水稻耐盐育种研究进展

培育耐盐水稻品种是盐碱地的粮食作物增产和对盐碱地改良的重要途径之一。水稻对盐胁迫中度敏感,其耐(敏)盐性状是受多基因控制的数量性状,易受环境条件等因素影响。到2015年,利用AFLP、RFLP、SSR等分子标记手段在水稻12条染色体上定位的耐盐QTL已有250多个,其中以第1、2、6和7染色体上居多,但克隆的水稻耐盐基因相对较少。水稻耐盐品种的选育现仍以常规育种为主,即主要通过筛选耐盐种质及耐盐鉴定,再利用杂交和回交等方法将耐盐基因导入到优良水稻品种中,从而选育出综合性状优良的耐盐品种。本文阐述了国内外水稻种质耐盐性鉴定技术和指标、耐盐种质筛选、耐盐品种选育以及耐盐性的遗传及分子机理等研究进展,并对今后水稻耐盐育种研究工作提出了展望与建议。     

小麦耐盐性QTL的元分析

为挖掘真实有效的小麦耐盐性数量性状位点（quantitative trait loci，QTL），利用生物信息学方法，借助小麦高密度分子标记遗传图谱，对来自不同遗传背景群体的215个耐盐性QTL进行图谱整合、映射以及元分析。通过建立QTL一致性图谱，获得100个一致性QTL( meta quantitative trait loci，MQTL)位点，不均匀分布在21条染色体上；存在3个耐盐性MQTL热点区域，分别位于4A染色体的Xgwm219~Xbarc78标记区间、3B染色体的Xwpt 800213~Xwpt 9432标记区间和7B染色体的Xbarc176~Xwgp45标记区间，分别包含7、5和6个MQTL。     

水稻苗期盐胁迫下叶绿素荧光参数的QTL分析

 应用247个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系群体及其相应的含250个分子标记的高密度分子遗传图谱,通过复合区间作图法,对苗期水培和盐胁迫条件下水稻叶片叶绿素荧光参数进行了数量性状座位（QTL）分析。检测到控制水稻叶片叶绿素荧光参数（Fo、Fm和ΦPSⅡ）的7个主效应QTL,分布在水稻的第1、4、5和11染色体上,贡献率为598%～10.74%。其中,控制水培条件下Fm的QTL与控制盐胁迫下Fo的QTL均位于第5染色体的CDO82-RG413标记区间,说明此区间的QTL具有多效性,可同时影响Fm、Fo两个叶绿素荧光参数。     

超级稻品种中嘉早17产量相关性状QTL定位研究

以中嘉早17/D50F_2和F_(2∶3)群体为材料,考查各群体株系产量相关农艺性状,同时构建其遗传连锁图谱,最后定位到与产量性状相关的66个QTL,其贡献率变幅为0.08%~20.45%,分布于除第9染色体外的其他各染色体上。两个群体在第3、7、10染色体某区段同时定位到多个与产量性状相关的QTL,这些QTL的加性效应来自中嘉早17。在定位到的66个QTL中,F_2和F_(2∶3)群体均检测到,且贡献率较大的QTL qPH-10(株高)、qFLW-4(剑叶宽)、qTGW-2(千粒重)加性效应均来自中嘉早17。初步检测到超级稻品种中嘉早17携带多个高产QTL,为今后将中嘉早17的优良基因导入其他水稻品种进而培育产量更高、综合性状更优良的超级稻新品种提供理论和技术支持。     

