河套灌区井渠结合地下水数值模拟及均衡分析

建立了河套灌区三维地下水数值模型,用2006-2013年灌区实测地下水埋深资料对模型进行率定和验证,并在规划的井渠结合区内,设置3种不同井灌区灌溉定额和3种秋浇频率,组合共9种井渠结合节水情景,分别分析了9种节水情景下的地下水动态变化.结果表明:井渠结合后全灌区地下水埋深范围为1.863~2.029 m,较现状条件增加0.084~0.250 m;不同灌域结合区井渠结合后地下水埋深差别很大,解放闸结合区地下水埋深最大,为2.308~2.803 m,永济结合区地下水埋深最小,为2.079~2.455 m;井渠结合后,入渗补给量减少2.01×10⁸ ~3.63×10⁸ m³/a,潜水蒸发量减少1.69×10⁸ ~3.03×10⁸ m³/a.     

Sustainability of conjunctive water use for salinity control in irrigation areas: theory and application to the Shepparton region,Australia

The long term sustainability of conjunctive water use for controlling irrigation salinity is affected by increase in groundwater salinity over time. This paper uses mass conservation of salt and water to assess groundwater degradation over long time scales. Management options which affect this rate of degradation are also examined. The groundwater model developed is illustrated using data from the Shepparton Irrigation Region in the Murray Basin, Australia. The model predicts rapid groundwater deterioration when conjunctive use is conducted over only a fraction of the area of influence of a groundwater pump. Where the pumped aquifer is underlain by deeper groundwaters, the rate of groundwater degradation is also affected by leakage into or out of the conjunctive use system. Surface redistribution of groundwater from pumps installed in zones of regional groundwater discharge to areas recharging the regional groundwaters, reduces excessive degradation in the zones of discharge. With optimal surface distribution of groundwater, the rate of degradation is low. The rate of groundwater degradation also depends on salt inputs from irrigation water and rainfall, and the average depth from the soil surface to the base of the aquifer. The rate of degradation resulting from applied salts in surface water and rainfall is typically about 0.01 dSm^-1 per year for shallow aquifers in the Shepparton region, but the rate is lower where deeper aquifers are pumped. Partial irrigation also reduces the rate of degradation because of the reduced rate of salt inputs. Where poorer quality groundwater lies within the area of influence of the groundwater pump, a greater rate of deterioration in the quality of pumped groundwater can be expected from groundwater mixing. In some irrigation regions limited export of groundwater through surface water conveyance structures to a river is possible, so that a regional surface salt balance could be maintained. However, salt exports made equal to the rate of surface imports into the irrigated area will only significantly impact groundwater salinity in the very long term, or where only shallow aquifers can be pumped. In addition, this export can be costly for downstream water users, or if construction of additional conveyance infrastructure is extensive; export can have a detrimental impact on riverine ecosystems. Other management options such as the depth of pump installation and the spatial distribution of irrigation water and pumped groundwater, which affect the redistribution of salts within the groundwater system, have the potential to have a much greater impact on local groundwater salinity.     

黄水河流域地表水地下水联合调度模型探讨

结合黄水河流域实际情况探讨并建立基于供水量准则的黄水河流域地表水地下水联合调度模型,并以1997年数据调算地表水地下水联合调度模型,从调算结果表明在黄水河流域进行地表水地下水联合调度充分利用了水资源并且可以防止地下水超采。     

A model for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface waters for control of irrigation salinity

