贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区鸟类调查

在1990年至2002年期间，共在茂兰自然保护区内发现鸟类205种，占贵州省鸟类种数的50％，分别隶属于16目46科128属，其中繁殖鸟158种，占77．2％，繁殖鸟中东洋界种类115种，占繁殖鸟的72.8％；古北界种类15种，仅占9．5％；广布种有28种，占17．7％。雀形目鸟类128种，占总种数的62％。属贵州省鸟类种数最丰富的地区之一。     

广东省非雀形目鸟类多样性及区系的历史数据分析

该文统计分析了2012年及之前广东省的鸟类调查数据,以期为生态文明建设10年后的鸟类资源恢复评价提供参照。通过广东省及境内5个典型地区的非雀形目鸟类数量、分布型和居留型的历史数据分析显示,截止2012年,广东省共记录到非雀形目鸟类17目31科182种。其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类4种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类48种;中国特有鸟类4种,分别是白眉山鹧鸪（Arborophila gingica）、灰胸竹鸡（Bambusicola thoracica）、黄腹角雉（Tragopan caboti）和中华秋沙鸭（Mergus squamatus）。在居留型组成上,冬候鸟比夏候鸟的种类多占比大;留鸟的种类数量也占较大的比重。在分布型组成上,古北界和东洋界鸟类相互持衡,占比相当。     

三百山自然保护区鸟类资源及其评价

三百山自然保护有鸟类82种,分属14目31科63属。其中国家保护的鸟类13种,江西省保护的鸟类20种。斑尾鹃鸠（Macropygia unchall）、橙胸姬鶲（Ficedula strophiata）、黄腹花蜜鸟（Nectarinia jugularisrhizophorae）3种为江西新记录种。种的居留型是繁殖鸟（留鸟和夏候鸟）63种,冬候鸟12种,旅鸟7种。种的区系成分为东洋界45种,古北界22种,广布种13种。说明三百山鸟类以东洋界成分占优势,但不泛古北界种类。对资源状况进行了分析评价,提出了开发利用的建议。     

陕西省雀形目鸟类区系分析

在实地调查及查阅相关文献的基础上,对陕西省雀形目鸟类的区系组成、分布型、居留型以及保护级别进行系统的分析。结果表明:雀形目系统比较复杂,262种雀形目鸟类分属于14个分布型。其中,喜马拉雅-横断山区型最多,依次是不易归类的分布型、东洋型、东北型、古北型、南中国型、全北型、中亚型、高地型、东北-华北型、华北型、季风型。陕西省雀形目鸟类隶属于35科。从居留型上,留鸟139种,占总数的53.05%;候鸟(包括夏候鸟和冬候鸟)66种,占总数的25.19%;旅鸟54种,占总数的20.61%;迷鸟3种,占总数的1.15%。从保护级别上,省级重点保护鸟类4科9种,占总数的3.5%;"三有动物"27科131种,占总数的50%。此外,有迹象表明,八哥、乌鸫等东洋界鸟类已逐渐北扩至古北界。     

福建省尤溪县鸟类资源及区系组成

报道了尤溪县鸟类243种和亚种,分隶于15目38科,并分析了这些鸟类所属的动物区系,它们当中繁殖鸟154种(夏侯鸟19种,留鸟135种),其中东洋界种类140种,古北界种类11种,说明东洋界的繁殖鸟占绝对优势。     

吉林地区鸟类新纪录

吉林地区鸟类资源,赵正阶等报导有16目41科3亚科162种(1983),杨兴家报导15目39科3亚科147种(1986),我们在松花湖保护区观察纪录了鸟类17目44科186种。这186种鸟类中,非雀形目种类lG目25科90种,约占全区鸟类种数的48.38肠,雀形日鸟     

北红尾鸲繁殖生态的观察

１９９６年—１９９７年的４月—９月,在山西省沁水县中村地区对北红尾鸲的繁殖生态作了观察。结果表明,该鸟在本区为夏候鸟,迁徙期为２月上旬和１０月下旬,种群密度为１．４只／ｋｍ２。营巢期７ｄ～８ｄ,最早５月１日产卵,窝卵数为４枚～６枚,孵卵期１２ｄ～１３ｄ,孵化率６９．３５％,巢内育雏１３ｄ,出巢率６２．９０％。繁殖期的食物,动物性的占９０．４７％,植物性的占９．５３％。     

广东三水云东海国家级湿地公园秋冬季鸟类多样性研究

2019年10—12月,采用样线法在广东三水云东海国家级湿地公园开展秋冬季鸟类多样性调查,共记录到鸟类10目28科56种,数量累计1875只.其中雀形目鸟类有18科40种,占鸟类总数量的83.25％,非雀形目有10科16种,占鸟类总数量的16.75％.在居留类型中,鸟类数量从高到低依次为留鸟、冬候鸟、夏候鸟、旅鸟.鸟类...     