大豆耐盐相关基因研究进展

大豆（Glycine max（L.）Merill）是植物蛋白质和油脂的重要来源。盐胁迫是造成大豆产量损失的主要非 生物胁迫因素。耐盐基因的挖掘对培育大豆耐盐品种至关重要。本文一方面总结了通过正向遗传学获得的大豆 耐盐相关数量性状位点或基因,如萌发期耐盐性主效基因GmCDF1（Glyma.08g102000）、2个出苗期QTL（分别位于6 号和14号染色体）;苗期耐盐性主效基因GmSALT3（Glyma03g32900）以及位于G连锁群的QTL。随着对大豆耐盐性 研究的不断深入,目前认为大豆萌发期、出苗期、苗期的耐盐性无直接相关性。另一方面总结了通过反向遗传学途 径获得的参与离子运输、转录调控等耐盐性基因,以及通过生物工程技术转入外源基因提高大豆耐盐性的研究进 展,期望为解析大豆耐盐分子机制和耐盐育种提供参考。     

盐胁迫下水稻苗期Na+含量的QTL定位

利用来自籼稻品种H359和Acc 8558的一个重组自交系群体（131个株系）及相应的遗传图谱（包含147个RFLP和79个SSR标记）,以150 mmol/L的NaCl处理后的幼苗地上部Na+含量为指标,采用复合区间定位方法,对水稻耐盐性QTL进行了定位。共检测到13个QTL,分别位于第1、2、5、6、7和12染色体上,对表型变异的总贡献率达到60.88%,其中,qSC1b的效应最大,可解释约45%的表型变异。通过比较表明,许多前人报道的与水稻盐胁迫有关的QTL/基因与本研究检测到的QTL的位置相同或相近。     

水稻耐盐基因定位与克隆及品种耐盐性分子标记辅助选择改良研究进展

土壤盐渍化严重制约水稻生产发展,提高耐盐性已成为水稻育种的重要目标之一。挖掘水稻耐盐新基因,解析其分子作用机制可以为水稻耐盐性遗传改良奠定基础。本文从定位群体、耐盐性鉴定时期和鉴定方法、耐盐性评价指标、鉴定到的耐盐QTL、耐盐QTL的精细定位和图位克隆等方面,总结了近年来水稻耐盐QTL定位研究中所取得的进展;介绍了水稻耐盐/盐敏感突变体筛选和基因克隆以及耐盐性关联分析的研究近况;并对水稻耐盐性分子标记辅助选择改良的现状作了概述。     

应用东乡野生稻回交重组自交系分析水稻耐低氮产量相关性状QTL

目的 东乡野生稻低氮耐性强,是水稻耐低氮育种的重要资源。鉴定东乡野生稻耐低氮基因对研究耐低氮遗传机制、培育耐低氮水稻品种具有重要意义。方法 利用协青早B//东乡野生稻/协BBC₁F₁₂回交重组自交系及其遗传图谱,应用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5分析施氮肥和不施氮肥下的株高和产量相关性状QTL。结果 共检测到57个控制株高和产量性状的QTL,分布于10条染色体上的33个区域,单个QTL表型贡献率为3.17%~63.40%,其中32个QTL的增效等位基因来自东乡野生稻。19个QTL在施氮和未施氮条件下均检测到,38个QTL仅在单一环境下检测到显著效应,表明不同施氮水平下水稻性状的遗传机制不同。结论 43个QTL分别聚集于7条染色体上的14个QTL簇,表明不同性状涉及到共同遗传机制,并可通过分子标记辅助选择方法进行耐低氮有利等位基因的聚合育种。     

用培矮64S/日本晴F2群体对水稻6个农艺性状的QTL定位

 用水稻测序品种培矮64S和日本晴配组建立了由180个单株组成的F2群体，构建了含137个SSR标记的连锁遗传图谱，对水稻的分蘖数、有效分蘖数、分蘖率、株高、剑叶长和穗长等6个相关农艺性状进行了QTL定位分析。共检测到14个QTL，分布在第1、2、4、5、6、7染色体的11个区间。检测到1个控制株高的主效QTL(qPH1 2),位于第1染色体，其表型贡献率为24.0%；1个控制剑叶长的主效QTL(qFL4）,位于第4染色体，其表型贡献率为30.5%。对所定位QTL的价值、QTL在染色体上的区域分布等进行了探讨。     