Changes in the hydrologic balance in many irrigation areas, including those in the Murray Basin, Australia, have resulted in high watertables and salinity problems. However, where suitable aquifers exist, groundwater pumping and subsequent irrigation application after mixing with surface waters (referred to as conjunctive water use) can control salinity and watertable depth and improve productivity of degraded land. In order to assess where conjunctive water use will successfully control salinity, it is necessary to estimate the effects of pumped groundwater salinity on rootzone salinity. A simple steady rate model is derived for this purpose from mass conservation of salt and water. The model enables an estimate to be made of rootzone salinity for any particular salinity level of the groundwater being used in conjunction with surface water; this enables calculation of the required crop salt tolerance to prevent yield reductions. The most important input parameters for the model are groundwater salinity, the annual depth of class A pan evaporation, the annual depth of rainfall, the salinity of irrigation water, and a leaching parameter. For model parameters nominated in this paper, where groundwater salinity reaches 5 dS/m a crop threshold salt tolerance greater than 1.6 dS/m is required to avoid yield reductions. Where groundwater salinity approaches 10 dS/m, a crop threshold tolerance of 3 dS/m is required. Whilst the model derived indicates that rootzone salinity is sensitive to groundwater salinity, rootzone salinity is insensitive to leaching for leaching fractions commonly encountered (0.1 to 0.4). The insensitivity to leaching means that it could be expected that similar yields could be attained on heavy or light textured soils. This insensitivity also implies that there is no yield penalty from increasing the mass of pumped salt by pumping to achieve maximum watertable control in addition to leaching. The model developed is also used to estimate yield reductions expected under conjunctive use, for any particular levels of groundwater salinity and crop salt tolerance.     

Development and application of a modeling approach for surface water and groundwater interaction

Investigation of the interaction of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) is critical in order to determine the effects of best management practices (BMPs) on the entire system of water resources. The objective of this research was to develop a modeling system for considering SW–GW interactions and to demonstrate the applicability of the developed system. A linked modeling approach was selected to consider SW–GW interaction. The dual-simulation scheme was developed to consider different time scales between a newly developed surface model: Dynamic Agricultural Non-point Source Assessment Tool (DANSAT), and existing groundwater models; a three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) and a modular three-dimensional transport model (MT3D). A distributed and physically based DANSAT predicts the movement of water and pesticides in runoff and in leachate at a watershed scale. MODFLOW and MT3D simulate groundwater and pesticide movement in the saturated zone. Only the hydrology component of the linked system was evaluated on the QN2 subwatershed in the Nomini Creek watershed located in the Coastal Plain of Virginia mainly due to lack of observed data for MT3D calibration. The same spatial scale was used for both surface and groundwater models while different time scales were used because surface runoff occurs more quickly than groundwater flow. DANSAT and MODFLOW were separately calibrated using the integrated GW approach which uses own lumped baseflow components in DANSAT, and using the steady-state mode in MODFLOW, respectively. Then the linked system was applied to QN2 based on the parameters selected for DANSAT and MODFLOW to simulate time-dependent interactions on the entire system. The linked approach was better than the integrated approach for predicting the temporal trends of monthly runoff by improving the monthly Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index from 0.53 to 0.60. The proposed linked approach will be useful for evaluating the impacts of agricultural BMPs on the entire SW–GW system by providing spatial distribution and temporal changes in groundwater table elevation and enhancing the reliability of calibrated parameter sets.     

Modeling Economics of Conjunctive Surface and Groundwater Irrigation Systems

Tank irrigation is one of the oldestsources of irrigation in India. Decline inthe area irrigated over the years due toinadequate operation and maintenance,large-scale development of groundwatersources, disintegration of traditionalirrigation institutions, heavy siltation,encroachment, etc., has resulted in heavysupplemental well irrigation in order toavoid crop losses. Rice yield from farmswith supplemental well irrigation wasobserved to be high. Even though it ispossible to calculate the value ofgroundwater for different years, it isdifficult to obtain the value of thegroundwater used to stabilize riceproduction from tank irrigation. The modeldeveloped in this paper is used tocalculate the stabilization value ofgroundwater using the Srivilliputhur BigTank, which is a representative tank inTamilnadu, India.A mathematical formula is used to model theeconomics of conjunctive surface andgroundwater irrigation systems. Analyticalexpressions for the value of groundwaterand the stabilization value of groundwaterare derived, assuming that the amount ofsurface water is a general stochasticvariable with a probability densityfunction, and that the demand function forirrigation water is also of that generalform. Finally, the model is applied toreal data collected during the period 1986to 2000 for the Srivilliputhur Big Tank inTamilnadu, India, and the value ofgroundwater and the stabilization value ofgroundwater are calculated at 1999–2000constant prices. The results indicatedthat the stabilization value of groundwater(covering the entire tank area of 402 ha.)was Rs. 166,677, while the value ofgroundwater was Rs. 1,064,720. Thus, about15.7% of the value of the groundwater wasused for its stabilization. Using thestabilization value of the groundwater infuture investment analysis will help tomore accurately indicate project benefitsdue to groundwater supplementation in thetank command areas.     

