兰考泡桐林分结构规律研究

通过对１１７块兰考泡桐地资料的分析，发现兰考桐一接干的高度与立地和苗木质量间存在着正相关，二次接干的高度与一接干的高度存在负相关，不同立地和不同年龄林分各径阶树高变化规律可用建立的兰桐标准树高曲线表达，兰考泡桐林分的直径结构可用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ密度函数或Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ生物种群模型恰当描述，但从预测的角度出发Ｌ－ＰＲＭ（Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ）较之ＰＲＭ（Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ）效果更好。     

泡桐胶合板材林最适经营密度及主伐年龄研究

通过对４０３块兰考泡桐外业调查资料的分析，发现兰考泡桐的直径分布可用Ｌ－ＰＲＭ进行预测；林分平均直径，任意高处的直径，单位面积胶合板材、檩材，椽材出材量可用建立的平均直径预估模型，干曲线方程，出材量预估模型进行预测。经检验其预测的精度能满足生产上的实际需要。用胶合板材出材量和内部收益率综合评价得出：４０立地指数级林地培育大中径级，中径级胶合板材的最适造林密度分别为每公顷２００株和２５０株，主伐年龄     

检查法林分生长预测及择伐模拟研究

检查法是一种适合于异龄林经营的集约作业方法，由于目前试验时间还较短（第１择伐周期１９８７－１９９２年），需要对其长期经营效果作出预测。文中提出了一种修正参数预测模型（ＭＰＰＭ）和线性规划方法相结合对于林分进行生长预测和择伐模拟研究的方法。拟合林分直径分布采用了形状灵活的Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布形式，使得这种方法很适合于异龄林分（反Ｊ形直径分布）的生长预测（当然也适于同龄林），特别是当径阶株数出现突然变化     

湿地松人工林直径分布收获模型的研究

本文在湿地松人工林直径分布遵从三参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布的基础上，建立了湿地松人工林直径分布收获模型。该模型采用参数回收法（ＰＲＭ），即采用林分因子的在值来回收Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布的参数，保证了收获模型与林分回归模型的一致性。该模型不仅能输出林分的总体收获量，而且能输出各径阶的收获量。误差检验结果表明该模型使用精度较高。     

雷州半岛白骨壤种群直径分布规律

在林分生长模型研究中,选择描述林分直径分布的函数至关重要。以雷州半岛白骨壤种群为研究对象,对其开展直径调查,所得数据以偏度、峰度为指标,并运用正态分布、Weibull分布和Gamma分布等3种概率密度函数进行参数拟合检验,分析白骨壤种群的直径分布特征。研究结果表明:雷州半岛白骨壤种群以中小径阶居多,其偏度和峰度均大于0,直径分布曲线为左偏态,分布曲线比较陡峭,呈尖峰态;正态分布和Weibull分布的拟合效果较差,而Gamma分布则具有较好的拟合效果;通过建立Gamma分布参数预估方程,可预测林分各个径阶的株数及其动态变化。通过对雷州半岛白骨壤种群直径分布规律的调查研究,以期为雷州半岛白骨壤群落的经营管理以及利用提供一定的参考。     

杉木人工林直径结构预测模型的研究

将林分直径预测方法 L—PRM 应用于杉木人工林林分结构预测,其预估林分直径分布的合格率达86％,可应用于指导杉木人工林经营。     

一种与直径分布型无关的预测林分直径累积分布的方法

本文推导出一组联系林分平均直径生长和直径累积分布生长之间的方程式。根据这些方程建立的全林分生长模型和径阶模型或与距离无关的单木模型之间的关系，可以指导由林分断面积总生长向单木直径生长的分配。采用这一组方程，根据二个不同时间点上算术平均直径和均方平均直径回收生长模型和枯损模型中的参数，保证林分水平预测的结果和径级水平或单木水平预测的结果相容。采用一个误差函数来刻化相同直径林木在生长过程中的分化，证明了忽略这项误差函数可能导致预测的直径分布范围小于实际的范围。因此，加上一个误差函数预测直径分布在一定程度上提高了直径分布预测的精度。最后一个实例说明计算过程。     

林分直径枯损模型分析与研究

林分株数分布函数和林木生长模型在预估直径生长、径阶株数分布方面已经得到广泛的应用。本文在综合分析各种直径枯损模型的基础上，全面比较和检验了各种模型的适用性和预测精度。结果表明，利用林分株数分布函数或林木生长模型预估林分直径枯损分布，具有结构合理、适用性强及预测精度高等特征，成为预估林分枯损的最佳模型之一。     

Weibull分布在马尾松人工林中的适用性研究

用马尾松人工林间伐试验样地资料对Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布的拟合、预测适用性进行了研究,结果表明,Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布对中、弱间伐强度的马尾松人工林直径分布拟合效果较好,但采用以林分平均直径预测值推算Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布参数的林分直径分布预测法对平均直径的预测精度要求很高,就所用资料而言,要求最低预测精度９５％￣９９％,而且间伐强度越大要求越高。中、强间伐强度的林要求９８％以上,精度不够的林分直径预测分布对材     

利用联立方程测算林分直径分布的初步研究

本文以辽宁省长白落叶松人工林资料为依据，建立了不同累积株数百分数直径的联立方程组，依此直接对林分直径分布进行预测。并与三参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布函数预测结果进行了比较，其结果表明本方法的预测精度较高。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.