苏云金芽孢杆菌WB9菌株cry2Ac4基因的克隆及表达

WB9是我国分离自武夷山的对多种重要农业害虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)菌株,经PCR-RFLP鉴定含有cry2Ac基因。根据cry2基因序列设计引物,以WB9质粒为模板扩增cry2Ac全长基因,与大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)克隆载体pMD18-T连接获得含有cry2Ac全长基因的重组质粒pMD2Ac并测序。该基因在GenBank上登录号为DQ361267,被Bt国际命名委员会正式命名为cry2Ac4。通过亚克隆方法将cry2Ac4基因插入穿梭表达载体pHT315获得重组表达质粒pHT2Ac,将其转化大肠杆菌SCS110和Bt无晶体突变株HD73 Cry-,得到的工程菌能正常表达70 kD蛋白,形成方形晶体。生物测定结果表明,cry2Ac4基因表达产物对桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)幼虫具有显著的毒杀作用,但对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)和致倦库蚊(Culex fatlgans)幼虫基本没有效果。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Ly30株cry1Ac基因的克隆及表达*

Bt菌Ly30株是中国自行分离的对多种害虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt),经CAPS(cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences)系统鉴定。它含有cry1Ac基因。以全长基因PCR产物的粘端定向克隆的方法,设计1对特异引物,分别引入SalⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切位点。以Ly30质粒DNA为模板扩增cry1Ac全长基因,与表达载体pET-21b相应的酶切产物连接,转化大肠杆菌(Eschrichia coli),获得含有cry1Ac基因重组质粒pEKLy1Ac。该基因的亚克隆和序列测定结果表明,其编码区为3534bp。编码蛋白分子量为133.5kD,含1177个氨基酸,等电点为4．8,与CrylAc3同源性最高,存在4个氨基酸的差异,与Cry1Ac10之间则有6个氨基酸的不同。该基因序列已在GenBank中登记注册为AF482767,并被国际Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ac14该基因经诱导获得高效表达,SDS-PAGE电泳检测到明显的133．5kD蛋白带。室内生物测定结果表明,诱导表达的Cry1Ac蛋白对棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾等鳞翅目害虫幼虫均有较高的杀虫活性,其LC5o值分别为19.236和3276μg／g饲料。     

双价苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因载体构建及其在大肠杆菌中表达杀虫活性

研究和利用不同苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀虫蛋白之间的增效作用是构建高效遗传工程虫剂，预防和延缓害虫抗性的重要途径。BtCry1Ab,Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa蛋白对重要的鳞翅目农业害虫具有主毒力，质粒pHT-BSK含有能在大肠杆菌（Echerichia coli)－枯草芽孢杆菌（B.subtilis)有效表达的生物安全性标记基因卡那霉素抗性基因。将含Btcry1A,cry1Ac和cry2Aa全长基因的Bam HI/PstI,Bam H I/Xho I和Sma I(Bam H I)HindⅢDNA片段与pHT-BSK的应酶切产物连接，获得了单价cry/km^r组合的重组质粒pBlue-1Ab-km^r,pBlue-1Ab和pHT-2Aa;cry1Ab,cry1Ac DNA片段与pHT-2Aa相应酶切产物相连接获得了Bt双价基因／km^r组合重组质粒pBlue-crylAb-km^r-2Aa和pBlue-cry1Ac-km^4-2Aa，重组质粒中所有cry基因与km^r均形成特异的Bam H I片段。限制酶切电泳分析和特异PCR扩增证实了重组质粒的准确连接。含有重组质粒的大肠杆菌显示了对小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）和玉米暝（Ostrinia furnacalis)的杀虫活性，对小菜蛾双价基因毒力高于单价基因，但对玉米螟它们之间没有明显差异。研究为进一步阐明Bt cry 2Aa与cry1Ab和cry 1Ac之间在不同微生物细胞中的共表达及其表达产物之间的相互作用和构建双价基因杀虫工程菌株创造了条件。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Aa14基因的分离、克隆及其表达

