大豆根瘤菌自生培养物的氢酶的测定和大豆根瘤的能量效率

氢酶在许多微生物能量代谢中起着重要作用。Schubert和Evans提出了一些具有氢酶的菌株,在共生固氮时,通过由固氮酶所产生的氢再循环,使其更有效地利用光合产物。Schubert和Evans所采用的程序,也为其他作者用来测定氢酶活性,包括测量用根瘤分离的各个菌株或假菌体接种的完整根瘤对氢的吸收。这种程序既冗长,又耗费时间,还需要利用氨酶使H_2产生还原力。最近,O’Gara和Shanmugam报导了用于测定三叶草根瘤菌突变菌株的自生培养物的H_2吸收能力的一种程序,介绍了测定大豆根瘤菌自生培养物的氢酶活性,包括~3H_2交换的一种快速程序。     

大豆共生固氮效率

1976年以来,人们比较重视豆科植物共生固氮效率。对影响利用固氮能量的放H_2、吸H_2观象及其氢酶的研究已有许多报导。这些研究证明,某些根瘤菌,包括大豆根瘤菌某些菌株具有一种氢酶,能将固氮过程中释放的H_2捕捉回来,使放H_2消耗的能量重新利     

国内报刊花生文摘(四)

花生根瘤菌L8—3菌株氢酶活性的表达及化能自养生长/吕荣福…∥核农学报-1989,3(3)-151～155 该文对花生根瘤菌L8—3菌株在自生条件下,获得较高氢酶活性的气象条件进行了研究。在吸氢培养基(HUM)中,氢酶表达的最佳O_2浓度是5％,诱导氢酶活性的最佳H_2浓度也是5％,H_2浓度继续增大到20％时,氢酶活性基本保持恒定,CO_2对氢酶活性没有影响。在无机盐     

优良银合欢根瘤菌筛选研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了银合欢根瘤菌在新银合欢上的共生固氮效率。结果表明,在试验中所用的12个菌株都能显著地增加植株叶片的鲜重和含氮量,并能降低叶片中的含羞草素。其中尤以H87—4、H87—1和H87—2三个菌株最为明显。     

花生专用叶面肥对花生根系的影响

研究结果表明,花生专用叶面肥能增加花生幼苗根长、根系体积、鲜重和干重,提高根系活力。其中以浓度为２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的处理最明显。专用叶面肥还能提高幼苗根的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,增加花生根瘤鲜重和干重,提高根瘤固氮酶活性。     

大豆根瘤菌与大豆品种共生匹配性研究

大豆与大豆根瘤菌的共生体系是共生固氮的代表,开展根瘤菌与大豆品种的匹配性组合研究,为发挥这一共生体系的固氮效率和指导大豆育种材料的选择等方面均具有重要的实践价值。选取不同种类与来源的大豆根瘤菌代表菌株18株,与11个我国主要的大豆核心种质品种进行共生匹配性试验,测定了其中5个大豆品种与14个根瘤菌所结瘤的固氮酶活性并进行统计分析。结果表明：不同的大豆根瘤菌菌株间存在明显的结瘤固氮差异,快生大豆根瘤菌表现出比慢生根瘤菌更严格的大豆品种匹配性;其中USDA110、USDA110-A、113-2、WHG12、HH103、B16比其他供试菌株表现出广谱的结瘤特性,且USDA110、USDA110-A、113-2、WHG12、DE333、2048菌株形成的根瘤具有较高的固氮酶活性。在供试大豆品种中,商951099、郑92116和北京黑豆表现出较高的结瘤、固氮特性;商951099和郑92116这对材料与所供试18株大豆根瘤菌均结瘤且差异性不明显,而绥农14和绥农20、合丰25和固新野生大豆这两对材料表现出明显结瘤差异性。因此,实践中应根据大豆品种和大豆根瘤菌菌株的匹配性关系,选用共生效果好的菌株接种,或选用与之匹配的大豆种质材料育种,以达到提高共生固氮功效的目的。     

拉萨长期不同施肥青稞田土壤固氮菌分离鉴定

为寻找拉萨青稞田自生固氮菌,丰富当地固氮菌资源,以减少化肥使用量,降低环境负效应,本研究从6种长期不同施肥模式定位试验的青稞田土壤中进行固氮菌的分离、纯化,观察其菌落形态特征并测定各菌株的固氮酶活性,通过16S rDNA基因测序和构建系统发育树分析了各菌株的分类学地位。结果显示,通过分离和纯化,共得到自生固氮菌50株,其中13株菌具有高效固氮酶活性,分别属于假食酸菌属(Pseudacidovorax)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)。施用化肥会减少土壤中高效固氮菌种类,不施化肥或施用有机肥能丰富土壤中高效固氮菌种类。     

快生型大豆根瘤菌的理化特性和共生效应(二)

对从辽宁省分离的快生型大豆根瘤菌的鉴定表明,其代时为2.5—4.0小时。对碳源的利用范围较广;13株快生型大豆根瘤菌除了可以利用已糖、五碳糖、三碳糖以外,而且能够利用乳糖、麦芽糖和蔗糖等双糖。在多数基质上产酸,在丙酮酸钠、苹果酸钠培养基上产碱。不利用菊糖。 快生型大豆根瘤菌不与三叶草、草木樨、紫云英、豌豆、菜甄、花生等豆科植物结瘤共生。可在豇豆、绿豆上结瘤。在与栽培大豆“开育八号”共生时,部分菌株接种后的植株干重、全氮量及固氮酶活性与慢生型大豆根瘤菌相当。所测菌株全部放氢。对三株快生型大豆根瘤菌接种大豆,其根瘤的豆血红蛋白含量不低于慢生型大豆根瘤菌。     

不同产区青稞根部可培养内生固氮菌的多样性研究

为认识青稞内生固氮菌群落组成,丰富内生固氮菌资源,明确产地对青稞内生固氮菌多样性的影响,本研究利用纯培养技术分别对在拉萨、林芝、日喀则栽培的藏青2000根部内生固氮菌进行分离、纯化,并测定各菌株的固氮酶活性及高固氮酶活性菌株的溶磷、溶钾及产IAA特性,最后,通过16SrDNA基因测序和构建系统发育树研究了高固氮酶活性菌株的分类学地位。结果显示,通过Ashby培养基分离、纯化得到内生固氮菌37株,其中,具有高固氮酶活性的11株,占总分离菌株27%,有6株菌株具有分泌IAA的能力,2株具有溶钾能力,1株具有溶磷能力。16S rDNA测序结果表明,11株高固氮酶活性的菌中,有5株菌属于Bacillus,为优势菌属,其余菌株分别属于Gemmatimonas、Sphingomonas、Devosia、Agrobacterium、Mesorhizobium和Burkholderia。     

花生根瘤固氮酶活性与氮素种肥和籽粒蛋白质含量的关系

花生品种间根瘤量的变化有明显的差异,大粒种大于小粒种。特异固氮酶活性,品种间差异不显著,小粒种略高于大粒种,全生育期固氮酶活性出现两次高峰,与单株根瘤量的增长相一致。氮素种肥能抑制根瘤数和固氮酶活性,其抑制程度与氮肥量呈正相关,抑制时间发生在生育前期。固氮活性与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著的正相关。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.