Effects of formulation and environment on absorption and translocation of clopyralid in Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Polygonum convolvulus L

The patterns of absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C clopyralid commercially formulated as the acid, monoethanolamine salt, potassium salt, 2-ethylhexyl ester and 1 -decyl ester were compared in Cirsium arvense and Polygonum convolvulus grown under three environmental regimes. Plants were grown under a 35% or 65% RH regime in silica sand maintained at 33% w/w moisture or under a water stress regime at 65% RH. Approxi mately 26,39,86,93 and 100% of the applied ¹⁴C-activity from the 2-ethylhexyl ester, acid, monoethanolamine salt, 1-decyl ester and potas sium salt, respectively, were recovered 72 h after application to glass cover slips placed in the growth room. However, loss of applied ¹⁴C-activity after application of the five formulations to both plant species was significant only for the 2-ethylhexyl ester. Regardless of environmental regime, the acid was the most readily absorbed formulation. In contrast to the acid, the salts and esters were less readily absorbed. When the data were expressed as a percentage of absorbed radioactivity, there was no significant difference in translocation when the acid, monoethanolamine salt and potassium salt were compared. However, significantly smaller quantities of the absorbed 2-ethylhexyl and 1-decyl ester were exported from the treated leaf. These results indicate that once absorbed, the esters do not readily partition out of the cuticle, whereas the acid and two salts move into the symplast for subsequent translocation. When the results of the three environmental regimes were compared, the absorption of the monoethanolamine and potas sium salts were greatly reduced under low humi dity or water stress, whereas the acid and esters were not affected.     

Comparison of the uptake, movement and metabolism of fluroxypyr in Stellaria media and Viola arvensis

The uptake, movement and metabolism of fluroxypyr* is compared in two contrasting weed species, Stellaria media (susceptible) and Viola arvensis (moderately resistant). Similar rates of uptake occurred in both species, with a rapid cuticular uptake of 50% of that applied within 4 h. Total uptake by the underlying leaf tissue reached 66.6% and 70.8% in S. media and V. arvensis after 7 days. In translocation studies, in which ¹⁴C-fluroxypyr was applied to previously sprayed plants, 5.1% of applied ¹⁴C-activity was translocated from the treated leaves of S. media after 1 day, which increased to 42.2% after 7 days, recovered mainly from the stem tissue. In V. arvensis translocation was similar after 24 h however, after 7 days over 40% of applied ¹⁴C-activity remained in the treated leaves and only 9.7% was translocated, mainly to the developing leaves and apical tissue. ¹⁴C-activity extracted from the cuticle was the methylheptyl ester of fluroxypyr in both species. In the treated leaves and apical tissue, ¹⁴C-activity was the free acid of fluroxypyr and polar conjugates with a significantly greater proportion of the acid in S. media. It is concluded that the resistance or V. arvensis is partially due to reduced translocation and greater conjugation than in the susceptible S. media.     

Efficacy of five different formulations of clopyralid on Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, and Polygonum convolvulus L

Experiments were conducted in a controlled environment growth room to compare the phytotoxicity of five formulations of clopyralid and to determine the effect of post-treatment simulated rainfall applications on the efficacy of these formulations. Clopyralid, formulated as the acid, monoethanolamine salt, potassium salt, 2-ethylhexyl ester or 1-decyl ester was applied to Cirsium arvense or Polygonum convolvulus at the 8–10 and 4–6 leaf stage of development, respectively. Based on the shoot and root dry weight data from both species, the 2-ethylhexyl ester was consistently less phytotoxic than the other four formulations. With respect to Cirsium arvense shoot and root dry weight, there was no difference in efficacy between the acid, monoethanolamine salt, potassium salt and 1-decyl ester. Root dry weight changes of Polygonum convolvulus did not correlate well with an increase in dose of the five formulations. Maximum increase in stem diameter of Polygonum convolvulus occurred after application of 100 g a.e. ha^?1 of the acid, monoethanolamine salt, potassium salt and 1-decyl ester whereas with the 2-ethylhexyl ester, the maximum increase occurred after application of 200 g a.e. ha^?1. Simulated rainfall was applied 3, 6, 9 or 12 h after application of 200 g a.e. ha^?1 of the five clopyralid formulations to both species. Rainfall reduced the efficacy of clopyralid, regardless of the formulation or species. The 2-ethylhexyl ester was less efficacious than the other four formulations, irrespective of the timing of simulated rainfall.     