Bt25是中国自行分离的对小菜蛾(Plutella xylotella)具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis),经PCR-RFLP鉴定含有cry1Aa基因。以全长基因PCR产物的粘端定向克隆的方法,设计1对特异引物,以Bt25质粒DNA为模板扩增cry1Aa全长基因。序列测定结果表明,该基因编码区为3552bp,编码1183个氨基酸,分子量为133．7kD,pI4．755。该基因序列已在GenBank注册,登记号为AY197341,并获得正式命名cry1Aa14。在氨基酸序列918～1180间,和已知的11种cry1Aa存在22-23个氨基酸的差异(其中1094～1097的4个氨基酸无对应序列),而这段区域和Cry1Ab氨基酸序列的对应区域无差异。cry1Aa14全长基因插入Bt表达载体,获得了重组表达质粒pBYB1,转化Bt无晶体突变株HD73cry-,经过抗性筛选、DNA酶切分析和PCR检测,证实转化成功。SDS-PAGE分析表明,该基因在上述受体中能正常表达133kD蛋白。杀虫生物测定结果表明,cry1Aa14表达产物对小菜蛾幼虫具有显著的毒杀作用,与cry1Aa12进行比较,毒力无明显差异。这种单基因菌株的发现及其基因的获得,为害虫抗性研究和高效工程菌的构建提供了重要实验材料。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Ia基因的克隆、表达与活性研究

根据cry1Ia类基因的全长序列设计引物，以苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）菌Btc008的总DNA为模板扩增出片段长为2.1kb的cry1Ia的全长基因，插入大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）表达载体pET-21b，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌株，诱导表达出81kD的蛋白。该蛋白由719个氨基酸组成，推导的分子量为81.2kDa。该蛋白的氨基酸序列不同于已知的12种Cry1Ia蛋白，是一种新的Cry1Ia蛋白，该基因已被国际基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ia8。杀虫活性测定结果表明：Cry1Ia8对亚洲玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis）、小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）有很强的杀虫活性，LC50分别为0.268 µg/g、2.227 µg/ml，其杀虫效果与Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac相当。对大豆食心虫（Leguminivora glycinivorella）也有较好的活性，但对鞘翅目叶甲科害虫榆兰叶甲（Pyrrhalta aenescens）没有活性。该基因的获得将为我国抗虫转基因作物和工程菌的研制提供新的基因来源，为筛选延缓昆虫抗性产生的基因组合提供了极为重要的依据。     

新型cry7Ab基因的鉴定克隆、表达与杀虫活性

本文应用PCR-RFLP法鉴定出Bt菌株HQ40中含有cry7Ab基因,并根据cry7A全长基因序列设计特异性引物,成功克隆了该基因。该基因核苷酸序列已经在国际基因库GeneBank中登记,其登录号为EU380678,并由Bt δ-内毒素基因国际命名委员会正式命名为cry7Ab4。通过穿梭载体pSTK 将该基因导入Bt 无晶体突变株中,获得工程菌HD7Ab4。SDS-PAGE分析表明cry7Ab4 基因在其中能正常表达,并形成菱形晶体。提取工程菌HD7Ab4和野生菌HQ40晶体蛋白,并在体外用胰蛋白酶酶解活化。分别对直翅目、鳞翅目和鞘翅目的害虫进行了杀虫活性测定。生测结果表明：Cry7Ab4蛋白trypsin酶解液对鞘翅目的大猿叶甲显示了一定的杀虫活性,其野生菌蛋白及表达蛋白酶解液LC50分别为231.59µg/ml及293.79µg/ml。表达产物虽不能使鳞翅目的小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和亚洲玉米螟死亡,但对它们的生长发育有明显的体重抑制作用。另外对马铃薯甲虫以及榆蓝叶甲也有体重抑制作用,而对直翅目的东亚飞蝗无毒。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌分子伴侣基因p19的克隆和含有该基因的Bacillus thuringiensis表达载体的构建

苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)中的分子伴侣p19蛋白能否提高杀虫晶体蛋白（insecticidal crystal proteins,ICPs)的表达量及促进晶体形成，目前尚不确定。根据已知序列，了一对引物（p19-5N,p19-3N)，利用这对引物从苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种（B.thuringiensis subsp.israelensis)HD-567中扩增出一个1.0kb的DNA片段。序列测定及分析结果表明，这个DNA片段包含cry11Aa操纵子启动子序列，全长p19基因及其偶联的下游基因cry11Aa的ATG起始密码子。将这个片段克隆到Bt-E.coli穿梭载体pHT3101上，构建成一个含有p19基因的Bt表达载体pHP19。其特点是在p19基因下游的ATG处顺序插入了5个限制性酶切位点NdeI,SacI,KpnI,SacI和Eco R I，为下一步研究p19基因的功能奠定了基础。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry1Ia基因的克隆、表达与活性研究

根据cry1Ia类基因的全长序列设计引物,以苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)菌株Btc008的总DNA为模板扩增出片段长为2.1kb的cry1Ia的全长基因,插入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达载体pET-21b,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,诱导表达出81kD的蛋白。该蛋白由719个氨基酸组成,推导的分子量为81.2kD。该蛋白的氨基酸序列不同于已知的12种Cry1Ia蛋白,是一种新的Cry1Ia蛋白,该基因已被国际基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ia8。杀虫活性测定结果表明:Cry1Ia8对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)和小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)有很强的杀虫活性,LC50分别为0.268μg/g和2.227μg/mL,其杀虫效果与Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac相当。对大豆食心虫(Leguminivora glycinivorella)也有较好的活性,但对鞘翅目叶甲科害虫榆兰叶甲(Pyrrhalta aenescens)没有活性。该基因的获得将为我国抗虫转基因作物和工程菌的研制提供新的基因来源,为筛选延缓昆虫抗性产生的基因组合提供了重要依据。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌WB5中营养期杀虫蛋白3Aa基因(vip3Aa)的克隆、表达与纯化

营养期杀虫蛋白(vegetative insectcidal protein,Vip)是由苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)在营养生长指数中期至稳定期期间分泌产生的一类新型杀虫因子,分为Vip1、Vip2和Vip3三种,以Vip3的研究最为深入。Vip3A对鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)害虫具有广谱杀虫活性,具有重要研究意义。本研究以Bt WB5菌株总DNA为模板,采用PCR方法扩增vip3Aa(Gen Bank登录号:AAM22456)全长,将该片段纯化回收后与p MD18-T连接并转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α,进行酶切验证和序列测定。将vip3Aa基因片段与经同样酶切的表达载体p Czn1连接,构建重组表达载体p Czn1-vip3Aa,转入大肠杆菌Arctic ExpressTM(DE3),异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(isopropylβ-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG)进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE结果表明,在沉淀和上清中均有约88 k D VIP3Aa蛋白质表达产物;采用Ni亲和树脂对上清中的VIP3Aa融合表达蛋白进行了纯化,获得了纯化蛋白。本研究成功亚克隆了vip3Aa基因,并表达纯化了VIP3Aa蛋白,为后续研究VIP3Aa蛋白在昆虫中肠的作用受体提供了基础资料。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌新型vip3Aa基因的克隆、表达与活性分析

为了发掘新型vip3基因,本研究采用PCR和高分辨熔解曲线的方法对72株菌株中vip3基因进行了鉴定和分析,结果表明,有18株菌呈阳性,分别含有vip3Aa、vip3Af和vip3Ba共3类vip3基因。根据已知vip3基因的全长序列设计引物,以菌株T03B001(B.thuringiensis subsp.sumiyoshiensis)的总DNA为模板扩增出长为2.37kb的全长基因,插入表达载体pEB,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Rosetta(DE3)菌株,在低温条件下经IPTG诱导后,表达88kD的蛋白,该蛋白由789个氨基酸组成,与已知的Vip3Aa氨基酸一致性为96%,已被国际Bt命名委员会正式命名为Vip3Aa39,GenBank登录号为HMI17631。Vip3Aa39蛋白与本实验室此前获得的Vip3Aa11蛋白进行比较,发现两者存在39个氨基酸的差异。两种蛋白的表达产物采用饲喂法分别对小地老虎(Agrotis ipsilon)、小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)和甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua...     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白及其分子设计

