小反刍兽疫研究现状

小反刍兽疫(Peste des petits ruminants,PPR)是由小反刍兽疫病毒(Peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)引起的一种主要感染小反刍动物的急性、接触性传染病,发病率、死亡率高.近年来,小反刍兽疫(PPR)呈扩散的趋势,成为重要的跨国动物传染病之一,我国周边国家频繁器发该病.2007年7月25日暴发于西藏自治区日土县的我国首例小反刍尊疫疫情,更是对我国如何做好该病的防控工作提出了新的要求和挑战.为了增强广大兽医工作者和相关人士对本病的认识,文中就小反刍兽疫的病原学、流行病学、临床症状、病理特征以及诊断方法等方面的研究现状进行了综述.     

小反刍兽疫疫苗研究进展

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的一种严重的烈性、接触性重大跨国动物疫病.目前,该病在我国已经发生,给我国畜牧业经济造成了巨大损失.同多数病毒性疾病的防制相同,对小反刍兽疫PPRS的防制仍以疫苗免疫预防为主.文章对小反刍兽疫的各类疫苗进行综述,以期为疫苗的合理应用提供技术帮助.     

小反刍兽疫研究进展

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的一种急性接触性传染病,又称羊瘟、伪牛瘟等.小反刍兽疫自发现起在非洲、中东以及亚洲大范围流行,为发展中国家的养羊业带来了巨大的灾难,也影响了这些国家的经济.FAO-OIE于2015年发布了《PPR全球控制和根除战略》,目标为到2030年在全世界范围内消除小反刍兽疫.文章就小反刍兽疫的发现...     

新疆小反刍兽疫疫情诊断

2013年12月新疆伊犁州霍城县发生不明山羊疫情,根据临床症状和剖检变化怀疑为小反刍兽疫感染。对3只病死山羊病料、8只患病山羊分泌物棉拭子样品和6只患病山羊血清样品分别进行病原学和血清学检测。利用竞争ELISA试剂盒对6份血清样本进行抗体检测,结果全部为阳性。利用抗原捕获ELISA试剂盒,在11只病羊样品中都检测到小反刍兽疫抗原。利用能特异性检测小反刍兽疫病毒的荧光定量RT-PCR方法,在11只病羊样品中检测到小反刍兽疫病毒核酸。利用特异引物进行PPRV N基因片段RT-PCR反应,从11只病羊样品中检测到PPRV核酸。针对2号样本病原核酸N基因和F基因片段进行序列同源性比较,结果该毒株与西藏流行株序列片段相似性分别为96.5%和97.5%。遗传进化分析,该病原属于谱系4,与巴基斯坦等国流行毒株遗传关系最近。     

小反刍兽疫研究进展

小反刍兽疫(PPR)是由小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)引起的急性或亚急性传染病,为世界动物卫生组织(OIE)法定报告的动物疫病,易感动物以山羊、绵羊等小反刍动物为主。目前,小反刍兽疫主要流行于西非、中非、中东、阿拉伯半岛及南亚等地区。敏感特异的检测方法和高效的预防性疫苗将为该病的防控奠定良好的基础。论文对小反刍兽疫全球流行现状、诊断技术及疫苗研究进展进行了综述。     

浅析小反刍兽疫及其防控策略

小反刍兽疫又俗称羊瘟,是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的一种急性、接触性、病毒性传染病,主要感染绵羊、山羊等小反刍动物,在我国属于一类传染病,主要特征是发热、腹泻、口腔黏膜糜烂、流泪和肺炎.该病的发病率和病死率很高,曾在中国、印度、孟加拉国等多地暴发疫情,导致大量羊死亡淘汰.但是很多人对该病并不是很了解,因此,本文主要对小反...     

小反刍兽疫流行状况及分子诊断技术研究现状

小反刍兽疫(PPR)是一种主要感染山羊和绵羊的传染病,病原为副黏病毒科麻疹病毒属的小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV).PPRV基因组由6个基因组成,依据N和F基因可将PPRV分为4个谱系或者基因群,我国流行的PPRV属于谱系Ⅳ.2007年我国首次报道发生PPR疫情,在2014年大流行后,农业农村部加强了 PPR的防疫措施.目前...     