与水稻耐逆性相关的叶片丙二醛含量的QTL分析

丙二醛（MDA)是膜脂过氧化的终产物,其含量可用来反映植物对逆境条件的反应强弱。利用由247个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系（RIL）群体及其分子标记连锁图谱,检测了控制水稻丙二醛（MDA）含量的数量性状基因座位（QTL）。所测性状在RIL群体中出现超亲分离。在第1染色体的RG532-RG811和RG381-RG236标记区间,共检测到2个控制水稻叶片MDA含量的QTL,加性效应分别来自母本珍汕97B和父本密阳46,贡献率分别为4.33%和462%。     

Characterizing the Saltol Quantitative Trait Locus for Salinity Tolerance in Rice

This study characterized Pokkali-derived quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seedling stage salinity tolerance in preparation for use in marker-assisted breeding. An analysis of 100 SSR markers on 140 IR29/Pokkali recombinant inbred lines (RILs) confirmed the location of the Saltol QTL on chromosome 1 and identified additional QTLs associated with tolerance. Analysis of a series of backcross lines and near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed to better characterize the effect of the Saltol locus revealed that Saltol mainly acted to control shoot Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis. Multiple QTLs were required to acquire a high level of tolerance. Unexpectedly, multiple Pokkali alleles at Saltol were detected within the RIL population and between backcross lines, and representative lines were compared with seven Pokkali accessions to better characterize this allelic variation. Thus, while the Saltol locus presents a complex scenario, it provides an opportunity for marker-assisted backcrossing to improve salt tolerance of popular varieties followed by targeting multiple loci through QTL pyramiding for areas with higher salt stress.     

Inheritance and QTL Mapping of Salt Tolerance in Rice

An F2 population derived from the cross between Jiucaiqing (japonica) and IR36 (indica) was used to analyze the inheritance of salt tolerance in rice by genetic model of major-genes plus polygenes, and to map the corresponding QTLs by SSR molecular markers. Rice plants of P1, P2, F1 and F2 at 5- to 6- leaf stage were treated under 140 mmol/L NaCI for 10 days. Three indices representing the ability of salt tolerance of rice seedlings were measured, including salt tolerance rating (STR), Na^ /K^ ratio in roots and dry matter weight of shoots (DWS). STR, Na^ /K^ and DWS were all controlled by two major genes with modification by polygenes. Heritability of these traits from major genes was 17.8, 53.3 and 52.3%, respectively. The linkage map constructed by 62 SSR molecular markers covered a total length of about 1 142 cM. There were three QTLs detected for STR located on chromosome 1, 5 and 9, two QTLs for DWS on chromosomes 8 and 9, and two QTLs for Na^ /K^ on chromosomes 2 and 6, one on each chromosome respectively. Single QTL accounted for 6.7 to 19.3% of phenotypic variation. Identification method of salt tolerance in rice and breeding of rice varieties with salt tolerance based on molecular markers assisted selection had been discussed.     

水稻苗期抗旱性的QTL分析

利用251个株系组成的Maybelle/白叶秋的加倍单倍体群体,构建了由226个SSR分子标记组成的遗传图谱。通过两年抗旱棚苗期抗旱性鉴定,应用复合区间作图法和QTLNetwork2.0对水稻苗期抗旱性进行QTL定位及互作效应分析。利用前者在两年共检测到5个抗旱性相关QTL,分别位于第2、3、5、6和8染色体;而通过后者在第2、3、5和6染色体上也找到了抗旱性相关的QTL,并且通过两种方法检测到的第3、5、6染色体上的3个QTL所在区间吻合;还发现4个具有上位性的QTL。所有抗旱性QTL的加性效应均为正值,表明来自父本白叶秋的这些抗旱性位点可以提高水稻的抗旱性。     