Cry1Ac编码的杀虫晶体蛋白是苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt）产生的多种杀虫晶体蛋白中对鳞翅目昆虫有很高毒性的蛋白。第一个Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白最早在库斯塔克亚种HD73中以伴胞晶体形式分离获得,其编码区为3534bp,编码蛋白分子量为133kD,含1178个氨基酸,等电点为4.84。白此以来,Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白结构、功能以及应用研究一直是Bt杀虫晶体蛋白研究的重要方向。本文介绍了苏云金芽孢杆菌中应用最广泛的Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白家族的结构、功能及其基因分类,并进一步就基于苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白的基因工程研究做了分析,提出了持续利用Bt Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白的一些见解。     

Transgenic Bt rice does not affect enzyme activities and microbial composition in the rhizosphere during crop development

Use of transgenic crops, including those expressing the insecticidal Cry protein from Bt, is increasing at a rapid rate in worldwide. Field and laboratory studies of transgenic Bt crops have been carried out to detect the persistence and activity of the Cry protein in soil and its effect on soil microorganisms to assess their risks to environment. However, there were few studies that evaluate the seasonal effects of Bt rice on rhizosphere soil microbial communities compared to those of insecticides commonly applied in paddy soil for the control of lepidopteran insects. In this study, seasonal effects of transgenic rice expressing the Cry1Ab insecticidal protein active against lepidoperan pests and the insecticide triazophos [3-(o,o-diethyl)-1-phenyl thiophosphoryl-1,2,4-triazol] on soil enzyme activities and microbial communities were compared under field conditions. During a 2-year field study, rhizosphere soil samples of transgenic-Bt rice (Bt), non-Bt parental rice (Ck) and non-Bt parental rice with triazophos (Ckp) applied were taken at four stages in the rice developmental cycle: seedling, booting, heading and maturing. Microbial processes were investigated by measuring different biochemical activities including those involved in C and P cycling. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses were used to compare rhizosphere microbial compositions. Some occasional and inconsistent effects of the application of triazophos on the bacterial composition in the rhizosphere soil of rice plant were found at the booting and heading stages as compared with that of transgenic-Bt rice. There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) in phosphatase activity, dehydrogenase activity, respiration, methanogenesis or fungal community composition in rhizosphere soil between Bt, Ck and Ckp over the rice cropping cycle. However, seasonal variations in the selected enzyme activities and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere soil of Bt, Ck and Ckp were clearly detected. These results suggested that the changes in rhizophere soil microbial community composition associated with the crop growth stage overweighed the application of triazophos and the cry1Ab gene transformation. KMD1 (Bt) rice expressing the cry1Ab gene had no measurable adverse effect on the key microbial processes or microbial community composition in rhizophere soil over 2 years of rice cropping.     

黑龙江凉水自然保护区苏云金芽孢杆菌的收集与鉴定

黑龙江凉水自然保护区是我国现有保存下来的较大片原始红松林基地之一,总面积6394hm^2,森林覆盖率95％以上。本研究从小兴安岭凉水自然保护区采集土样782份,采用醋酸钠培养基结合高温方法筛选土壤中的芽孢杆菌,通过光学显微镜观察鉴定产生伴胞晶体的苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis．Bt）。总计分离得到芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌分别为1735株和33株,Bt菌株的分离率和出菌率分别为1．90％和4．22％。利用SDS-PAGE和PCR—RFLP方法对筛选获得的成分离株进行了杀虫晶体蛋白和基因型分析,结果表明14株产菱形伴胞的＆菌株,SDS-PAGE电泳分析芽孢后期产生分子量大小130kD蛋白带,PCR-RFLP分析初步鉴定为crylAc基因,其它产圆形或其它不定形晶体蛋白的＆分离菌中,芽孢后期主要蛋白大小为20～150kD不等,PCR—RFLP方法鉴定结合PCR片段测序分析这些菌株含有新型cry4、cry39和cry40基因等。本研究是“中国助资源收鉴与利用”项目组成部分之一,凉水自然保护区苏云金芽孢杆菌的收集与鉴定目的是要对整个东北地区成资源分布和多样性作一个初步评估,实验结果表明东北森林地区具有丰富多样的威菌株和杀虫基因资源。     