宁夏银北灌区井渠结合灌溉三维数值模拟与分析

为实现银北灌区水资源联合调度 ,减少引黄水量 ,充分利用地下水的目标 ,对选定典型区的地表水、地下水联合调度进行模拟 ,对井渠结合灌溉模式和运作方式进行了计算。通过三维的数值模拟计算发现 ,在规划渠系利用条件下 ,可以根据当地实际情况 ,在来水保证率低的春灌或冬灌期实施井灌 ,以控制地下水位 ,减少土壤返盐 ,也可以对部分农田采用集中井灌的方式 ,以提高用水效率。     

引黄灌区纯井灌水均衡及效益分析

灌溉模式多是井渠双配套,导致工程重叠,土地占压多,引沙量大,且浪费有限的水资源。为实行开源节流,地表水与地下水联合应用,在引黄灌区部分区域开展纯井灌溉是非常必要的。茌平县阁三里位于位山引黄灌区中游,周围引黄条件好,却一直利用地下水实行纯井灌溉。该井灌区(以下简称试区)拥有丰富的地下水动态及水文地质资料,开展阁三里纯井灌水均衡及效益研究,对于指导当前水资源合理调度及工程规划具有重要意义。该文通过系统地分析研究,证明在引黄灌区内部分区域开展纯井灌是必要的、合理的、成功的。     

Changes in system performance in two Chinese irrigation systems as a result of organizational reforms

Drawing on a study of two irrigation systems in Hebei Province, this paper documents the impacts of rural economic and organization reforms on irrigation system performance. In the two systems, prior to development of irrigation, farmers consumed all their grain within the household. However, at present both districts are selling grain, with annual output of 11.9 tons/hectare in Bayi and 8.5 tons/hectare in Nanyao. However, due to the use of groundwater in Bayi, output per unit of water is 1.5 kg/m3 in Bayi and 1.3 kg/m3 in Nanyao. In Bayi, farmers have augmented declining surface water supplies with groundwater and purchased water – using funds from sideline enterprises – and have increased output. In contrast, in Nanyao both income and grain output increases have reached a plateau. Nanyao, with its weak resource base, will probably need to develop additional income sources to be able to improve water management in order to reach the next plateau of productivity.     

The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

Regional application of one-dimensional water flow models for irrigation management

Numerical models for the simulation of soil water processes can be used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of crop water requirements; this information can support the irrigation management in a rationale usage of water resources. This latter objective requires the knowledge of spatially distributed input parameters concerning vegetation status, soil hydraulic behaviour and groundwater interaction. This task can be achieved by a conjunctive use of remote sensing techniques, geographical information systems and hydrological simulation models. The present work focuses on the criteria applied for the implementation of a one-dimensional model for water flow in each parcel of an irrigation district in southern Italy having extension of 3000 ha.     

Impacts of water saving on groundwater balance in a large-scale arid irrigation district,Northwest China

Water saving practices are essential for sustainable use of water resources in semiarid regions. To understand the impacts of different water saving measures on groundwater resources, the Hetao Irrigation District in Northwest China was chosen in this study. Based on the data from 1991 to 2010, a groundwater balance model was calibrated and validated. The simulation results showed that irrigation-induced infiltration (92 % of the total groundwater recharge) and groundwater evaporation (92 % of the total groundwater discharge) were the primary factors controlling groundwater table fluctuations during irrigation seasons. The impacts of different water saving scenarios on groundwater balance components were then evaluated. The results revealed that the conjunctive use of water resources was the most effective way to improve water use efficiency (reducing surface water diversions by 52 %) and the depth to groundwater table increased by up to 79 cm. However, deeper groundwater tables may have a negative effect on crop growth due to reduced upward fluxes of groundwater into root zones. Therefore, future studies are needed to evaluate the impacts of different water saving measures on both water resources and crop yields. The results of this study provide further insights into effectively managing water resources in water-limited agricultural areas.     