湖北通城繁殖季节鸟类多样性年际动态及生境差异

本研究于2016～2019每年4～7月对位于湖北省东部最南缘的通城县鸟类群落采用样线法进行调查,共记录到鸟类105种,隶属于13目40科,其中雀形目种类最多.记录到国家II级重点保护鸟类15种.区系组成以东洋界鸟类为主,居留型组成以留鸟为主.当地2016～2019年不同年份间的繁殖季鸟类群落组成基本稳定,群落多样性在年...     

宽甸地区鸟类生态群

宽甸地区自然环境和植被保存完好,在此栖息的鸟类种类较多.笔者参加了1985 ～ 1995年、2000～2008年宽甸地区的鸟类调查,宽甸地区有鸟类255种,隶属15目47科,占辽宁鸟类总数(368种)的69％,其中雀形目鸟类22科126种,非雀形目鸟类25科129种；有留鸟33种,夏候鸟197种,旅鸟25种；古北界鸟类232种,东洋界鸟类6种,广布种17种.有175种是森林食虫鸟类,占调查总数的68％.对宽甸地区鸟类群构成进行分析,其鸟类基本可以分为4个生态群,各生态群的鸟类互相渗入,没有一个特定的明显界限.     

Biodiversity,exotic plant species,and herbivory: The good,the bad,and the ungulate

Invasion of natural ecosystems by exotic plant species is a major threat to biodiversity. Disturbance to native plant communities, whether natural or management induced, is a primary factor contributing to successful invasion by exotic plant species. Herbivory by both wild and domestic ungulates exerts considerable impact on structure and composition of native plant communities. Intensive herbivory by ungulates can enhance exotic plant invasion, establishment, and spread for three reasons: (1) many exotic plants are adapted to ground disturbances such as those caused by ungulate feeding, trampling, and movements; (2) many exotic plants are adapted for easy transport from one area to another by ungulates via endozoochory and epizoochory; (3) many exotic plants are not palatable or are of low palatability to ungulates, and consequently, their survival is favored as ungulates reduce or eliminate palatable, native plants. Ungulate herbivory is a chronic, landscape-scale disturbance capable of influencing plant communities as much as episodic events such as fire. Consequently, ungulate herbivory has the potential to facilitate the invasion and establishment of exotic plants in the interior Pacific Northwest where ungulates occupy nearly every ecosystem. Moreover, ungulate herbivory has intensified in many ecosystems, owing to the addition of domestic ungulates with that of existing, wild ungulates, coupled with the reduction or elimination of migratory movements and predators that previously regulated wild ungulate populations and influenced their distributions. Despite the observational evidence for ungulate herbivory as a strong facilitator of exotic plant invasion and establishment, current knowledge of cause–effect relations is severely limited by a lack of manipulative experiments. Most studies have been observational, unreplicated, and lack the experimental controls needed to eliminate or account for confounding sources of variation. Heightened attention to conservation of biodiversity will increase the importance of managing ungulates in balance with the plant communities that support them.     

浅谈室内山墙窗口圈梁构造柱防结露措施

本文论述了室内山墙、窗口、圈梁、构造拄、结露的产生原因及预防措施。     

Restoration of the mangrove vegetation in the Mahanadi delta,Orissa, India

In India, mangroves occupy 6740 km² of which the Mahanadi delta andBhitarkanika mangrove forests of Orissa cover 191.44 km², most of whichhas been severely overexploited. World wide concern to conserve mangrovesnecessitated propagation of mangroves to re-establish them on barren andswampy land along tidal creeks around Paradeep port of Orissa. Avicenniaofficinalis, Aegiceras corniculatum, Bruguiera parviflora, B. sexangula,Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Heritiera fomes, Kandelia candel,Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia apetala were vegetatively propagated andplanted over 10 ha of degraded salt-marshy wetlands of Mahanadi delta inpure and mixed stands depending on the intensity and the frequency of tidalinundation at the experimental site. Survival was significantly higher(80%) in S. apetala followed by A. officinalis, R. mucronata, K.candel and H. fomes (70–75%). S. apetala recorded the maximumgrowth in height (3.0 m after 2 years) whereas C. decandra showed theminimum growth (0.5 m). Growth performance was better with plants in mixedstands than the plantation with single species. This gives us hope topropagate and re-establish mangroves for conservation in scientificallymanaged plantations in a physiologically arid environment.     