Indicated detection of two unapproved transgenic rice lines contaminating vermicelli products

We analyzed the DNA fragments extracted from four rice vermicelli products. The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice line, which has a construct similar to the GM Shanyou 63 line, was detected in some vermicelli products by identification of the junction region sequence between rice Act1 promoter and the Cry1Ac gene, and that between Cry1Ac and nos. In addition, we also detected a different Bt rice line by means of the junction region sequence between the maize ubiquitin promoter and cry1Ab gene and that between the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the hygromycin phosphotransferase in some vermicelli products. Accordingly, we for the first time have detected the two transgenic Bt rice lines contaminating rice vermicelli samples. Furthermore, we developed a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the simultaneous detection of both Bt rice lines.     

Effects of physicochemical interactions and microbial activity on the persistence of Cry1Aa Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxin in soil

Genetically modified crops, that produce Cry insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), release these toxins into soils through root exudates and upon decomposition of residues. The fate of these toxins in soil has not yet been clearly elucidated. Persistence can be influenced by biotic (degradation by microorganisms) and abiotic factors (physicochemical interactions with soil components, especially adsorption). The aim of this study was to follow the fate of Cry1Aa Bt toxin in contrasting soils subjected to different treatments to enhance or inhibit microbial activity, in order to establish the importance of biotic and abiotic processes for the fate of Bt toxin. The toxin was efficiently extracted from each soil using an alkaline buffer containing a protein, bovine serum albumin, and a nonionic surfactant, Tween 20. The marked decline of extractable toxin after incubation of weeks to months was soil-dependent. The decrease of extractable toxin with incubation time was not related to microbial degradation but mainly to physicochemical interactions with the surfaces that may decrease immunochemical detectability or enhance protein fixation. Hydrophobic interactions may play an important role in determining the interaction of the toxin with surfaces.     

一株对马铃薯瓢虫幼虫有特异活性的苏云金芽孢杆菌新菌株的研究

苏云金芽孢杆菌WZ-9是本室从河北省土壤中分离的对马铃薯瓢虫的幼虫有特异杀虫活性的新菌株，本文对该菌株的形态特征、生长特性、生物活性、基因型和蛋白型等方面进行了研究。结果表明该菌株可产生菱形伴孢晶体，SDS-PAGE检测表达的主要蛋白条带分子量约为130kDa，生长周期是24h，随菌株的生长培养基pH值发生变化；生物活性测定表明该菌对马铃薯瓢虫2龄幼虫72h校正死亡率达100%，LC50为2.95×107细胞/mL；基因型鉴定表明含有cry7基因，获得了一条总长为3781bp基因序列，其中包含了一个3414 bp的开放读码框，其编码的蛋白由1138个氨基酸残基组成，与Cry7Ab2具有99.65%的序列同源性，存在4个氨基酸差异，亲缘关系最近，该蛋白被Bt 杀虫晶体蛋白命名委员会命名为Cry7Ab3( 登录号为BI 1015188) 。     

Rapid degradation of the Cry1F insecticidal crystal protein in soil

The gene for the core Cry1F insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) has been incorporated into the genome of maize plants, Zea mays L. Plants expressing this ICP are protected from attack by various Lepidopteran pests including the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). The stability of the Cry1F ICP in soil was assessed in a laboratory study designed to determine the persistence of the active protein residue in soil over time, using insect bioassay as the analytical quantification method. The GI(50) (concentration estimated to inhibit growth by 50%) rose at each consecutive incubation interval, indicating a consistent decline in Cry1F activity over time. The residue data were poorly described by a first-order model when fit to either the full data or a truncated data set where the last interval (28 days) was excluded. Data were well described by a shift-log model, and this model predicted DT(50) (time until 50% decay) and DT(90) (time until 90% decay) values of 0.6 and 6.9 days, respectively. This rapid degradation rate was consistent with other Bt proteins evaluated in our laboratory.