Alternatives to hexazinone and terbuthylazine for chemical control of Cytisus scoparius in Pinus radiata plantations in New Zealand

Two herbicides used for post‐plant weed control in commercial forests in New Zealand, terbuthylazine and hexazinone, are not endorsed for use on land certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). These herbicides are effective for controlling competitive woody weeds, such as Cytisus scoparius (broom). To investigate the potential of non‐residual, alternative herbicides for the control of C. scoparius after planting, a range of treatments were implemented at two trials. The trials were established in newly planted Pinus radiata plantations where C. scoparius dominated. The objectives were to (i) optimise application rates of alternative herbicides and compare their efficacy to current practice and (ii) identify if treatment efficacy varied across sites. Treatments at each site included weedy and weed‐free controls, current practice using terbuthylazine and hexazinone, applied as both spot treatment and broadcast application, and a range of new treatments consisting of different dosage combinations of clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram. Broadcast application of the clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram mixture showed increasing weed‐control efficacy against C. scoparius with increasing dose rate, resulting in increased tree volume. Broadcast application of the clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram mixture at 75% or 100% of a typical industry use rate (100% industry rate includes clopyralid 1.5 kg a.i. ha^?1, triclopyr 0.15 kg a.i. ha^?1 and picloram 0.05 kg a.i. ha^?1) achieved greatest tree volume by year four with tree volumes exceeding that obtained using the operational spot treatment with terbuthylazine and hexazinone. Treatment rankings were similar between locations. The result supports the use of clopyralid, triclopyr and picloram to control C. scoparius during the first year of P. radiata establishment.     

Control of the invasive liana, Hiptage benghalensis

The liana, hiptage ( Hiptage benghalensis ), is currently invading the wet tropics of northern Queensland and remnant bushland in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Trials using seven herbicides and three application methods (foliar, basal bark, and cut stump) were undertaken at a site in north Queensland (158 700 hiptage plants ha⁻¹). The foliar-applied herbicides were only effective in controlling the hiptage seedlings. Of the foliar herbicides trialed, dicamba, fluroxypyr, and triclopyr/picloram controlled >75% of the treated seedlings. On the larger plants, the cut stump applications were more effective than the basal bark treatments. Kills of >95% were obtained when the plants were cut close to ground level (5 cm) and treated with herbicides that were mixed with diesel (fluroxypyr and triclopyr/picloram), with water (glyphosate), or were applied neat (picloram). The costings for the cut stump treatment of a hiptage infestation (85 000 plants ha⁻¹), excluding labor, would be $A14 324 ha⁻¹ using picloram and $A5294 ha⁻¹ and $A2676 ha⁻¹, respectively, using glyphosate and fluroxypyr. Foliar application using dicamba for seedling control would cost $A1830 ha⁻¹. The costs range from 2–17 cents per plant depending on the treatment. A lack of hiptage seeds below the soil surface, a high germinability (>98%) of the viable seeds, a low viability (0%) of 2 year old, laboratory-stored fruit, and a seedling density of 0.1 seedlings m⁻² 12 months after a control program indicate that hiptage might have a short-term seed bank. Protracted recolonization from the seed bank would therefore be unlikely after established seed-producing plants have been controlled.     

