畜禽疫苗研究展望

畜禽传染病的控制和消灭对保证养殖业的健康发展至关重要。传染病控制的原理是针对引起流行的三个环节采取相应的措施,即消灭传染病,切断传播途径和保护易感群体。我们只有正确认识疫苗在控制乃至消灭畜禽传染病中的作用,才能把握疫苗研究的方向,才能正确使用疫苗。     

疫苗使用时的注意事项及增强效果的措施

畜禽传染病的控制和消灭对保证养殖业的健康发展至关重要.传染病控制的关键是针对引起流行的三个环节(消灭传染源、切断传播途径和保护易感群体)进行综合防控.该文的主题是讨论动物疫苗,而疫苗免疫的作用主要是保护易感群体.显然,要有效控制乃至消灭传染病,单靠疫苗是不够的,因为没有彻底解决传染源和传播途径的问题.我国在应用疫苗控制畜禽疫病中存在认识误区,即过分地依赖疫苗.我们只有正确认识疫苗在控制乃至消火畜禽传染病中的作用.才能把握疫苗研究的方向,才能正确使用疫苗.     

克服模糊认识 正确使用疫苗

搞好家禽免疫是控制传染病发生的重要措施之一。近年来，传染病的种类在不断增加，使用疫苗的种类也越来越多．到底如何使用疫苗进行免疫，现将养鸡户对疫苗免疫问题的模糊认识归纳如下，供养鸡户做防疫时参考。     

动物疫苗现状和研究展望

畜禽传染病的控制和消灭对保证养殖业的健康发展至关重要。传染病控制的原理是针对引起流行的三个环节，即消灭传染源、切断传播途径和保护易感群体。本文的主题是讲疫苗。疫苗免疫的作用主要是保护易感群体。显然，要有效控制乃至消灭传染病，单靠疫苗是不够的，因为没有解决传染源和传播途径的问题。我国在应用疫苗控制畜禽疫病中存在认识误区，即过分地依赖疫苗，这种思想存在于相当一部分决策的领导人中，也存在于一些经营者和技术人员中。我们只有正确认识疫苗在控制乃至消灭畜禽传染病中的作用，才能把握疫苗研究的方向，才能正确使用疫苗。     

疫苗与免疫

最近一段时间内,犬传染病仍是危害犬最为严重的一类疾病。为此,要使用有效的疫苗来对犬进行免疫,控制犬传染病的发生。本文就犬疫苗和免疫作一简要介绍。     

浅谈动物免疫接种的基本原则

动物疫苗接种是预防控制传染病一个非常重要的手段,如何使用疫苗,使疫苗在疫病控制中发挥真正的有效作用,这是疫苗使用的关键。1正确选择疫苗疫苗的质量好坏,类型是否合适,对动物疫病免疫效果至关重要。在进行疫苗选择时,应注意以下几个方面。1.1所用的疫苗应该与所要预防的疾病类型相一致由     

中国禽用疫苗现状及品牌疫苗的选择

一、中国兽用疫苗近期发展的三个阶段1990-2005年:探索阶段改革开放后,畜牧业快速发展,用于预防传染病的兽用疫苗随之大量需求,由于疫苗研发滞后,疫苗市场供应出现短缺,大量的中试产品在实际生产中使用。2005-2010年:受控阶段随着国家监管措施的进一     

中国禽用疫苗现状及品牌疫苗的选择

一、中国兽用疫苗近期发展的三个阶段1990-2005年:探索阶段改革开放后,畜牧业快速发展,用于预防传染病的兽用疫苗随之大量需求,由于疫苗研发滞后,疫苗市场供应出现短缺,大量的中试产品在实际生产中使用。2005-2010年:受控阶段随着国家监管措施的进一     

浅谈动物疫苗的使用与免疫抗体监测

疫苗是一类具有生物活性甚至带毒的生物制品,如果使用不当不仅不能起到保护作用,反而还会为病原的传播扩散提供机会,从而造成不必要的损失。疫苗免疫接种是预防和控制畜禽传染病的主要技术措施,了解疫苗、正确使用疫苗,是预防畜禽传染病的有效措施。为了使广大养殖户了解和掌握疫苗的知识,做好畜禽的防疫工作,现将疫苗的使用知识综述如下。     