井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型与应用

将灌区的经济效益和生态环境效益结合在一起综合考虑,在灌区水资源配置时不仅只追求获得最大经济效益,同时尽量将地下水位控制在适宜范围内,以维持地下水资源的采补平衡,实现水资源的可持续利用。按此原则,建立了井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型。实例计算表明：应用此模型指导井渠结合灌区的水资源配置可实现真正意义上的地表水和地下水联合运用,提高水资源利用效率。     

A water balance model to estimate groundwater recharge in Rechna doab,Pakistan

The main objective of this study was to develop a procedure to evaluate various recharge components of a groundwater reservoir to estimate the long term average seasonal groundwater recharge in Rechna doab in the Punjab province of Pakistan. A regional lumped water balance model for the Rechna doab was developed and applied to estimate the long term a seasonal recharge to groundwater reservoir. For comparison, recharge was also estimated by a specific yield method from observed groundwater levels. A water balance study was conducted on seasonal basis (6 months) for a period of 31 years (1960–1990). Recharge estimated by the two methods was found to be in good agreement. The average value of net groundwater recharge during Kharif (April–September) season was found to be some 60 mm. No recharge occurred during Rabi (October–March), rather there was a depletion of the groundwater reservoir during the winter months. Long term average annual depletion of a groundwater reservoir was found to be greater than corresponding value of annual recharge. It was concluded that on a regional basis the groundwater reservoir was being depleted resulting in an average groundwater table of Rechna doab about 2.3 m fall over the 1960–1990 period.     

土地利用方式对平原-丘陵-湿地交融区水资源的影响

近年来三江平原的平原-丘陵-湿地交融区土地利用方式变化显著,造成地下水水位下降、水资源紧缺等问题,然而揭示该区土地利用方式变化对水资源影响的报道较少,且难于精准描述地表、地下、湿地和绿水等水资源量时空变化。本文联合基于格子波尔兹曼法的分布式TOPMODEL和湿地水流运动模型构建平原-丘陵-湿地交融区水文模型,利用GIS和RS技术,结合地学信息图谱与空间自相关方法,分析了挠力河流域土地利用方式变化及其对水资源量影响。结果表明:根据耕地面积变化和动态度分布得1990—2013年间挠力河流域草地和林地面积变化不大,旱地面积轻微下降;挠力河流域中部与北部区域生产条件优越的未利用地和旱地转为水田;土地利用方式变化对水资源影响由强到弱的顺序为灌溉水田抽取地下水量、绿水储量、径流深、绿水流量、补给地下水量;水稻田不同生育期蒸发量不同,造成了挠力河流域5—6月期间绿水流量增加、绿水储量减少、径流深减少、补给地下水量增加和灌溉水田抽取地下水量增加等趋势,7—8月期间这一增加趋势逐渐减弱,8月后这一趋势结束;水田密集区域绿水流量大,绿水储量和径流深减少,而补给地下水量和灌溉水田抽取地下水量增加。     

A GIS-based model to estimate the regionally distributed drought water demand

A GIS-based Water Resources and Agricultural Permitting and Planning System (GWRAPPS) was developed by integrating the Agricultural Field Scale Irrigation Requirements Simulation (AFSIRS) crop water model, a geographic information system (GIS) and a database management system within an ArcGIS framework. GWRAPPS facilitates the quantification of irrigation water for regional planning and farm scale permitting purposes under statistically average to drought conditions using spatially distributed soils, land-use, and long-term daily climate data. In addition, the system provides regional estimates of daily water withdrawals that are necessary for input into conjunctive surface/groundwater models. This paper presents two Florida case studies that demonstrate GWRAPPS’ ability to characterize irrigation needs based on spatially heterogeneous soil and climate data in contrast to a spatially lumped model. The results show that while inclusion of soil heterogeneity is important to capture water requirements at individual farms, regional water demands are adequately captured using each farm’s predominant soil.     