小反刍兽疫病原学及疫苗研究进展

小反刍兽疫(PPR)是一种急性病毒性传染病,2013年12月份以来,我国多个省(区)相继发生小反刍兽疫疫情,严重影响了养羊业生产发展和羊肉产品有效供给,充分认识小反刍兽疫研究进展具有十分重要的意义。文章综述了小反刍兽疫病原学和疫苗的研究进展,为小反刍兽疫防控机理提供参考。     

小反刍兽疫研究进展

小反刍兽疫(Peste des pefits nuninants,PPR)是OIE规定的A类烈性传染病,我国规定为一类动物疫病,是一种严重的烈性、接触性传染病,主要感染小反刍兽,特别是山羊高度易感,别的野生动物也可发生。近年来该病呈蔓延的趋势,2007年7月25日西藏自治区日土县暴发了我国首例小反刍兽疫疫情,中国动物卫生与流行病学中心确诊了这一疫病。该病作为一种重大的跨国动物疫病,严重的威胁我国的动物卫生安全,对该病开展研究具有重要的现实意义。就该病的病原学、流行病学、诊断、预防及控制等研究进展进行了综述。     

吉林省某羊群暴发小反刍兽疫

2014年3月底,从吉林省某羊群发生的临床以发热、流涎、口腔黏膜严重溃疡、呼吸困难、严重腹泻和高死亡率为特征的羔羊体内检测到130¹50nm的病毒粒子,该病毒命名为GZL-14毒株。应用RT-PCR从病羊体内扩增出小反刍兽疫病毒的基因序列。序列分析发现,GZL-14毒株N蛋白基因的核苷酸序列与国外分离株INDIA_1994和PRADESH_95的同源性最高,为99.3%,而与国内分离毒株China/Tib/07的同源性为99%;GZL-14毒株F蛋白基因的核苷酸序列与Izatnagar-94和Morocco-2008毒株的同源性最高,为98.1%,而与国内分离株China/Tib/07的同源性为97.2%,表明GZL-14株可能为新近由国外传入国内的毒株。本研究应用分子生物学手段,从病毒核酸水平首次确定吉林省某羊群新近发生的临床上以发热、流涎、口腔黏膜严重溃疡、呼吸困难、严重腹泻和高死亡率为特征的疫病为小反刍兽疫。     

Test strategies in bovine viral diarrhea virus control and eradication campaigns in Europe.

Several European countries have initiated national and regional control-and-eradication campaigns for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Most of these campaigns do not involve the use of vaccines; in Germany, vaccination is used only in states in which it is considered necessary because of high BVDV prevalence. In European countries without organized BVDV control programs, vaccination is commonly used to control BVDV. Diagnostic test strategies are fundamental to all control-and-eradication campaigns; therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe how the available diagnostic tests are combined into test strategies in the various phases of control-and-eradication campaigns in Europe. Laboratory techniques are available for BVDV diagnosis at the individual animal level and at the herd level. These are strategically used to achieve 3 main objectives: 1) initial tests to classify herd status, 2) follow-up tests to identify individual BVDV-infected animals in infected herds, and 3) continued monitoring to confirm BVDV-free status. For each objective or phase, the validity of the diagnostic tests depends on the mode of BVDV introduction and duration of infection in test-positive herds, and on how long noninfected herds have been clear of BVDV. Therefore, the various herd-level diagnostic tools--such as antibody detection in bulk milk or in blood samples from young stock animals, or BVDV detection in bulk milk--need to be combined appropriately to obtain effective strategies at low cost. If the individual diagnostic tests are used with due consideration of the objectives of a specific phase of a BVDV control program, they are effective tools for controlling and eradicating BVDV in regions not using vaccination and where vaccination is a part of the control or eradication program.     