畜禽疫苗专供秩序的建立

畜禽疫苗的使用在畜牧业生产中占有重要位置．从五十年代初开始，我省使用牛瘟、猪瘟、猪丹毒、猪肺疫等10多种疫苗，消灭了牛瘟并控制了家畜多种传染病的发生．六十年代，全省实行了疫苗计划管理，开展对畜禽主要传染病大面积的预防接种工作．随着社会的发展，科学的进步，畜禽疫苗的品种和使用数量不断增加，到1997年全省使用各种疫苗50余种，其中预防接种猪瘟疫苗9239万头次、鸡新城疫31794万羽次．疫苗的广泛应用，有效控制了畜禽疫病的发生，每年为农民减少直接经济损失数亿元，经济和社会效益十分显著，保护和促进了我省畜牧业生产的…     

Vaccination: a management tool in veterinary medicine

Conventional vaccines have been used for some 200 years, primarily to control infectious diseases. It is envisaged that such vaccines will continue to be used and new ones developed using conventional technology. However, in addition to conventional vaccines, novel approaches using biotechnology are already in use and many more are in various stages of development. These novel vaccines are not only being used to control infectious diseases, but also to improve productivity of livestock by modulating hormones, for gender selection, as well as in controlling ectoparasites. The recent developments in vaccination technology in all of these areas are described.     

DNA vaccines for veterinary medicine

DNA vaccination represents one of the most recent novel approaches to vaccine development. Experimentally, DNA vaccines induce a broad range of long lasting immune responses including humoral and cell-mediated immunity against infectious diseases in humans and animals. Furthermore, DNA vaccines are potentially useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases or cancer. However, most information on the efficacy of DNA vaccines has been generated in mice and studies in larger animals are limited. In this review, the potential application of DNA vaccines in livestock and pet animals are discussed. The principle of this new technology, its potency and future perspectives for use in veterinary medicine will be outlined.     

小反刍兽疫流行病学及防控研究进展

小反刍兽疫是山羊、绵羊以及一些野生小反刍动物的一种急性或亚急性接触性传染病,自从首次发生以来一直呈扩大趋势,成为了严重危害畜牧业生产安全的重大跨国动物疫病之一。诊断技术和疫苗接种是预防控制小反刍兽疫的重要手段,根据小反刍兽疫典型的临床症状可初步做出假设性诊断,但确诊需要实验室诊断技术的支持。论文从小反刍兽疫目前的世界分布情况、小反刍兽疫病毒的起源以及易感动物等方面阐述了该病的流行病学特征,介绍了小反刍兽疫病毒实验室诊断技术的研究进展及几种具有应用前景的小反刍兽疫疫苗,为该病的研究和有效防控提供依据。     

The potential of oral vaccines for disease control in wildlife species

Numerous infectious diseases caused by bacteria or viruses persist in developed and developing countries due to ongoing transmission among wildlife reservoir species. Such diseases become the target of control and management programmes in cases where they represent a threat to public health (for example rabies, sylvatic plague, Lyme disease), or livestock production (for example bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, pseudorabies), or where they threaten the survival of endangered animal populations. In the majority of cases, lethal control operations are neither economically feasible nor publicly supported as a practical means for disease management. Prophylactic vaccination has emerged over the last 15 years as an alternative control strategy for wildlife diseases, mainly driven by the success of widescale oral rabies vaccination programmes for meso-carnivores in North America and Northern Europe. Different methods have been trialled for the effective delivery of wildlife vaccines in the field, however oral vaccination remains the most widely used approach. Successful implementation of an oral wildlife vaccine is dependent on a combination of three components: an efficacious immunogen, a suitable delivery vehicle, and a species-specific bait. This review outlines the major wildlife disease problems for which oral vaccination is currently under consideration as a disease management tool, and also focuses on the technological challenges that face wildlife vaccine development. The major conclusion is that attenuated or recombinant live microbes represent the most widely-used vaccines that can be delivered by the oral route; this in turn places major emphasis on effective delivery systems (to maintain vaccine viability), and on selective baiting systems, as the keys to wildlife vaccine success. Oral vaccination is a valuable adjunct or alternative strategy to culling for the control of diseases which persist in wildlife reservoirs.     

