品质的作用,在33年长期定位施肥试验的基础上,分析了不同施肥条件下强筋小麦品种徐麦32和弱筋小麦品种宁麦13蛋白及淀粉相关品质特性。结果表明,有机肥、无机肥以及有机肥与品种的互作对小麦大部分蛋白和淀粉特性参数有显著或极显著影响。施肥对徐麦32和宁麦13蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值及面粉糊化特性参数影响基本一致。单施氮肥处理的蛋白质含量显著高于其他处理,单施有机肥处理显著低于其他处理,其他处理间无显著差异。干、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值与蛋白质含量呈较明显的正相关。施有机肥处理的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及峰值时间均显著高于不施有机肥处理,说明有机肥能显著改善小麦面粉的糊化特性;而无论施有机肥与否,施用无机肥不能显著改善面粉糊化特性。综上所述,长期有机、无机肥配合施用有利于弱筋小麦品质的改善,而对强筋小麦品质的改善不利。大田生产中应根据不同专用品种对品质的不同要求施用不同种类的肥料。     

长期定位施氮条件下不同品质类型冬小麦适宜施氮量的研究

为了探明河北不同品质类型冬小麦的适宜施氮量,在十年定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施氮水平（0、60、120、180、240和360 kg·hm^-2）下小麦中筋品种济麦22、中强筋品种石优20、强筋品种藁优2018和超强筋品种师栾02-1的产量和品质以及农田氮素平衡和土壤氮素盈余状况。结果表明,产量和品质在不同类型小麦品种间及氮肥处理间均差异显著。不施氮和施氮60 kg·hm^-2处理的产量和品质显著低于其他处理。长期不施氮肥时各小麦品种的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间等品质指标降至弱筋麦水平。济麦22、石优20、藁优2018和师栾02-1实现高产高效的适宜施氮范围依次是120～240、180～240、120～300和120～240 kg·hm^-2,济麦22达到品种本身品质水平的适宜施氮量范围为120～300 kg·hm^-2,其他品种为180～240 kg·hm^-2。不同品质指标对施氮量的反应有差异,强筋品种的蛋白质含量和面团稳定时间在施氮120 kg·hm^-2条件下能达到较高水平,而湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和延伸性则需要更高施氮量才能达到较高水平。济麦22、石优20、藁优2018和师栾02-1达到农田氮素表观平衡的适宜施氮量分别为197、166、199和218 kg·hm^-2,土壤氮素表观平衡的施氮量均为212 kg·hm^-2。过量施氮不能提高小麦产量和品质,降低施肥效益,会造成土壤氮素盈余。可见,施氮180 kg·hm^-2为最优施氮处理,能实现小麦高产、高效、优质和生态安全的统一。     

Relationships Between Mixograph Parameters and Indices of Wheat Grain Quality

A 10-gram Mixograph was used to analyse 39 bread wheat cultivars having various agricultural characteristics and origins. Eleven parameters obtained during the first 8 minutes of the mixing procedure were selected using a repeatability analysis in order to investigate variations between genotypes. Several flour protein fractions characterised by their extractability properties and size distributions were quantified. In addition grain hardness, water-extractable arabinoxylan contents and relative arabinoxylan viscosity were also determined and correlated with dough formation during mixing. Dough consistency, as measured by the height of the Mixogram, was correlated with grain hardness, as expressed by the starch damage content and the proportion (%) of flour particles larger than 37·8 μm. No significant relation was found with the water-extractable arabinoxylan content or the relative arabinoxylan viscosity. The width and height of the Mixogram was related to the proportion of unaggregated proteins before the mixing peak and to polymeric proteins after the dough consistency reached a maximum. The Mixograph proved to be a powerful tool to investigate indices of bread making quality.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on grain phytic acid and protein concentrations in japonica rice and its variations with genotypes

Thirty-one japonica cultivars with contrasting agronomic traits were used and 5 nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments of level and timing were performed to determine the effects of N application on grain phytic acid and proteins including albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin. Variance analysis showed a large effect of N and a smaller effect of cultivar on grain phytic acid and proteins. With increased N level, grain phytic acid concentrations progressively reduced whereas concentrations of the 4 proteins and ratios of glutelin to total protein increased, indicating that N level has a beneficial effect on rice nutritional quality. In addition, substantial genotypic differences in response of grain phytic acid and proteins to N treatments were detected. Some cultivars such as Xiushui09, Zhendao10, and Yanjing5 exhibited more stability of grain proteins under contrasting N treatments, and the significance of this stability is discussed in regard to its use in rice quality improvement.     

冬小麦同化物、氮素转移量和转移效率对氮肥的反应

为探究不同品种冬小麦花前同化物和氮素转移对氮肥的反应,以NR9405、9430、偃师9号、小偃6号、陕229号和西农2208等冬小麦品种为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,测定和分析了土壤不同供氮状况下冬小麦花前同化产物和氮素转移的变化。结果表明,施用氮肥可显著增加冬小麦花前干物质转移量和转移效率以及花前和花后吸氮量、花前氮转移量,提高花前干物质对籽粒的贡献率、总吸氮量和籽粒产量,但降低了花前氮的转移效率、对籽粒的贡献率和氮素利用效率。品种间花前干物质转移量、转移效率、对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒产量以及花前吸氮量、花后吸氮量、总吸氮量、花前氮转移量、转移效率、对籽粒的贡献率、氮素利用效率均存在显著或极显著差异。施氮后不同品种的干物质和氮素各性状指标变化幅度明显不同,说明品种之间对氮肥反应的敏感程度有差异。因此通过改变遗传因素和氮肥施用量可促进冬小麦花前同化物和氮素向籽粒的转移．提高籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。     

Predicting wheat quality – consequences of the ascorbic acid improver effect

Genotype and environment sets of wheat cultivars and breeding lines were tested for bread making, dough mixing, dough rheology, protein composition and thiol/disulphide composition to find methods that could identify wheat with high baking quality (high-BQ) and moderate work input (moderate-WI) requirement using the mechanical dough development system. Wheat with these properties generally had a high baking response to ascorbic acid (AA) and a GluD1a (HMW-GS 2 + 12) allelic composition. Strong wheat with high WI and high-BQ generally had low baking response to AA and a GluD1d (HMW-GS 5 + 10) allelic composition. Using protein composition data to identify wheat of high-BQ (with AA) and moderate-WI, it was best to select wheat with as high as possible percent of SDS-unextractable polymeric protein (%UPP) in flour and as low as possible %UPP in total polymeric protein. Using a dough extension test for identifying wheat of high-BQ (with AA) and moderate-WI, it was best to select wheat with intermediate values for maximum resistance to extension (Rmax) and for values of extension at Rmax as high as possible within the intermediate Rmax range. Cysteine content of protein fractions and glutathione content of flour gave mostly poor to weak correlations with all baking and mixing properties.