吡啶甲酸类除草剂应用研究进展

吡啶甲酸类除草剂属合成激素类, 目前登记使用的有效成分包括氨氯吡啶酸、二氯吡啶酸和氯氨吡啶酸, 分别于1963年、1977年和2005年上市, 主要用于阔叶杂草和灌木的茎叶处理防控, 其中氯氨吡啶酸具有土壤封闭活性。吡啶甲酸类除草剂的作用靶标仍未明确, 有可能来自生长素结合蛋白家族。全世界报道的抗吡啶甲酸类除草剂杂草共涉及7种8个生物型。目前, 我国登记的除草剂品种中共有13个复配剂含氨氯吡啶酸和二氯吡啶酸, 1个含氨氯吡啶酸、氯氨吡啶酸和二氯吡啶酸;国外登记的吡啶甲酸类除草剂复配剂主要为与其他激素型除草剂、ALS(乙酰乳酸合酶)抑制剂、ACCase(乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)抑制剂的组合。该类除草剂仍然具有较好的应用前景, 在主要应用场景下常见杂草对氨氯吡啶酸、二氯吡啶酸、氯氨吡啶酸的敏感性仍需系统研究, 该类除草剂主要靶标杂草种群的抗药性水平也亟须检测。     

Absorption and translocation of 14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid in Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Experiments were conducted in a growth cabinet to investigate the absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid by Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, creeping thistle), a sensitive species. Applications were made, either to the middle four leaves of 12-cm-tall vegetative plants grown under low (40%) and/or high (>95%) relative humidity (r.h.), or to four upper or lower leaves of 30-cm-tall flowering plants grown under low r.h. Following application to vegetative plants, absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was rapid and was approximately doubled by high r.h. High r.h. increased the amount of radioactivity retained by the treated leaves or translocated to the shoots but did not affect greatly the amount retained in the roots. The herbicide was highly mobile, with over half of that absorbed, translocated out of the treated leaves after two days. The apex accumulated most of the radioactivity, while approximately 8% was recovered from the roots. The absorption and translocation patterns were similar to those reported in the literature for picloram in C. arvense. Absorption of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was greater in vegetative than in flowering C. arvense plants, and placement of herbicide on lower leaves tended to decrease the amount of radioactivity recovered from shoot apex and increase the amount recovered from the roots. Approximately 15% of the applied radioactivity could not be recovered from treated plants by 2 days after treatment.     

通州区刺萼龙葵的化学防除试验研究

为了明确各类除草剂防除刺萼龙葵的效果,为其应急防控提供科学依据,于2011年在北京通州区刺萼龙葵发生地进行了田间药效评价研究。结果表明,茎叶处理剂三氯吡氧乙酸48%乳油、氨氯吡啶酸24%水剂和氯氟吡氧乙酸20%乳油能够有效防治刺萼龙葵,三氯吡氧乙酸和氨氯吡啶酸所有试验剂量对刺萼龙葵的鲜重防效均达到100.0%,氯氟吡氧乙酸设计剂量下防效为86.20%~95.58%,根据药剂的不同特性,可制定不同入侵地的刺萼龙葵的防控策略。     

三氯吡氧乙酸、氯氟吡氧乙酸、2甲4氯和草甘膦对葎草的防除活性比较

本文通过温室整株生物测定法比较研究了三氯吡氧乙酸、氯氟吡氧乙酸、2甲4氯钠和草甘膦异丙胺盐4种常用于水稻、小麦种植区防控大龄阔叶杂草的茎叶处理除草剂对6～8叶期葎草Humulus scandens的防除活性。结果表明,在210 g/hm~2剂量下,三氯吡氧乙酸和氯氟吡氧乙酸可完全杀灭供试葎草植株,在420 g/hm~2剂量下,2甲4氯钠对葎草的鲜重抑制率达到95.25%,而草甘膦异丙胺盐840 g/hm~2剂量处理对葎草的鲜重抑制率仍不足80%。进一步通过Logistic曲线模型分析除草剂对葎草鲜重抑制率达到50%和90%的剂量(GR_(50)和GR_(90)剂量)发现,三氯吡氧乙酸、氯氟吡氧乙酸、2甲4氯钠和草甘膦异丙胺盐相应的GR_(50)分别为58.74、76.96、182.52和272.82 g/hm~2; GR_(90)分别为143.97、202.83、678.27和2 980.11 g/hm~2。结论:对于水稻、小麦种植区葎草危害,优先推荐使用三氯吡氧乙酸防除,其次是氯氟吡氧乙酸;使用2甲4氯防控效果不够理想,使用草甘膦无法有效控制。     