Control and eradication strategies for classic fowl plague in Germany and the European Union

The huge potential economic impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) substantiates specific and rigorous legal regulations worldwide. According to the O.I.E. Terrestrial Animal Health Code fowl plague is a notifiable disease. International trading activities concerning poultry and poultry products originating from countries with active HPAI are rigorously restricted. In EU member states directive 92/40/EEC subsumes measures against fowl plague and has been transferred into German legislation by the "Geflügelpest-Verordnung". These acts specify that vaccination against HPAI is principally prohibited. The aim of all sanctions is the extinction of disease and the eradication of the causative agent. However, HPAI viruses, exclusively belonging to subtypes H5 and H7, can re-emerge de novo from progenitor viruses of low pathogenicity which are perpetuated in the wild bird population. An outbreak of HPAI requires prompt action by a stamping out strategy. Fast and accurate diagnosis, a strict stand-still and the culling of affected flocks are at the basis of success. In areas with a high density of poultry holdings preemptive culling and creation of buffer zones, devoid of susceptible poultry, may be neccessary. In these cases emergency vaccinations can be considered as a supportive measure in order to limit mass culling. Vaccinations on merely prophylactic grounds, not being connected to acute outbreaks, should be avoided beware of selective pressures on the virus leading to antigenic drift and escape of vaccine-induced immunity. Instead, high standard biosecurity measures, particularly limiting direct and indirect contacts with wild birds, should be maintained.     

我国畜禽产品参与国际竞争面临的主要问题及对策(上)--兼谈如何破解国外绿色贸易壁垒的策略

随着经济全球化的迅猛发展,农畜产品贸易及流通也呈全球化发展。因此,人类和动物正面临着更多的安全挑战,如疯牛病、口蹄疫、禽流感、二恶英等动物传染病和有毒有害物质正在许多国家发生和流行,引发了人们对健康、安全、卫生、环保等方面的关注和担忧。目前,随着国际贸易的发展和贸易自由化程度的提高,各国实施动     

Paratuberculosis: eradication, control and diagnostic methods

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the dairy industry and cattle breeding organisations initiated a programme to control infectious diseases by means of a complex system of rewards and penalties. The history of programmes to control paratuberculosis in sheep, goats, and cattle in various countries is described. The vaccination of young animals (especially goats and sheep) seems to be an effective measure in the prevention of clinical paratuberculosis, although changes in management and hygiene practices are also important. A control programme for infectious cattle diseases has a number of phases (a life cycle) and different components. Two components are essential for success, namely, open and regular communication with farmers, veterinary practitioners, and other people involved, and a good registration and identification system for cattle, herds, and veterinary practitioners. The principles and different levels of control of paratuberculosis are discussed. The Dutch paratuberculosis programme is divided in two parts: an intensive programme based on test and cull and an extensive programme based on education. The intensive programme has ten herd status levels: 5 to 10 for non?suspect herds and 1 to 4 for infected herds or herds of unknown status. The higher the status, the greater the chance that a herd is free of paratuberculosis. An outline is given of the Dutch paratuberculosis programme. Diagnostic methods are summarised. Future developments regarding vaccination and control or acceptance of paratuberculosis are discussed.     

我国养牛业发展形势分析及展望

牛是一种多用处家畜,既能使役,又能供肉用和乳用,经济价值很高。世界上畜牧业发达的国家都十分重视养牛业的发展。我国“十五”计划和2001￣2010年“农业科技发展纲要”都明确提出大力发展畜牧业,调整畜牧业结构向草食家畜生产倾斜,突出发展奶业。1我国奶牛养殖业发展趋势及存在问题1.1整体发展趋势我国牛奶总产量呈快速增长之势,总产量由1980年的114万t,增加到2004年的2300万t,年增长率超过25%(图1)。同时,我国的奶牛头数增加迅速,近几年来随着国内奶类消费量的增加,奶牛存栏数每年增长率超过20%,预计2004年奶牛存栏将达到1042万头(表1)。…     

The Northern Ireland programme for the control and eradication of Mycobacterium bovis

Bovine tuberculosis is endemic in Northern Ireland and a comprehensive eradication scheme has been in operation since 1959. The current programme involves annual testing, extensive computerized tracing, short-interval testing of herds contiguous to outbreaks and compulsory slaughter of positive cattle. Despite initial reductions in disease prevalence, eradication has proved elusive and potential explanatory factors include high cattle density and potential for between-herd contact, the impact of exotic diseases on resource priorities, and significant levels of bovine tuberculosis in a wildlife reservoir, the European badger (Meles meles). Both the role of the infected bovine and that of the badger in spreading disease have to be addressed to ensure progress towards eradication. Current measures are described and future options for enhancing the programme are outlined.