论民族、传统、时代与地方建筑流派

创造民族的时代建筑文化,继承传统文化,要认真学习国外的优秀文化,“百花齐放”以繁荣我国的建筑创作。中国的时代建筑要积极发展地方建筑流派,体现中国建筑文化传统的神韵。     

中国与欧盟、美国、日本人造板甲醛标准比较

对中国人造板甲醛标准与欧盟、美国、日本的人造板标准进行比较, 分析国内标准与国外标准在质量要求、平衡处理和检测方法要求等方面的差异, 以及不同检测方法间的相关性, 以期为中国人造板的生产、贸易和标准制修订以及标准输出提供参考.     

Sciences,knowledges, and the practice of forestry

We address the question of how credible knowledge that will contribute to more effective forest policy and management can be produced. We argue that some forest-related knowledge-producing practices of professional scientists and of local people are similar, and given the differences in the knowledge they produce, we explore how they might be used productively together to create better understandings of forests with resulting better forestry practice and policy. Using a case study of participatory forest ecology research, we demonstrate that when professional (conventional) scientists do research in collaboration with local experts (civil scientists), the resulting knowledge can be more accurate and more policy relevant than they could produce doing research on their own or only with other conventional scientists.     

Diversity,abundance, and structure of tree communities in the Uluguru forests in the Morogoro region,Tanzania

Uluguru forests are globally recognized as important biodiversity hotspots, but anthropogenic pressure threatens their value. This study examined species diver-sity, abundance, and structure of trees i...     

Forest Utilization in the Sierra Juarez,Oaxaca, Mexico

Abstract

As one of the most diverse biological regions in the seasonal tropics, Oaxaca's main management challenge is balancing sustainable forest harvesting with preserving biological diversity, especially challenging for a village community with limited resources—both economic and technical. A closer look at the history of forest management activities in Sierra Juarez shows exploitative practices by Fabricas de Papel Tuxtapec (FAPATUX), a national paper manufacturer. In 1956, FAPATUX acquired a 25 year concession to harvest the communal forests of Ixtlán. Despite the success of the communities in working with FAPATUX and influencing the management of the communal lands, the communities eventually demanded greater control over the lands and sought to prevent the continuation of the concessions. Since then, communal forest management has sought to achieve two primary goals: (1) to provide economic returns and employment, and (2) to steward the land responsibly and sustainably. Their management plan has evolved into the manipulation of standard silvicultural procedures and their integration with traditional agricultural practices. The management of the timber resources in Ixtlán will continue to be a dynamic process. Having the flexibility to respond to failures and ever-changing conditions will ensure that Ixtlán will adapt its management and silvicultural systems over time to achieve its objectives.     

Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA

We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (<80 cm). We identified terrain and other features that may contribute to the perceived risk of wolf predation, by elk for a given site. Although alternative mechanisms are discussed, changes in willow communities over time following wolf removal and their subsequent reintroduction were consistent with a top-down trophic cascade model involving nonlethal and possibly lethal effects. If similar top-down effects upon vegetation hold true in other regions of North America and other parts of the world where wolves have been extirpated, wolf recovery may represent a management option for helping to restore riparian plant communities and conserve biodiversity.     

三峡库区消落带土壤氮磷钾、pH值和有机质变化

在三峡库区消落带设置固定监测样地,研究消落带首次经历水库水位涨落后土壤氮磷钾含量、pH值和有机质含量的变化特征.结果表明:受三峡水库水位涨落影响,消落带0～10,10～20和20～30cm土层的速效氮含量下降41.53％～59.87％,速效磷含量下降5.26％～36.76％,速效钾含量下降3.55％～45.56％,全氮含量下降9.52％～40.00％,土壤有机质含量下降7.62％～37.83％,全磷和全钾含量基本上没有变化,土壤pH值略有变化,变幅为1.73％～9.58％.