Leaching potential and decomposition of fluroxypyr in Swedish soils under field conditions

The mobility and decomposition of the herbicide fluroxypyr (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid) was studied under field conditions in a sandy soil and a clay soil. Leachate was collected in lysimeters with undisturbed soil (sand) and in tile-drained plots (clay). Soil samples to a depth of one metre were also collected in both soils to characterize the temporal depth distribution of fluroxypyr in the profiles. The herbicide was applied as the I-methylheptyl ester of fluroxypyr at two rates, 187.5 and 375.0 g a.e. ha^?1, representing the normal and double the dose of the compound used for spring cereals. Some lysimeters received supplementary watering. Only two leachate samples (one from each soil) had concentrations of fluroxypyr above the detection limit (1 μg litre^?1), i.e. 2 and 5 μg litre^?1. Both samples were collected within two months after application, when less than 2 mm of drainage had been collected. The methylheptyl ester of fluroxypyr was not found in any of the samples. Fluroxypyr levels above the detection limit in soil (5 μg kg^?1 dry soil), were never found below the topsoil (0.2 m) in the clay profile, while, in the sandy profile, levels just above the detection limit were found occasionally in deeper soil layers. Concentrations were reduced to undetectable or very low levels within three months after spraying.     

Fate of fluroxypyr in soil

Batch adsorption K_oc values of fluroxypyr-methylheptyl ester (20000 1kg^?1) and fluroxypyr (74 1kg^?1) indicate increased mobility after hydrolysis of the ester to fluroxypyr. After 1 to 2 weeks incubation time in four soils, desorption K_oc values of fluroxypyr were 100-200 1kg^?1 but increased to 400-700 1kg^?1 after 8 weeks. The increase in desorption K_oc was related to incubation time and not to concentration, and it was interpreted as an entrapment of the fluroxypyr within the soil organic matter. Similar increases in desorption K_oc with incubation time were noticed for pyridinol and methoxypyridine metabolites of fluroxypyr. K_oc values also increased along the metabolic sequence fluroxypyr/pyridinol/methoxypyridine, with maximum K_oc values of 3000-4000 1 kg^?1 for the methoxypyridine metabolite. Hence mobility of the fluroxypyr aromatic ring strongly decreases with increased residence time in the soil.     

Fate of fluroxypyr in soil

Fluroxypyr-MHE (methylheptyl ester) was applied to small field plots containing Londo sandy loam soil. After 30 days, fluroxypyr had degraded to about 60% of the initial concentration, but was still the main component, while after 120 and 366 days the methoxypyridine metabolite was the main component in the soil. At 30, 120, and 366 days, lettuce, turnips, green beans, soybeans, and wheat were planted and grown with no observed injury. Residues of ¹⁴C in the edible crop fractions were indistinguishable from ¹⁴C in control plants exposed to ¹⁴CO₂, while residues in plant greens and chaff were low (0.1–0.2 mg kg^?1), with little evidence of fluroxypyr and no evidence of metabolite uptake. These results indicate that the methoxypyridine metabolite, if present in the soil, does not harm and is not taken up into the plants.     

Influence of picloram on Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, control with glyphosate

Low rates of picloram in mixture with glyphosate provided a rapid enhancement of the onset of injury to the shoots of Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle or creeping thistle) under field (0.07+1.0 and 0.07+1.5 kg ha^?1) and greenhouse (0.035+0.42 and 0.07+0.84 kg ha^?1) conditions. Picloram slightly reduced the amount of ¹⁴C-glyphosate absorbed at 24 and 48 but not 72 h after treatment. Movement of ¹⁴C-glyphosate from the treated leaves to the shoot apex, remainder of the shoot and roots was reduced in the presence of picloram. Necrosis of the treated leaves above the treated spots was evident, presumably indicating acropetal movement of either or both herbicides. With the picloram + glyphosate mixtures there was increased shoot regrowth over glyphosate alone at 1 year after treatment under field, and with certain mixtures at 18 days and 4 weeks after treatment under greenhouse conditions. Following application of the mixtures, accumulation of glyphosate in the shoots may be responsible for the enhanced onset of shoot injury while failure of enough glyphosate to translocate to, and cause death of, the roots may be responsible for the increased shoot regrowth over glyphosate alone.     

