林木遗传多样性研究中的DNA标记

遗传多样性是物种长期存活和进化的基础。应用ＤＮＡ标记的研究可以提供大量新的多样性信息。本文介绍和描述了限制性片段长度多态性（ＲｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎＦｒａｇｍｅｎｔＬｅｎｇｔｈＰｏｌｇｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍｓ，ＲＦＬＰｓ）和随机扩增多型性ＤＮＡ（ＲａｎｄｏｍＡｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄＰｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃＤＮＡ，ＲＡＰＤ）方法，以及它们作为ＤＮＡ标记的分子基础。就这两种ＤＮＡ标记的遗传特性和人们已熟悉的同工酶标记进行了比较。简要地评述了ＤＮＡ标记近年在林木群体遗传学、系统分类学中的应用。     

樱桃带化病组织中植物菌原体16SrDNAPCR扩增及其产物RFLP分析

樱桃带化病是从以色列引种樱桃园中发现的新病害。本文报道了按照检测植物菌原体（ｐｈｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍａ）的方法提取ＤＮＡ，扩增患病植株中植物菌原体的１６ＳｒＤＮＡ片段，证明樱桃带化病中有植物菌原体存在，并对此扩增片段进行限制性酶切片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析。根据ＲＦＬＰ分析结果，参照Ｌｅｅ，Ｉ．Ｍ．等的文献资料，对本次樱桃带化病病原进行鉴定与分类，初步定为Ⅶ类。     

松树DNA的分离和Southern印迹杂交技术

松树ＤＮＡ的分离和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交技术曾令海（广东林业科学研究所广州５１０５２０）ＣＤａｎａＮｅｌｓｏｎ（ＦｏｒｅｓｔＭｏｉｅｃｕｌｏｒＧｅｎｅｔｉｃｓＬｏｂ．Ｇｕｌｆｐｏｒｔ，ＵＳＡ）关键词ＤＮＡ，ＲＦ，ＬＰＤＮＡ分析技术在林业上的应用起步...     

杉木DNA的简便提取方法

杉木ＤＮＡ的简便提取方法＊尤勇洪菊生关键词杉木针叶ＤＮＡ巯基乙醇次生物质杉木（Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ（Ｌａｍｂ）Ｈｏｏｋ．）是我国的特有树种,其分子生物学研究目前在国内外开展的较少,其近缘种的研究也较少。为了开展杉木分子生物学的...     

杉木采样时间及DNA提取方法的研究

从材料中提取ＤＮＡ时,必须因材而异,杉木材料中含有较多的酚类等粘性物质。对杉木的采样时期及其 ＤＮＡ提取方法进行的研究表明：５月份采取杉木新芽 ３ ｇ,用 ＣＴＡＢ洗净法可以获得浓度和纯度最高的ＤＮＡ。     

RAPD标记在杉木种源遗传变异上的应用

本实验首先建立了适合杉木ＲＡＰＤ分析的ＰＣＲ扩增实验体系。在此基础上从全国不同杉木种源区选择７个代表性的种源,然后从这７个种源中采样并提取ＤＮＡ,利用２３个不同随机引物对７个种源进行了ＤＮＡ序列多态性分析。实验结果表明杉木种源间遗传多态性水平较高,在被检测的１１４个ＲＡＰＤ位点中,多态位点占到７９８％;７个种源彼此间的遗传距离在０２２５～０４４０７范围内变动,平均为０３２２。根据种源彼此之间的遗传相似度构建了它们之间的聚类图,从聚类图上显示的杉木种源间亲缘关系可知,分布在南岭山脉西部周围的４个种源相对聚在一起,由此可推测南岭山脉中西部为杉木中心产区之一,并从此处向四周扩散。     

杉木扁长蝽发生规律与防治研究

杉木扁长蝽发生规律与防治研究邱星牯，赖青青（信丰县林木良种场科技办３４１６００）关键词：杉木扁长蝽，形态特征，生活习性，防治杉木扁长蝽（ＳｉｎｏｒｓｉｌｌｕｓｐｉｌｉｆｅｒｕｓＵｓｉｎｇｅｒ）是我场杉木种子园的主要害虫，专危害种实和嫩稍。我场在地区森...     

杉木种实与苗期病害初步研究

杉木是我省速生丰产的主要造林树种之一。杉木炭疽病（Ｇｌｏｍｅｒｅｌａｃｉｎｇｕｌａｔａ）、杉木赤枯病（Ｐｅｓｔａｔｏｔｉｏｐｓｏｓｆｏｅｄａｎｓ）一旦发生，防治极为困难。前人多侧重中幼林单一病害的防治研究［１，２，３，４］。本文着重研究杉木种实、苗期...     

杉木种子等级划分方法和实际应用的研究

本文用系统聚类法和Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ准则判别分析法，研究了杉木种子等级的划分，将杉木种子划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个等级，判别结果准确率达９５．２４％。本文旨在为进一步研究和合理地划分杉木种子等级提供科学依据。     

AFLP分子标记技术及其在林木遗传育种上的应用

ＡＦＬＰ是以ＰＣＲ扩增为基础的，是扩增片段长度多态性的简称。它是ＲＦＬＰ和ＰＣＲ相结合的一种标记技术，其基本原理是对组ＤＮＡ限制性酶切片断的选择性扩增。ＡＦＬＰ的基本反应过程包括模板ＤＮＡ制备、酶切片段的扩增和扩增产物的凝胶电泳分析３个步聚。ＡＦＬＰ是一种新颖和强大的ＤＮＡ指纹技术，结合了ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ的优点，具有高效、快捷、稳定、可靠的特点。本文将ＡＦＬＰ和ＲＦＬＰ、ＲＡＰＤ、ＳＳＲ等分子标     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.