基于双响应面法的地下水流数值模拟模型的替代模型研究

以内蒙古金泉工业园区水源地为研究区,在已有地下水水流数值模拟模型基础上,采用拉丁超立方抽样方法,获取输入（抽水量）数据集和输出（地下水位降深）数据集,运用双响应面方法,建立了地下水水流数值模拟模型的替代模型—双响应面模型。经验证,双响应面模型计算出的地下水水位降深均值与地下水水流数值模拟模型计算出的地下水水位降深均值的平均相对拟合误差为0.22%,地下水水位降深剩余标准差的平均相对拟合误差为0.03%,相对拟合误差都比较小,说明所建立的双响应面模型可以有效的替代地下水流数值模拟模型,这为地下水资源优化管理中替代模型的建立提供了有效的科学论证。     

季节性冻融区地下水位预测方法研究

为预测河套灌区冻融区全年地下水位变化过程,采用统计学方法,研究了冻融期地下水位与地表气温间的关系,建立了二者间的线性模型,结合非冻融期水量均衡模型,建立了改进型水量均衡模型,通过优化求解方法确定模型参数。结果表明,模型计算埋深与实测埋深拟合效果较好,提出的改进型水量均衡模型可较好地预测冻融区全年地下水位变化过程,解决了冻融期间地下水模拟难题,方法简单精确,具有很好的实用性。     

基于2型模糊集的多目标农业-生态水土资源优化配置

针对西北干旱区灌区生态环境脆弱、水资源短缺、复杂不确定性等问题,以石羊河流域红崖山灌区为例,耦合2型模糊集、模糊可信度约束规划和多目标规划等理论方法,构建了基于2型模糊集的多目标农业-生态水土资源优化配置模型。模型以灌溉水损失最小、生态植被灌溉水满意度最大、生态植被灌溉水费用最小和主要粮食作物经济效益最大为目标,对红崖山灌区10个决策单元的地表水、地下水和粮食作物种植面积进行优化配置。求解模型得到不同可信度水平和不确定性程度下的水土资源优化配置方案。结果表明：耦合2型模糊集的模型能够提供丰富的配置方案,水量对可信度水平的敏感性高于不确定性程度,作物种植结构对可信度水平不敏感。以不确定性程度参数为0.5、可信度水平为0.7时为例,生态植被均通过地表水灌溉,作物通过地表水、地下水联合灌溉,玉米的产量和经济效益均大于小麦。相比前人研究,本研究考虑生态植被灌溉需求,优化结果更加真实合理。本研究可为决策者提供较为符合灌区实际的配置方案,为西北干旱区灌区现代化建设提供科学指导。     

Subsurface drainage in a pilot area in Nagarjuna Sagar right canal command,India

Subsurface pipe and open drainage systems were installed in 8 and 5 ha area, respectively in farmers fields at Konanki pilot area in Nagarjuna Sagar project right canal command in India in the year 1999 to combat the problems of waterlogging (depth to water table, 0–3.7 m), salinity and sodicity (ECe, 1.3–18.6 dS/m; pH, 7.2–10.0 and ESP, 14.1–54.6). Two types of envelope materials, nylon mesh and geo-textile were used and two spacings of 30 m (design spacing) and 60 m (double the design spacing) were adopted for the pipe drainage system. The analysis of discharge data from the individual pipe drains revealed that among both the spacings, the drains enveloped with geo-textile performed better (0.45–1.85 mm/day), when compared with those enveloped with nylon mesh (0.25–0.86 mm/day). The effectiveness of drainage systems in the control of waterlogging at the pilot area has been monitored through a network of 61 observation wells. The groundwater table, which used to be almost at the ground surface during the main crop season (October–February) before installation of drainage systems, could be lowered by 0.2–0.35 m due to the installation of drainage systems. A total of 50.4 (@ 6.3 tons/ha) and 115.6 tons (@ 23.1 tons/ha) of salts have been disposed through pipe and open drainage systems, respectively during the period of 3 years (1999–2002).