小麦熟期相关性状的QTL定位分析

抽穗期、始花期和开花期是衡量小麦成熟期的重要指标,对其进行QTL定位并分析其遗传效应,对小麦品种改良至关重要。为了给小麦分子标记辅助选择育种提供参考,本研究以波兰小麦和普通小麦品系中13杂交后代的F8重组自交系为作图群体,构建由A染色体组和B染色体组共14个连锁群构成的遗传连锁图谱,包含115个SSR标记位点,图谱全长822.9cM,标记间的平均遗传距离为7.16cM;利用复合区间作图法在两年的环境中检测到分别位于1A、5A、6A、7A、2B、4B、5B和6B染色体上的8个抽穗期QTL,5个始花期QTL和6个开花期QTL。表型变异解释率分别为10.12%～31.51%、11.98%～19.75%和9.64%～20.27%。无论是抽穗期、始花期或开花期,都在4B染色体上检测出了与其相关的QTL,说明4B染色体与小麦成熟期关系密切。另外,在1A染色体上检测出2个控制抽穗期的QTL,对表型变异的贡献率分别达到28.13%和31.48%,说明1A染色体控制小麦抽穗期的作用较大。本研究检测出多个成熟期相关的QTL与连锁标记间的遗传距离仅0.01cM,近乎共分离,可在育种中直接用于成熟期的分子辅助选择。     

Genetic Analysis and QTL Mapping of Mature Seed Culturability in Indica Rice

Genetic segregation analysis for mature seed culturability was conducted using recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of indica rice, Yangdao 6 and Pei'ai 64s. Three indices of seed culturability, the frequency of callus induction, the frequency of brown callus and the increase of callus weight were investigated. A combined genetic map constructed with simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence tag site (STS), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers covered a total distance of 1 732.5 cM, averaging approximately 12 cM between two neighboring loci. Three QTLs on chromosomes 7, 7 and 10 were detected for the frequency of callus induction; three QTLs on chromosomes 6, 7 and 9 were detected for the frequency of brown callus; and two QTLs on chromosomes 5 and 7 were detected for the increase of callus weight. Common QTLs mapped at the interval flanking RM5481 and RM6835 on chromosome 7 were identified to be involved in the frequency of callus induction and the frequency of brown callus, explaining 7.29% and 12.52% of phenotypic variation, respectively. A total of 14 epistatic effects were detected for the three indices of mature seed culturability.     

Haplotyping of Rice Genotypes Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers Associated with Salt Tolerance

Salt stress is a major problem in most of the rice growing areas in the world. A major QTL Saltol associated with salt tolerance at the seedling stage has been mapped on chromosome 1 in rice. This study aimed to characterize the haplotype diversity at Saltol and additional QTLs associated with salt tolerance. Salt tolerance at the seedling stage was assessed in 54 rice genotypes in the scale of 1 to 9 score at EC = 10 d Sm-1 under controlled environmental conditions. Seven new breeding lines including three KMR3/O. rufipogon introgression lines showed similar salt tolerant ability as FL478 and can be good sources of new genes/alleles for salt tolerance. Simple sequence repeat(SSR) marker RM289 showed only two alleles and RM8094 showed seven alleles. Polymorphic information content value varied from 0.55 for RM289 to 0.99 for RM8094 and RM493. Based on 14 SSR markers, the 54 lines were clearly separated into two major clusters. Fourteen haplotypes were identified based on Saltol linked markers with FL478 as the reference. Alleles of RM8094 and RM3412 can discriminate between the salt tolerant and susceptible genotypes clearly and hence can be useful in marker-assisted selection at the seedling stage. Other markers RM10720 on chromosome 1 and RM149 and RM264 on chromosome 8 can also distinguish tolerant and susceptible lines but with lesser stringency.     