Interactions between S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and growth regulator herbicides. II.—Further studies

Additional results are presented from experiments with poplar and privet discussed in a previous paper. At 9 months after application mixtures of picloram and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) caused more severe effects than either compound applied alone. This result was in agreement with earlier assessments of phytotoxicity. The earlier synergism of DEF with the triethylamine salt of 2,4,5-T on privet diminished or disappeared, however. Mixtures of DEF with 2,4,5-T iso-octyl ester were antagonistic both in their shortand longer-term phytotoxic effects. Further experiments with guava plants grown in a glasshouse have demonstrated synergism in mixtures of DEF with salt or amine formulations ofpicloram, 2,4,5-T or mecoprop and antagonism between DEF and ester formulations of these herbicides. 2-Butyne-1,4-diol had no effect on the phytotoxicity of picloram ester. Xylene and a non-ionic emulsifying agent (Triton B 1956) did not appreciably increase the effects of picloram if a wetting agent was also present. Synergism was reduced when DEF was applied to guava leaves 2–4 h before or after picloram, and the compounds did not interact when they were introduced directly into the vascular system of this plant.     

Compatible and antagonistic mixtures of diclofop-methyl and flamprop-methyl with herbicides used to control broad-leaved weeds

In glasshouse experiments, the addition of four ‘pyridine herbicides’ (substituted picolinic and pyridyloxyacetic acids) to either diclofop-methyl or flamprop-methyl had little effect on wild oat (Avena fatua) control. This contrasts with the serious antagonisms which occur with 2, 4-D and 2, 3, 6-TBA. With wild and cultivated oat, l'-methylheptyl (4-amino-3, 5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridyl)oxyacetate (Dowco 433) was completely compatible with diclofop-methyl and flamprop-methyl, and there was evidence that its presence improved the control of wild oats. Picloram, 3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid and triclopyr had only slight effects on phytotoxicity. The control of cleavers (Galium aparine) by picloram, triclopyr and Dowco 433 was not significantly reduced by addition of flamprop-methyl. Preliminary metabolism studies suggest that picloram does not greatly increase the rate of diclofop detoxification as do 2, 4-D and 2, 3, 6-TBA, and the observed compatibility could well be a direct consequence of this. The absence in these greenhouse experiments of serious antagonism between the pyridine herbicides and diclofop-methyl or flamprop-methyl suggests that ‘tank mixes’ of these herbicides could be used for the control of both broad-leaved weeds and wild oats.     

Absorption, translocation, and fate of propyzamide in witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

Witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is tolerant to propyzamide and common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is sensitive. The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of propyzamide was studied in seedlings of witloof chicory and common amaranth to determine if differences in these processes cause the differential sensitivity. At 24,48, and 72 h after root treatment, there was no difference in the concentration of ¹⁴C (g^?1 plant dry wt) in com-mon amaranth and witloof chicory. Approximately 50% of the absorbed ¹⁴C was translocated out of the roots to shoots of both species at 24 and 48 h after treatment. After 72 h about 55 and 74% of the absorbed ¹⁴C was translocated to shoots of witloof chicory and common amaranth, respectively. Distribution of ¹⁴C (g^?1 plant dry wt) in plant parts of witloof chicory and common amaranth seedlings was similar. Roots of both species accumulated the highest concentration of total ¹⁴C, whereas shoots contained the lowest. Thin layer chromatography revealed that the herbicide was metabolized in neither species 48 h after treatment. No differences were found in absorption, translocation, or metabolism between witloof chicory and common amaranth with regard to propyzamide.     