Defining European preparedness and research needs regarding emerging infectious animal diseases: results from a Delphi expert consultation

Emerging and major infectious animal diseases can have significant international impact on social, economic and environmental level, and are being driven by various factors. Prevention and control measures should be prepared at both national and international level to mitigate these disease risks. Research to support such policy development is mostly carried out at national level and dedicated transnational research programmes are still in its infancy. This research reports on part of a process to develop a common strategic research agenda on emerging and major infectious diseases of livestock in Europe, covering a 5-15-year time span. A two round online Delphi study was conducted to explore the views of experts on issues relating to research needs on emerging infectious diseases of livestock in Europe. Drivers that may influence the incidence of emerging infectious animal diseases in both the short (next 5 years) and medium term (10-15 years) were identified. Drivers related to regulatory measures and biological science developments were thought to decrease the incidence, and socio-economic factors to increase the incidence of emerging infectious animal diseases. From the first round a list of threats to animal health was compiled and participants combined these threats with relevant drivers in the second round. Next to identifying threats to animal health, also possible mitigatory actions to reduce the negative impact of these threats were identified. Participants emphasised that interdisciplinary research is needed to understand drivers of emerging infectious animal diseases, as well as to develop prevention and control measures which are both socio-economic and technical. From this it can be concluded that interdisciplinary research combining both natural and social research themes is required. Some of the European member states research budget needs to be allocated so that effective prevention and mitigation strategies can be developed.     

Review of the diseases, parasites and miscellaneous pathological conditions of North American bison

The involvement of veterinarians in the health management of North American bison will continue to increase, particularly in regard to the development of the bison ranching industry. More intensive management of bison will lead to greater recognition of diseases, and will raise concerns about the transmission of diseases between bison and other livestock species. This review of the infectious and noninfectious diseases of free-ranging and captive bison populations indicates that bison are susceptible to a wide range of indigenous and foreign diseases that occur in cattle and other livestock species. Most of the available information is based on necropsy results or serological surveys, and there is much less information on clinical, diagnostic and preventive medicine, or on the evaluation of conventional diagnostic tests, therapeutic regimens, or vaccines in bison.     

Evaluation of inactivated vaccine of the variant 2 (IS-1494 /GI-23) genotype of avian infectious bronchitis

The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the cause of avian infectious bronchitis (IB). IB is one of the most highly contagious diseases, which results in many economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The nature of this virus is such that it generates new genotypes continuously. Proper vaccination is the most suitable way of combatting IB. One of the novel genotypes of IBV, which has been circulating in the Middle Eastern countries, is the variant 2 (IS-1494/GI-23) genotype. This study aims to design and produce an autogenous variant 2 vaccines. After isolation and characterization of the Iranian variant 2, the inactivated vaccine was formulated according to the OIE guidelines, and its different aspects (Purity, titration, inactivation, immunization) were evaluated. The designed vaccine passed all of OIE quality control standards. In the assessment process, the protection rate in the groups receiving the variant 2 and commercial vaccines was 67 % and 60 %, respectively. Although the differences were not significant, they indicated better protection, and the viral load in the feces and the kidney of the group receiving the variant 2 vaccine was lower than that in the commercial vaccine. It is suggested that the variant2 strain should be added as one of the local strains to the commercial inactivated vaccines in areas affected by this genotype. The use of this vaccine in layer and breeder flocks can help to protect them against variant 2 during the production phase. Also, the transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring can provide strain-specific immunity for one-day-old chickens.     

Review on the immunology of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) is a marine species of great economic importance, particularly in Mediterranean aquaculture. However, numerous pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites affect the species, causing various infectious diseases and thereby leading to the most heavy losses in aquaculture production of sea bass. In this respect, knowledge on molecular and genetic mechanisms of resistance to pathogens and specific features of immune response against various infectious agents should greatly benefit the development of effective vaccines and proper vaccination strategies in marker-assisted selection of fish resistant to a range of infections. To date, genetic knowledge on sea bass immune regulatory genes responsible for resistance to pathogens is relatively poor but tends to accumulate rapidly. In this review, we summarize and update current knowledge on the immune system and immune regulatory genes of the sea bass.     

Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future

The increasing international movement of horses combined with the relaxation of veterinary regulations has resulted in an increased incidence of equine infectious diseases. Vaccination, along with management measures, has become the primary method for the effective control of these diseases. Traditionally modified live and inactivated vaccines have been used and these vaccines have proven to be very successful in preventing disease. However, there are a number of equine infectious diseases for which conventional technology has shown its limitations. The advent of recombinant technology has stimulated the development of second generation vaccines, including gene deleted mutants, live vectored vaccines and DNA vaccines. These vaccines have in common that protective antigens are endogenously processed and presented along the molecules of the MHC I and MHC II complex, resulting in the stimulation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses similar to natural infection. The present paper provides a review of the vaccines being employed today against the most important equine viral diseases followed by a summary of new developments that are expected to bring improved vaccines to the market in the foreseeable future.