两种光、氮条件下玉米苗期根冠性状QTL定位

以根、冠性状差异显著的亲本478和Wu312为基础材料,构建了含218个株系的F8重组自交系群体,利用该群体构建了包含184个SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,图谱总长度为2 084.1 cM,平均图距为11.3 cM。在低光、高氮下和高光、低氮下对玉米苗期地上部干重、根干重、根冠比、最大根长进行了QTL定位分析,两种条件下共定位到21个与苗期根冠性状相关的QTL位点,低光、高氮条件下定位到11个QTL位点,高光、低氮条件下定位到10个QTL位点,分别位于第1、2、3、4、5、6、7、9染色体上。第6染色体上定位到7个位点,其中一个为控制低光、高氮下根干重的主效位点,贡献率为25.3%。在第1染色体上umc1335-bnlg1556区段同时检测到高光、低氮条件下地上部干重和根冠比的QTL位点,这些位点与地上部干物质的形成密切相关。     

Identification of QTLs for Cadmium Tolerance During Seedling Stage and Validation of qCDSL1 in Rice

Cadmium(Cd)is a non-essential toxic metal that is harmful to plants.To investigate the genetic mechanism of Cd tolerance in rice,quantitative trait loci(QTLs)associated with Cd tolerance at the seedling stage were analyzed using a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from a cross between PA64s and 93-11.A total of 36 QTLs associated with shoot length,root length,shoot dry weight,root dry weight and total dry weight were detected in Hangzhou and Lingshui of China.Among them,15 QTLs were identified under the control condition and 15 QTLs were identified under the Cd stress condition,and 6 QTLs for Cd tolerant coefficient were detected on chromosomes 1,3,7 and 9.The qCDSL1.1 and qCDSL1.2 were identified in Hangzhou and Lingshui,respectively,and had overlapping intervals on chromosome 1.To further confirm the effects of qCDSL1.1 and qCDSL1.2,we developed a chromosome segment substitution line(CSSL),CSSLqCDSL1,in 93-11 background harboring qCDSL1.1/qCDSL1.2 from PA64s.Compared to 93-11,CSSLqCDSL1 had increased shoot length under the Cd stress condition.These results pave the way for further isolation of those genes controlling Cd tolerance in rice and marker-assistant selection of rice elite varieties with Cd tolerance.     

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Novel Salt-Tolerant Rice Germplasms from the Philippines and Bangladesh

To screen for new sources of salinity tolerance, 688 traditional rice varieties from the Philippines and Bangladesh were obtained, and their tolerance to hypersaline conditions at the seedling stage was examined. A total of 29 Philippine lines and 15 Bangladeshi lines were scored as salt-tolerant.Morphological assessment(plant height, biomass and Na-K ratio) revealed that among the 44 salt-tolerant accessions, Casibon, Kalagnon and Ikogan had significantly higher relative shoot length difference, relative shoot growth reduction and shoot Na-K ratio than the tolerant check FL478.Additionally, AC and Akundo exhibited significantly higher Na-K ratios than the other genotypes. The genetic diversity of the 44 genotypes was assessed using 34 simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 133 alleles were detected across all loci. Cluster analysis showed that AC, Akundo and Kuplod were clustered along with FL478, indicating a strong genetic relatedness between these genotypes. IR29(susceptible check) was singly separated. The haplotype analysis revealed that none of the 44 genotypes had a similar allele combination as FL478. These accessions are of interest since each genotype might be different from the classical salinity-tolerant Pokkali.     

Mapping QTLs for Drought Tolerance at Seedling Stage in Rice Using Doubled Haploid Population

QTLs for drought tolerance at the rice seedling stage were analyzed using a doubled haploid (DH) population consisted of 251 lines from the cross between a japonica parent Maybelle and an indica parent Baiyeqiu. A genetic linkage map with 226 SSR marker loci was constructed. Single-locus analysis following composite interval mapping (CIM) detected a total of five QTLs located on five different chromosomes of rice. Four QTLs were also detected following two-locus analysis, resolving two pairs of epistatic QT...