Enterohepatic circulation and biliary secretion of 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy[14C]carbaryl glucuronide in the rat

Intestinal absorption (enterohepatic circulation) and biliary secretion of ¹⁴C from a metabolite of carbaryl isolated from rat bile, 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy[¹⁴C]carbaryl glucuronide, and its aglycone were observed: Lincomycin and kanamycin sulfate were also given to rats to determine the effect of an altered intestinal microflora on the above processes. Net absorption of ¹⁴C from the glucuronide occurred in the small intestine and cecum of control rats (68.5%); 10% of the infused ¹⁴C was secreted in the bile. Antibiotic treatment affected the site of absorption and the biliary secretion of ¹⁴C from the glucuronide since net ¹⁴C absorption occurred only in the small intestine of antibiotic-treated rats (32.5%) and biliary secretion accounted for less than 1% of the infused ¹⁴C. The site of absorption of ¹⁴C from the aglycone and biliary secretion of ¹⁴C (17%, control rats; 14%, antibiotic-treated rats) were not affected by antibiotic treatment. Carbon-14 from the aglycone was absorbed primarily in the small intestine (89.3%, control rats; 84.2%, antibiotic-treated rats). The results indicate that the intestinal microflora influence the enterohepatic circulation and biliary secretion of the glucuronic acid conjugate of 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxycarbaryl.     

The control of Achillea millefolium in the Snowy Mountains of Australia

The response of Achillea millefolium L. to herbicides was measured to determine the effectiveness of the current recommendations and to test alternative herbicides. Five plots at each of the three replicate sites were selected and randomly treated with one of the four herbicides: dicamba/2,4‐D, glyphosate, metsulfuron‐methyl and triclopyr/picloram. After 12 months, the recommended treatment, dicamba/2,4‐D, did not cause a significant reduction in aerial biomass compared with untreated controls and the number of flowering stems was significantly increased in treated plots. Metsulfuron‐methyl and triclopyr/picloram caused a significant reduction in A. millefolium aerial biomass but did not affect the number of flowering stems. Glyphosate produced a significant reduction in aerial biomass and was less effective. These results suggest that the current recommendation for A. millefolium might be improved. Site‐specific effects such as aspect may also influence the effectiveness of herbicides on this species.     

Matching herbicide application rates with the environmental conditions and growth stages of nodding thistle (Carduus nutans) and hairy buttercup (Ranunculus sardous) in pastures

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate whether herbicide application rates could be reliably reduced without compromising the efficacy of the herbicide. The seedling, and vegetative and preflowering plants of nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans ) and hairy buttercup ( Ranunculus sardous ) were treated with different rates of glyphosate or a mixture of picloram and triclopyr. Half of the plants were well-watered at all times while the other half was moisture-stressed for 1 week before the herbicide treatments were applied. Hairy buttercup was more susceptible to glyphosate than nodding thistle, while both were equally susceptible to the picloram/triclopyr mixture. Moisture stress significantly reduced the efficacy of both herbicide treatments, regardless of the plant development stage or the herbicide rate applied.     

Foliar absorption and translocation of nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron in five annual weed species

Ambrosia artemisüfolia L. (common ragweed) and Digitaria ischaemum Schreb. (smooth crabgrass) are not controlled by nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron at the highest recommended application rates, whereas Panicum miliaceum L. (wild proso millet), Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) and Avena fatua L. (wild oat) are susceptible. The foliar absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-nicosulfuron and ¹⁴C-rimsulf uron were studied in these weed species up to 48 h after treatment (HAT). Differences in herbicide uptake and translocation were not correlated with the species susceptibility. By 48 HAT, more than 50% of both herbicides remained on the treated leaf surface. Foliar absorption of rimsulfuron was greater than that of nicosulfuron in A. retroflexus, P. miliaceum and A. artemisüfolia. Most of the absorbed herbicide remained in the treated leaf of each weed species. Export of ¹⁴C–nicosulfuron ranged from 28 to 54% of that absorbed, in contrast to 15 to 39% for ¹⁴C–rimsulfuron. The absorption and translocation rates of both herbicides were highest within the initial 6 HAT, and decreased thereafter. Both herbicides showed approximately the same distribution pattern within each weed species.